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2024年華東理工大學(xué)化工專業(yè)考研經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享

2023-08-24 17:46 作者:新祥旭郭老師  | 我要投稿

華東理工大學(xué) 化工專業(yè) 經(jīng)驗(yàn)帖

我是蘇X,本科就讀于南京工業(yè)大學(xué)化工專業(yè)??佳袌?bào)考院校華東理工大學(xué),報(bào)考專業(yè)化學(xué)工程與技術(shù)(學(xué)碩)。初試成績排名前30%,復(fù)試之后總成績排名10%。考試科目涉及:政治、英語一、數(shù)學(xué)二、801 化工原理。接下來是我考研一年來的心得,希望能給學(xué)弟學(xué)妹們一些幫助!

一、關(guān)于為什么選擇報(bào)考華理化工專業(yè)?

①華理位于上海中環(huán),商業(yè)活動很多,讀研期間兼職賺錢巨多;毗鄰上海南站,交通便利;華理學(xué)術(shù)氛圍濃厚,一直有“學(xué)在華理”的美譽(yù)。華理化工學(xué)科排名A+,且如果要讀博,按慣例來講,基本沒有延畢現(xiàn)象

②往年專業(yè)課真題重復(fù)率高,并且往年的專業(yè)課題型固定,題目多為基礎(chǔ)題,難題、偏題少。復(fù)試公平公正公開

③畢業(yè)后可以落戶上海

④就業(yè)廣,待遇高,可以選擇進(jìn)入化工外企或研究所繼續(xù)從事研發(fā)工作,或者繼續(xù)攻博。每年招聘季大部分學(xué)生直接通過校招進(jìn)入各大企業(yè),薪資待遇大多在一萬/月左右

二、化工學(xué)碩與專碩怎么選?

①考了學(xué)碩可以研二直接申請碩博連讀,直接轉(zhuǎn)為博士;將來致力于科研的同學(xué)可以考學(xué)碩。但碩士期間要承受科研壓力和畢業(yè)壓力,如果不能順利發(fā)表科研文章則要延期畢業(yè),期間無太多實(shí)習(xí)時(shí)間和經(jīng)歷

②專碩相對于學(xué)碩好考,但不能直接轉(zhuǎn)為博士,卻很利于就業(yè),此外從22級開始,華理專碩學(xué)費(fèi)漲到2W/年,學(xué)碩依舊8K/年,所以可以自己綜合考慮一下

③學(xué)碩轉(zhuǎn)為碩博一共讀五年直接拿博士學(xué)位,讀博期間可以出國,或到國外繼續(xù)從事博后工作,畢業(yè)后可進(jìn)五百強(qiáng)研發(fā)部,待遇很好,也可去高校當(dāng)老師。

三、華理報(bào)錄情況和考研難度

①分?jǐn)?shù)線和報(bào)錄比:

考研年度

學(xué)碩分?jǐn)?shù)線

專碩分?jǐn)?shù)線

2021年

317

318

2022年

346(專碩學(xué)費(fèi)突然漲了,變卷)

292

報(bào)錄比每年差距不大,學(xué)碩1/5,專碩1/2

②考研難度:

考研難度不大,目前為止,雖然專業(yè)課是自主命題,但大題的題型和題庫變動不大,不過感覺簡答難度加大,越出越細(xì)。

四、生活習(xí)慣

①制定自己的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃

a.將考研期間的 10 個(gè)月時(shí)間分段:如 2-5 為基礎(chǔ)階段,5-8 為提高階段,

9-11 查漏補(bǔ)缺,11-12 為沖刺階段,為階段性計(jì)劃。

b.列出考研期間,每門學(xué)科所用的所有書籍、視頻、試卷,按照自己需要,一步步拆分在月、周、天和具體每天的時(shí)刻計(jì)劃表仲。此外,計(jì)劃需要根據(jù)每天計(jì)劃的完成程度,進(jìn)行反復(fù)調(diào)整(一般情況下,正常的考研人每天的高質(zhì)量學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間不低于 8h)。不要以犧牲睡眠為代價(jià)來去學(xué)習(xí),休息好第二天才有精神!

