????????12月4日，國務院新聞辦發(fā)表《中國的民主》（China: Democracy That Works）白皮書。

????????雙語全文如下：

前言

Preamble

????????民主是全人類的共同價值，是中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國人民始終不渝堅持的重要理念。

Democracy is a common value of humanity and an ideal that has always been cherished by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese people.

????????今年是中國共產(chǎn)黨成立100周年。100年前，中國共產(chǎn)黨一經(jīng)誕生，就把為中國人民謀幸福、為中華民族謀復興確立為自己的初心和使命，為實現(xiàn)人民當家作主進行了不懈探索和奮斗。100年來，黨高舉人民民主旗幟，領導人民在一個有幾千年封建社會歷史、近代成為半殖民地半封建社會的國家實現(xiàn)了人民當家作主，中國人民真正成為國家、社會和自己命運的主人。

This year marks the centenary of the CPC. Since its founding in 1921, the Party has taken wellbeing for the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its abiding goals, and has made continuous efforts to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. China is a country with a feudal history dating back several thousand years that descended into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society after the Opium War of 1840.?Over the past hundred years, the Party has led the people in realizing people’s Democracy in China. The Chinese people now truly hold in their hands their own future and that of society and the country.

????????中國的民主是人民民主，人民當家作主是中國民主的本質(zhì)和核心。黨的十八大以來，黨深化對中國民主政治發(fā)展規(guī)律的認識，提出全過程人民民主重大理念并大力推進，民主價值和理念進一步轉化為科學有效的制度安排和具體現(xiàn)實的民主實踐。

The people’s status as masters of the country is the essence of people’s Democracy. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, with a deeper understanding of China’s path to Democracy and the political system, the Party has developed whole-process people’s Democracy as a key concept and striven to translate it and relevant democratic values into effective institutions and concrete actions.

????????全過程人民民主，實現(xiàn)了過程民主和成果民主、程序民主和實質(zhì)民主、直接民主和間接民主、人民民主和國家意志相統(tǒng)一，是全鏈條、全方位、全覆蓋的民主，是最廣泛、最真實、最管用的社會主義民主。

Whole-process people’s Democracy integrates process-oriented Democracy with results-oriented Democracy, procedural Democracy with substantive Democracy, direct Democracy with indirect Democracy, and people’s Democracy with the will of the state. It is a model of socialist Democracy that covers all aspects of the democratic process and all sectors of society. It is a true Democracy that works.

????????民主是歷史的、具體的、發(fā)展的，各國民主植根于本國的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)，成長于本國人民的實踐探索和智慧創(chuàng)造，民主道路不同，民主形態(tài)各異。

Democracy is a concrete phenomenon that is constantly evolving. Rooted in history, culture and tradition, it takes diverse forms and develops along the paths chosen by different peoples based on their exploration and innovation.?

????????評價一個國家政治制度是不是民主的、有效的，主要看國家領導層能否依法有序更替，全體人民能否依法管理國家事務和社會事務、管理經(jīng)濟和文化事業(yè)，人民群眾能否暢通表達利益要求，社會各方面能否有效參與國家政治生活，國家決策能否實現(xiàn)科學化、民主化，各方面人才能否通過公平競爭進入國家領導和管理體系，執(zhí)政黨能否依照憲法法律規(guī)定實現(xiàn)對國家事務的領導，權力運用能否得到有效制約和監(jiān)督。

The best way to evaluate whether a country’s political system is democratic and efficient is to observe whether the succession of its leaders is orderly and in line with the law, whether all the people can manage state and social affairs and economic and cultural undertakings in conformity with legal provisions, whether the public can express their requirements without hindrance, whether all sectors can efficiently participate in the country’s political affairs, whether national decision-making can be conducted in a rational and democratic way, whether people of high caliber in all fields can be part of the national leadership and administrative systems through fair competition, whether the governing party is in charge of state affairs in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and whether the exercise of power can be kept under effective restraint and supervision.

????????民主不是裝飾品，不是用來做擺設的，而是要用來解決人民需要解決的問題的。一個國家民主不民主，關鍵在于是不是真正做到了人民當家作主，要看人民有沒有投票權，更要看人民有沒有廣泛參與權；要看人民在選舉過程中得到了什么口頭許諾，更要看選舉后這些承諾實現(xiàn)了多少；要看制度和法律規(guī)定了什么樣的政治程序和政治規(guī)則，更要看這些制度和法律是不是真正得到了執(zhí)行；要看權力運行規(guī)則和程序是否民主，更要看權力是否真正受到人民監(jiān)督和制約。

Democracy is not a decorative ornament, but an instrument for addressing the issues that concern the people. Whether a country is democratic depends on whether its people are truly the masters of the country; whether the people have the right to vote, and more importantly, the right to participate extensively; whether they have been given verbal promises in elections, and more importantly, how many of these promises are fulfilled after elections; whether there are set political procedures and rules in state systems and laws, and more importantly, whether these systems and laws are truly enforced; whether the rules and procedures for the exercise of power are democratic, and more importantly, whether the exercise of power is genuinely subject to public scrutiny and checks.

????????民主是各國人民的權利，而不是少數(shù)國家的專利。一個國家是不是民主，應該由這個國家的人民來評判，而不應該由外部少數(shù)人指手畫腳來評判。國際社會哪個國家是不是民主的，應該由國際社會共同來評判，而不應該由自以為是的少數(shù)國家來評判。實現(xiàn)民主有多種方式，不可能千篇一律。用單一的標尺衡量世界豐富多彩的政治制度，用單調(diào)的眼光審視人類五彩繽紛的政治文明，本身就是不民主的。

Democracy is the right of the people in every country, rather than the prerogative of a few nations. Whether a country is democratic should be judged by its people, not dictated by a handful of outsiders. Whether a country is democratic should be acknowledged by the international community, not arbitrarily decided by a few self-appointed judges. There is no fixed model of Democracy; it manifests itself in many forms. Assessing the myriad political systems in the world against a single yardstick and examining diverse political structures in monochrome are in themselves undemocratic.

????????民主是多樣的，世界是多彩的。在世界文明的百花園里，中國的民主之花絢麗綻放。中國愿與各國交流互鑒、攜手合作，為人類政治文明發(fā)展進步貢獻智慧和力量。

In the richly diverse world, Democracy comes in many forms. China’s Democracy is thriving alongside those of other countries in the garden of civilizations. China stands ready to contribute its experience and strength to global political progress through cooperation and mutual learning.

一、中國共產(chǎn)黨領導人民實現(xiàn)全過程人民民主

I. Whole-Process People’s Democracy Under CPC leadership

????????中華民族是歷史悠久、勤勞智慧的民族，創(chuàng)造了輝煌燦爛的政治文明。在5000多年歷史長河中，中國人民探索形成的民本思想，蘊含著豐富的民主因素，體現(xiàn)了中國人民對民主的樸素認知和不懈追求。但是，在封建專制之下，廣大勞動人民始終處于受壓迫受剝削的最底層。

China is a diligent and wise nation with a long history. It has created a brilliant political civilization. All of five thousand years ago, ancient Chinese began to explore the concept that people are the foundation of a state.?Their ideas contained the seeds of what we know today as Democracy. However, over the centuries of feudal autocracy, the people were always the oppressed and exploited underclass.

????????近代以后，中國逐步成為半殖民地半封建社會，國家將傾，民族將亡，人民毫無民主可言。為救亡圖存，中國人民奮起抗爭，各種革命變革接連而起，各種救國方案輪番出臺，但都未能取得成功。

After the 1840s, China gradually descended into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. There was no popular Democracy at all and the country was on the verge of collapse. The people stood up and fought to salvage their country. Revolution and reform were attempted, and many plans for saving the country were introduced, none of which succeeded.

????????辛亥革命后，中國模仿議會制、多黨制、總統(tǒng)制等西方政治制度模式的各種嘗試都以失敗告終。

Following the Revolution of 1911, the Chinese people made numerous attempts to introduce the Western political systems, including the parliamentary system, multiparty system, and presidential system, all of which ended in failure.

????????以“民主”“科學”為基本口號的新文化運動的興起，俄國十月革命的勝利，五四運動的爆發(fā)，馬克思主義在中國的傳播，促進了中國人民的偉大覺醒，中國先進分子對民主有了更加深刻的思考和新的認知。

The rise of the New Culture Movement championing Democracy and science, the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, the May 4th Movement, and the spread of MarXism in China, began to awaken the Chinese people, and progressive individuals gained a deeper understanding of Democracy and came up with new ideas.

????????1921年，中國共產(chǎn)黨成立，點亮了中國的民主之光。

The founding of the CPC in 1921 was like a beacon, illuminating the way towards Democracy in China.