②堅(jiān)持每天鍛煉

不要認(rèn)為除學(xué)習(xí)之外的事情都是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間!有一個(gè)好的身體,好的精神狀態(tài)是為了更好的學(xué)習(xí)。舉個(gè)小例子:每天的鍛煉時(shí)間是 1h,你把這 1h 用來學(xué)習(xí),但體質(zhì)下降。換季或流感來臨,感冒發(fā)燒可能就要浪費(fèi)至少2天的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間!考

研期間,最害怕的就是自己生病了,所以我堅(jiān)持每一天,或兩天在操場跑 4km。

③補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)

建議在備考期間,多吃水果(久坐、壓力大可能會引起便秘——ps.真的會便秘,人生中第一次嚴(yán)重便秘并第一次使用了開塞露,或者胃脹氣或者腸胃不適,便秘可以吃火龍果、多喝水,胃脹氣可遵醫(yī)囑買點(diǎn)碳酸鎂鋁咀嚼片),有條件吃點(diǎn)維生素片(善存、21 金維他),如后期失眠嚴(yán)重可以適量喝點(diǎn)褪黑素。

④勞逸結(jié)合

每周要騰出半天,或一天的時(shí)間給自己放個(gè)假。否則你會慢慢失去學(xué)習(xí)的動力。如出去聚餐、看電影、打球來放空自己。但不是利用休息的時(shí)間熬夜刷手機(jī)。我們要明白,我們休息的目的,是為了釋放壓力,放空自己,從而有更好的學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。

五、初試——化工原理

①復(fù)習(xí)資料:

華理編的第四版化原教材、兩本學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)(馬江權(quán)、黃婕)、【網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源】歷年真題和簡答題文檔。

?

②復(fù)習(xí)計(jì)劃:

第一階段:根據(jù)考試大綱復(fù)習(xí)四大重點(diǎn)章節(jié)(流體輸送、傳熱、精餾、吸收),并且完成課后習(xí)題及兩本學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)上的例題。其他章節(jié)可不看,學(xué)習(xí)視頻可參考郭瑩娟老師主講的課程(B站上搜索陳敏恒化工原理教材精講及七種類型計(jì)算)。

第二階段:回顧四大章節(jié)重點(diǎn)知識,可快速瀏覽一遍課本,把第一階段所做題目中的錯(cuò)題再做一遍。結(jié)合視頻和課本復(fù)習(xí)其他非重點(diǎn)章節(jié)(做課后習(xí)題和黃婕學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)上的例題),像蒸發(fā)、結(jié)晶這種課后習(xí)題即可。同時(shí)早上要背簡答題和課后思考題(所有章節(jié))。

第三階段:繼續(xù)背思考題和簡答題,一定背熟練。做歷年真題,很重要很重要,千萬不要浪費(fèi),跟考試時(shí)狀態(tài)一樣,限時(shí)訓(xùn)練,做完一套自己反思總結(jié),找問題和不足,遇到忘記的知識點(diǎn)馬上回顧課本。第四階段:繼續(xù)背思考題和簡答題。將前期所做的所有題目,做的不太熟練的和不會的,重新再做一遍。

③復(fù)習(xí)建議:

a.對一些本科階段沒有接觸過的題目要重點(diǎn)練習(xí),例如非定態(tài)問題、多股進(jìn)料、側(cè)線出料、最小回流比等等,總結(jié)出屬于自己的解題規(guī)律和做題技巧。比如非定態(tài)流動要找準(zhǔn)自變量和因變量,利用微分的思想列出質(zhì)量守恒方程,然后求解。具體還有很多細(xì)枝末節(jié)需要自己做題領(lǐng)悟。

b.計(jì)算題認(rèn)真做,一些小題目也不可忽視,如精餾或吸收的定態(tài)分析、離心泵真空變和壓力表的變化,有時(shí)會將這些題目融合在大題里,在黃婕學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)上有類似的習(xí)題,建議也做一做。

c.華理的專業(yè)課出題個(gè)人感覺難度不小,有不會的題目很正常,根據(jù)答案理順好做題思路,自己再獨(dú)立做一遍,注重提高計(jì)算能力。建議七月份開始復(fù)習(xí)化原。

d.公式不僅要會用,還要會推導(dǎo)。特別是一些重要公式,如傳質(zhì)單元數(shù)的推導(dǎo),在第一階段看課本的時(shí)候注意一下。第三階段(10.15-11.10):模擬考場時(shí)間做近15年真題(8:30-11:30),并整理錯(cuò)題。