????????新民主主義革命時期，黨領導人民為爭取民主、反抗壓迫和剝削進行了艱苦卓絕斗爭，取得新民主主義革命勝利，成立新中國，實現(xiàn)了中國從幾千年封建專制政治向人民民主的偉大飛躍，中國人民從此站起來了，中國民主發(fā)展進入新紀元，人民當家作主從夢想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。

During the New Democratic Revolution (1919-1949), the Party led the people in their tenacious fight for Democracy, resisting oppression and exploitation in the course of their struggle. Ultimately, victory was secured in the Revolution.

On October 1, 1949, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded. This marked the ultimate transformation of the country from the rule of feudal autocracy, which had been in eXistence for several thousand years, to a people’s Democracy. It proclaimed that the Chinese people had stood upright. It ushered in a new era for Democracy in China. It turned a dream into reality – the people running their own country.

????????社會主義革命和建設時期，黨領導人民建立和鞏固國家政權，對生產(chǎn)資料進行社會主義改造，制定頒布新中國第一部憲法，確立人民代表大會制度、中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、民族區(qū)域自治制度。

During socialist Revolution and reconstruction (1949-1978), the CPC united and led the people in:

??building and consolidating state power;

??completing the socialist transformation of the means of production;

??promulgating the first Constitution of the PRC;

??establishing the system of people’s congresses, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy.

????????人民當家作主的政治架構、經(jīng)濟基礎、法律原則、制度框架基本確立并不斷發(fā)展，中國的民主大廈巍然聳立起來。

The political structure, economic foundation, legal principles, and institutional framework for the people to run their country were all put in place and have since developed steadily. China’s tower of Democracy was built on strong foundations and stands tall.

????????改革開放和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設新時期，黨領導人民堅定不移推進社會主義民主法治建設，堅持中國特色社會主義政治發(fā)展道路。

In the years of reform, opening up and socialist modernization after 1978, the Party led the people in advancing socialist Democracy and the rule of law, sticking to the path of socialist political progress with Chinese characteristics.

????????堅持黨的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機統(tǒng)一，積極穩(wěn)妥推進政治體制改革，鞏固和發(fā)展人民代表大會制度，進一步完善中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、民族區(qū)域自治制度、基層群眾自治制度等基本政治制度。

It ensured the Party’s leadership, the people’s status as masters of the country, and law-based governance, and advanced reform of the political structure in an active and steady manner. The system of people’s congresses was consolidated and developed. The system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, the system of community-level self-governance, and other basic political systems were improved.

????????民主發(fā)展的政治制度保障和社會物質(zhì)基礎更加堅實。

The political and institutional guarantees and material conditions for developing Democracy were reinforced.

????????黨的十八大以來，中國特色社會主義進入新時代。以習近平同志為核心的黨中央，立足新的歷史方位，深刻把握中國社會主要矛盾發(fā)生的新變化，積極回應人民對民主的新要求新期盼，深刻吸取古今中外治亂興衰的經(jīng)驗教訓，全面總結中國民主發(fā)展取得的顯著成就，團結帶領人民發(fā)展全過程人民民主，中國的民主發(fā)展進入歷史新時期。

Since the Party’s 18th National Congress in 2012, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core has built a keen understanding of how the principal challenge facing Chinese society has changed. It has worked hard to respond to the people’s new requirements and expectations for Democracy.?After drawing on past experience in maintaining order and stability across the world, and reviewing China’s progress in Democracy, the CPC decided to develop whole-process people’s Democracy, beginning a new stage of Democracy. Some of the most important achievements are:

????????堅持和加強黨的全面領導，深化黨和國家機構改革，黨對發(fā)展全過程人民民主的領導進一步加強。推進國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化，確立和堅持中國特色社會主義根本制度、基本制度、重要制度，人民當家作主制度體系更加健全。全面推進民主選舉、民主協(xié)商、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督，協(xié)同推進選舉民主與協(xié)商民主，人民依法有序政治參與不斷擴大，人民的民主生活豐富多彩。全過程人民民主，使人民當家作主更好體現(xiàn)在國家政治生活和社會生活之中，中國特色社會主義政治制度優(yōu)越性得到更好發(fā)揮，生動活潑、安定團結的政治局面得到鞏固發(fā)展，激發(fā)和凝聚了中國人民奮斗新時代的磅礴力量。黨團結帶領人民，取得抗擊新冠肺炎疫情重大戰(zhàn)略成果，歷史性地解決絕對貧困問題，全面建成小康社會。

??strengthening the CPC’s overall leadership, reforming Party and government institutions, and reinforcing the Party’s leadership over the development of whole-process people’s Democracy;

??modernizing China’s governance system and capacity;

??establishing and upholding the fundamental, basic, and important systems of Chinese socialism, with a more complete institutional framework to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country;

??advancing democratic elections, consultations, decision-making, management, and oversight, progressing electoral Democracy and consultative Democracy side by side, and expanding the people’s orderly political participation and the scope of Democracy;

??consolidating the people’s principal position in the country’s political and social life;

??leveraging the institutional strengths of Chinese socialism;

??promoting political stability, unity and vitality;

??building a nationwide force towards the country’s goals in the new era;

??achieving a strategic success in the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic;

??ending absolute poverty, and completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.