④碎碎念:

真題,從2000年開始做的,關(guān)于簡答可以選擇就背簡答總結(jié),但現(xiàn)在的簡答很離譜,背了也沒用,所以23年考研會如何誰也不知道。此外,不要害怕真題,我2000到2005年的真題都是照著答案一步步算過來的,到后面就可以自己起飛了,務(wù)必動手,化原的計(jì)算是由很多小細(xì)節(jié)坑人的,把戲得過手。建議如果是基礎(chǔ)不好、自制力較差且跨考的同學(xué),可以考慮報(bào)個(gè)新祥旭考研一對一輔導(dǎo)課程,會根據(jù)大家自身的情況和需求來制定授課計(jì)劃,全程跟進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度,學(xué)起來會比較省時(shí)省力,效率會很明顯的提高。

六、初試——政治、英語、數(shù)學(xué)

主要是提幾點(diǎn)建議:

①政治:八月份開始比較合適,剛開始工作量不必很大,每天看幾個(gè)徐濤強(qiáng)化班的視頻即可,后期多做點(diǎn)模擬題(只做選擇),大題緊跟肖四。

②英語:每天背單詞,基礎(chǔ)弱的可把語法再看一遍,不是很推薦黃皮書,建議大家買兩套歷年真題即可,不需要解析,推薦新東方的網(wǎng)課,自己先做,做完后,看視頻聽老師講解,重點(diǎn)掌握做題技巧和??荚~匯。

③數(shù)學(xué):不需要糾結(jié)跟哪一個(gè)老師,跟緊一個(gè)老師,多做題,多總結(jié)錯(cuò)題(錯(cuò)題本根據(jù)個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,不想整理在書上圈出來也行)。

后期歷年真題和模擬題限時(shí)練習(xí),建議去淘寶買答題卡。

七、一些關(guān)于考研的事實(shí)

①考研的知識量是高考的三倍以上,但只有高考時(shí)間的 1/3 去進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)。所以大家不要覺得時(shí)間很充足。

②搖擺不定的人往往會悲劇:邊找工作邊考研、邊考公務(wù)員邊考研等等,把考研當(dāng)備胎的人有很多,除了少數(shù)天賦異稟的考生,結(jié)果都是兩邊不討好。還是推薦專注于一個(gè)方向,不要兩邊搖擺不定。

③英語、政治 70 算高分,80 算超高分:一般復(fù)習(xí)沒有走偏的人,英語政治保證 60 以上是沒有問題的。不要想著靠這兩門來拉分,也不用擔(dān)心被拉分。

④數(shù)學(xué)、專業(yè)科拉分最狠:數(shù)學(xué)和專業(yè)科都是 150 滿分,考研初試能否力壓其他競爭者,很大的程度上由這兩科來決定。在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間分配上,這兩門要多一些。

⑤情報(bào)非常重要:情報(bào)收集是考研中最重要的一環(huán),甚至超過了復(fù)習(xí),它很大程度上決定了你這一年的努力有沒有白費(fèi)!很多人都忽略了情報(bào),覺得某學(xué)校某專業(yè)很好,也不做調(diào)查,就開始埋頭苦學(xué),辛辛苦苦進(jìn)了復(fù)試,結(jié)果沒想到名額被保送的占了大半,還有很強(qiáng)的本??忌?,最終只能選擇調(diào)劑。復(fù)習(xí)前一定一定要對報(bào)考目標(biāo)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的調(diào)查,盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)問題盡早應(yīng)對。

⑥四六級成績與考研初試無關(guān),與考研復(fù)試有關(guān):可以趁著考研的同時(shí),在當(dāng)年六月份成功考過四六級,這樣會在你復(fù)試面試的時(shí)候提供幫助。

八、復(fù)試

①因?yàn)橐咔榫€上,所以對于23考研寶子們沒有太多經(jīng)驗(yàn),只涉及到了復(fù)試的面試。首先是英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯,然后對此進(jìn)行一些英文提問,之后根據(jù)你的學(xué)校、專業(yè)、比賽、成績和家鄉(xiāng)等進(jìn)行一些簡單提問。

②建議能參加華理夏令營的都參加,參加條件可從官網(wǎng)找,主要是成績排名7%,且通過六級,但今年可能有一定變動,建議去官網(wǎng)確認(rèn),夏令營排名等級對復(fù)試有明確的加分規(guī)則

③復(fù)試16篇翻譯整理

1、A balance equation for a chemical reaction indicates the substances that are present at the start of the reaction and those products at the end. However, it provides no information about how the reaction occurs. The process by which a reaction occurs is called the reaction mechanism, at the most sophisticated level, a reaction mechanism will describe in great detail the order in which the bonds are broken and formed and the changes in relative positions of the atoms in the course of the reaction.

譯文:化學(xué)反應(yīng)的衡算方程表明了反應(yīng)開始時(shí)存在的物質(zhì),以及反應(yīng)結(jié)束時(shí)的產(chǎn)物。然而,它并沒有提供反應(yīng)如何發(fā)生的信息。反應(yīng)發(fā)生的過程通常稱作反應(yīng)機(jī)理。在最復(fù)雜的程度上,反應(yīng)機(jī)理能夠詳盡描述化學(xué)反應(yīng)過程中化學(xué)鍵的斷裂和生成,以及原子相對位置的變化。

2、A group of operations for separating the components of mixture is based on the transfer of material from one homogeneous phase to another. Unlike purely mechanical separation , those methods utilize differences in vapor pressure, or solubility, not density or particle size. The driving force for transfer is a concentration difference or concentration gradient much as a temperature difference or a temperature gradient provides driving force in heat transfer. These methods covered by the term mass-transfer operations include such technique as distillation, gas absorption, liquid extraction, crystallization and a number of other.

譯文:大部分混合物的分離操作是以物料從一個(gè)均相轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)均相為基礎(chǔ)的。這些分離方法利用了蒸氣壓和溶解度的差異,不像機(jī)械分離操作,利用的是密度以及顆粒尺度大小的差異。傳質(zhì)的推動力是濃度差或濃度梯度,這與傳熱的推動力是溫度差以及溫度梯度類似。這些方法屬于傳質(zhì)操作,例如:蒸餾,氣體吸收,液液萃取,結(jié)晶和其他單元操作。

3、Activation Energy. Symbol Ea.The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to take place. In a reaction, molecules come together and chemical bonds are stretched,?broken, and formed in producing the products. During this process the energy of the system increases to a maximum, then decreases to energy of the products. The activation energy is the difference between the maximum energy and the energy of the reactants, i.e. it is the energy barrier that has to be overcome for the reaction on procedure. The activation energy determines the way in which the rate of the reaction varies with temperature.

譯文:活化能,符號Ea。化學(xué)反應(yīng)發(fā)生所需的最小能量。在一個(gè)化學(xué)反應(yīng)中,反應(yīng)物分子碰撞在一起,化學(xué)鍵被拉伸,斷裂,并結(jié)合以生成產(chǎn)物。在這個(gè)過程中,系統(tǒng)的能量增加到一個(gè)最大值,然后降低到產(chǎn)物的能量?;罨苁亲畲竽芰颗c反應(yīng)物能量的差值。換言之,它是反應(yīng)得以進(jìn)行所必需克服的能壘。活化能決定了反應(yīng)速率隨溫度變化的方式。

4、All chemical reactions are companied by some heat effects so that the temperature will tend to change,a serious result in view of the sensitivity of most reaction rates to temperature.Factors of equipment size, control ability and possibly unfavorable product .Distribution of complex reactions often necessitate provision of means of heat transfer to keep the temperature with bounds .In pratical operation of non-flow (batch)or tubular flow reactors ,truly isothermal conditions are not feasible even if they were desirable .

譯文:所以的化學(xué)反應(yīng)都伴隨著熱效應(yīng),所以溫度一般都會發(fā)生變化。從大部分的反應(yīng)速率隨溫度變化的敏感性來說,這會產(chǎn)生一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的后果。設(shè)備尺寸,控制能力以及復(fù)雜反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)物的分布等因素使得我們有必要采取控制溫度的預(yù)防措施。在間歇和管式反應(yīng)器的實(shí)際操作中,盡管完全等溫的條件是需要的,但卻不可能達(dá)到。

5、Crude oil in itself is a very poor fuel for internal-combustion engines ,and considerable transformation is necessary to convert it to gasoline .Modern refineries contain (in addition to distillation columns) process units such as thermal and catalytic crackers (to make smaller molecules out of large ones),hydrotreators (to convert undesire sulfur compounds into sulfur-free compounds), reformers (to make aromatics for high-octane fuel) and alkylation and isomerization units (to make high-octane molecules) ,central to the modern refinery is the catalytic cracker.

譯文:原油本身對內(nèi)燃機(jī)來說是一種品質(zhì)低劣的燃料,所以有必要經(jīng)過多次的轉(zhuǎn)換將之轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槠汀,F(xiàn)代的煉油廠(出了蒸餾塔)包括的過程單元有:熱裂解和催化裂化裝置(將大分子變?yōu)樾》肿樱託涮幚硌b置(把含硫產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化為無硫產(chǎn)品),重整裝置(生產(chǎn)芳烴為高辛烷值燃料所用),烷基化和異構(gòu)化單元(生產(chǎn)高辛烷值分子)?,F(xiàn)代煉油廠的核心是催化裂化裝置。

6、In most operations equilibrium is not attained because of insufficient time or because it is not desired .As soon as equilibrium is attained no further change can take place ,and the process stops ,but the engineer must keep the process going .For this reason ,rate operations such as rate of energy transfer ,rate of mass transfer ,and rate of chemical reaction are of the greatest important .In all such cases ,the rate and direction depend on difference in potential or driving force .The rate usually may be expressed as proportional to a potential drop divided by a resistance .

譯文:大部分操作不會達(dá)到平衡,要么是沒有足夠的時(shí)間,要么是不需要達(dá)到平衡。一旦達(dá)到平衡,就不會再發(fā)生變化,過程也隨之停止,但是工程師的任務(wù)就是保證反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行。由于這個(gè)原因,速率操作,例如能量傳遞速率,傳質(zhì)速率,化學(xué)反應(yīng)速率都是非常重要。在這些情況下,反應(yīng)的速率和方向取決于勢能差和驅(qū)動力。速率通??梢员硎緸榕c除以阻力的勢降成正比。

7、Like liquids ,supercritical fluids can behave as solvents ,dissolving a wide of substances .This ability forms the basis of a system for separating the components of mixtures ,a process known as supercritical extraction .The solvent power of a supercritical fluid increases as its density increase .Conversely ,lowering its density causes the supercritical fluid and dissolved material to separate,with skillful manipulation of temperature and pressure ,it is possible to separate the components of very complicated mixtures .

譯文:像液體一樣,超臨界流體具有溶劑的功能,能溶解很多物質(zhì)。這種能力為分離混合物打下了基礎(chǔ),也就是通常所說的超臨界萃取。超臨界流體所具有的溶劑的能力與其自身的密度呈正比,反之,密度下降就會導(dǎo)致超臨界流體與已溶解的物質(zhì)發(fā)生分離。通過精確的控制溫度和壓力,超臨界萃取有可能用來分離十分復(fù)雜的混合物。

8、Plastic are materials that can be shaped by applying heat or pressure .Most plastics are made from polymeric synthetic resins although a few are based on natural substances .They fall into main classes .thermoplastics material can be repeatly softened by heating and hardened again on cooling .Thermosetting materials are initially soft but change irreversibly to a hard rigid form on heating .Plastics contain the synthetic resins mixed with such as pigments ,plasticizer ,antioxidant and other stablizers and fillers .

譯文:塑料是一種能夠通過熱量和壓力而發(fā)生形變的材料。盡管少部分來源于天然,但是大部分塑料是由聚合合成樹脂制成的。它們組成了塑料的主要品種熱塑性材料可以經(jīng)過反復(fù)加熱而軟化,冷卻而硬化。熱固性的材料一開始是軟的,但是經(jīng)過熱量處理后會變硬,并且這個(gè)過程不能逆轉(zhuǎn)。塑料包含著合成樹脂以及其他添加劑,例如:顏料,增塑劑,抗氧化劑,穩(wěn)定劑以及填充劑。

9、The properties of fluid-viscosity ,thermal conductivity ,specific heat and density are important parameters in heat transfer .Each of those ,especially viscosity ,is temperature-dependent .Since a temperature field exists in a flowing stream undergoing heat transfer ,a problem appears in the choice of temperature in which the properties should be evaluated .For small temperature differences between fluid and wall and for highly viscosity fluid or where the temperature-differences between the tube wall and the fluid is large ,the variation in fluid properties within the stream become large .

譯文:流體的性質(zhì),例如粘度,導(dǎo)熱系數(shù),熱容和密度在傳熱中都是很重要的參數(shù)。每一個(gè),尤其是粘度,都與溫度相關(guān)。在一個(gè)進(jìn)行傳熱的流體中存在一個(gè)溫度場,在選擇估算所需的物性溫度時(shí)就會出現(xiàn)問題。對于流體與管壁溫差較小的情況,或者是高粘度流體以及流體與管壁之間的溫差較大時(shí),物流中流體性質(zhì)的偏差也會增大。

10、The unit operation are applicable to many physical process ,as to chemical ones .For example ,the process used to manufacture common salt ,consists of the following sequence of the unit operation :transportation of liquid and solid ,transfer of heat ,evaporation ,crystallization ,drying and screening .No chemical reaction appears in those steps .On the other hand ,the cracking of petroleum with or without the aid of a catalyst is a typical chemical reaction conducted on an enormous scale .Here the unit operations :transportation of fluids and solids ,distillation and various mechanical separations are vital and the cracking reaction could not be utilized without them .

譯文:像單元操作可應(yīng)用于化學(xué)過程一樣,它也可用于物理過程。例如食用鹽的生產(chǎn)過程由下列的單元操作組成:液相和固相的輸送,傳熱,蒸發(fā),結(jié)晶,干燥和篩分。這些操作中并沒有化學(xué)反應(yīng)。從另一個(gè)角度講,石油的裂解不管有沒有催化劑都是一個(gè)典型的大規(guī)模的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。期間的單元操作有:流體和固相的輸送,蒸餾多種機(jī)械分離操作,他們都是十分重要的,沒有它們,裂解反應(yīng)就不會發(fā)生。

11、The lighter (lower-boiling) components tend to concentrate in vapor phase while the heavier (high-boiling) components tend toward the liquid phase .The result is that vapor phase becomes richer in heavy components as it flows downward .The overall separation achieved between the distillate and the bottoms depends primarily on the relative volatilities of the components ,the number of the containing trays and the ratio of the liquid-phase flow rate to the vapor-phase flow rate .

譯文:輕組分在氣相中濃縮,而重組分在液相中富集。結(jié)果是氣相沿塔向上流動富集輕組分,液相向下流動時(shí)富集重組分。塔頂組分(餾出物)和塔釜組分的完全分離主要取決于組分的相對揮發(fā)度,塔板數(shù)量,以及液、氣相的流率比。

12、(Homogeneous reactions are those the reactants ,products and any catalyst used form continuous phase ,gaseous or liquid .) Homogeneous gas phase reactors will always be operated continuously whereas liquid phase reactors may be batch or continuous .Tubular reactors are normally used for homogeneous gas-phase reactions ,for example ,in the thermal craking of petroleum crude on fractions to ethylene and the thermal decomposition of dichloroethane to vinyl chloride .Both tubular and stirred tank reactors are used for homogeneous liquid phase reactions .

譯文:均相反應(yīng)是那些反應(yīng)物,產(chǎn)物和任何催化劑形成氣相或液相的連續(xù)相的反應(yīng),均相氣相反應(yīng)器通常是連續(xù)操作,而液相反應(yīng)器可以是間歇也可以是連續(xù)操作。管式反應(yīng)器通常用于均相氣相反應(yīng)。例如,石油原油熱裂解生產(chǎn)乙烯和二氯乙烷熱裂解分解生成氯乙烯。管式和攪拌釜式反應(yīng)器均可用于均相液相反應(yīng)。

13、Discharge of waste chemicals to the air water or ground not only has a direct environmental impact ,but also constitute a potential waste of natural resources .Early efforts to lower the environmental impact of chemical measures tended to focus on the removal of harmful materials from a plant’s waste stream before it was discharged into the environment ,But to approach addresses only half the problem .For an ideal chemical process ,no harmful by-products would be formed in the first place and such a process would be “environmental friendship”.

譯文:廢棄化學(xué)品排放到空氣、水或者土壤不僅有直接的環(huán)境影響,而且形成了自然資源的潛在浪費(fèi)。降低化工環(huán)境影響的早期努力集中在工廠廢棄物排放到環(huán)境之前有害物質(zhì)的去除,但這只解決了問題的一半。對于一個(gè)理想的化工過程,第一位就是沒有有害副產(chǎn)物的生成,這就是環(huán)境友好的過程。

14、①The first law of thermodynamics is simply a statement of conservation of energy .The sum of all the energy leaving a process must equal the sum of all the energy leaving a process must equal the sum of all the energy entring .

②The third law of thermodynamics provides an absolute scale of values for entropy stating that for changes involving only perfect crystalline solids at absolute zero ,the changes the total entropy is zero .

譯文:①熱力學(xué)第一定律是能量守恒的簡述。離開過程的能量總量等于進(jìn)入過程的能量總量。

②熱力學(xué)第三定律提供了熵值的絕對范圍,表述為:在絕對零度時(shí),僅完美晶體的熵變?yōu)榱恪?/span>

15、③The second law :There are many different statements of the second law as applied to cycles in which heat is converted into work .At this point ,an general statement is desirable :The conversion of energy from one form to another always results in an overall loss in quality .Another is :All system tend to approach equilibrium .These statements point out the difficulty in expressing the second law .It cannot really be done satisfactory without defining another term describing quality or disorder .The term is entropy .This property of state quantifies the level of disorder in a fluid ,body or system .

譯文:第二定律:在熱功轉(zhuǎn)換的應(yīng)用中,熱力學(xué)第二定律有很多不同的表述。在這點(diǎn)上,更通用的表述是能量從一種形式到另一種形式的轉(zhuǎn)換總會導(dǎo)致品質(zhì)的損失。另一種表述:所有的系統(tǒng)都趨于平衡,這些表述指出表達(dá)第二定律的困難。如果不定義另一種用于描述品質(zhì)或無序變化程度的術(shù)語,就不能真正滿意的表達(dá)第二定律,這個(gè)術(shù)語就是熵。這個(gè)狀態(tài)性質(zhì)可以量化液體,主體或者系統(tǒng)的無序程度。

16、Packed-bed reactor :There are two basic types of packed-bed reactors :those in which the solid is a reactant and those in which the solid is a catalyst .Many example of the first type can be found in the extractive metallurgical industries .In the chemical process industries ,the designers will normally be concerned with the second type catalytic reactors .Industrial packed-bed catalytic reactors range in size from small tubes in few centimeters diameter to larger diameter packed beds.Larger-diameter packed-bed reactors are poor and where high heat-transfer rates are required ;fluidized beds, should be considered .

譯文:填充床式反應(yīng)器主要有兩類:一類是反應(yīng)器中固體是反應(yīng)物,另一類固體是催化劑。在提取冶金工業(yè)中可以看到很多第一類反應(yīng)器的例子,在化學(xué)過程工業(yè)中,設(shè)計(jì)師通常設(shè)計(jì)第二類催化反應(yīng)器,工業(yè)填充床催化反應(yīng)器的大小可以從幾厘米直徑的小管式到大直徑的填充床,大直徑填充床反應(yīng)器的傳熱速率差,如果需要較大的傳熱速率可以考慮使用流化床。


2024年華東理工大學(xué)化工專業(yè)考研經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享的評論 (共 條)

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