????????化解一系列重大風險，開啟全面建設社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家新征程，向著全體人民共同富裕邁進，全過程人民民主在中華大地展示出勃勃生機和強大生命力，中國人民的民主自信更加堅定，中國的民主之路越走越寬廣。

China has addressed major risks and set out on a new journey towards a modern socialist country and common prosperity, demonstrating the viability and strength of whole-process people’s Democracy. The Chinese people have greater confidence in China’s Democracy, and can now look forward to a bright future.

????????全過程人民民主，是中國共產(chǎn)黨團結帶領人民追求民主、發(fā)展民主、實現(xiàn)民主的偉大創(chuàng)造，是黨不斷推進中國民主理論創(chuàng)新、制度創(chuàng)新、實踐創(chuàng)新的經(jīng)驗結晶。中國共產(chǎn)黨的奮斗史，是團結帶領人民探索、形成、發(fā)展全過程人民民主的奮斗史。全過程人民民主，是近代以來黨團結帶領人民長期奮斗歷史邏輯、理論邏輯、實踐邏輯的必然結果，是堅持黨的本質(zhì)屬性、踐行黨的根本宗旨的必然要求。

Whole-process people’s Democracy is a creation of the CPC in leading the people to pursue, develop and realize Democracy, embodying the Party’s innovation in advancing China’s democratic theories, systems and practices. The Party’s history of struggle is a course of rallying the people and leading them to explore, establish and develop whole-process people’s Democracy. It is a logical outcome of history, theory and practice based on the strenuous efforts of the people under the leadership of the Party. It is a requisite for maintaining the very nature of the Party and fulfilling its fundamental purpose.

????????全過程人民民主，充分彰顯社會主義國家性質(zhì)，充分彰顯人民主體地位，使人民意志得到更好體現(xiàn)、人民權益得到更好保障、人民創(chuàng)造活力進一步激發(fā)。全過程人民民主，形成和發(fā)展于黨領導人民爭取民族獨立、人民解放和實現(xiàn)國家富強、人民幸福的不懈奮斗，扎根在廣袤的中華大地，吸吮著中華民族漫長奮斗積累的文化養(yǎng)分，學習借鑒人類文明優(yōu)秀成果，符合中國國情，得到人民衷心擁護，具有深厚現(xiàn)實基礎和廣闊發(fā)展前景。

Whole-process people’s Democracy, giving full expression to the socialist nature of the state and the people’s principal position, serves to better represent the people’s will, protect their rights and fully unleash their potential to create. Whole-process people’s Democracy has formed and developed in a nationwide effort, led by the CPC, to strive for national independence, the country’s prosperity, and the people’s liberation and wellbeing. It is rooted in this vast land, nourished by the culture and traditions of the Chinese civilization, and draws on the achievements of human civilization. Suited to the conditions in China and embraced by the people, it has solid foundations and a bright future.

????????全過程人民民主，具有完整的制度程序和完整的參與實踐，使選舉民主和協(xié)商民主這兩種重要民主形式更好結合起來，構建起覆蓋960多萬平方公里土地、14億多人民、56個民族的民主體系，實現(xiàn)了最廣大人民的廣泛持續(xù)參與。全過程人民民主，既有鮮明的中國特色，也體現(xiàn)全人類共同價值，為豐富和發(fā)展人類政治文明貢獻了中國智慧、中國方案。

Whole-process people’s Democracy is a complete system with supporting mechanisms and procedures, and has been fully tested through wide participation. It integrates two major democratic models – electoral Democracy and consultative Democracy. It operates a democratic system covering a population of more than 1.4 billion from 56 ethnic groups of a vast country, making possible the wide and sustained participation of all its people. Whole-process people’s Democracy has distinctive Chinese characteristics; it also exemplifies common values and contributes China’s ideas and solutions to the political progress of humanity.

????????中國共產(chǎn)黨的領導，是中國發(fā)展全過程人民民主的根本保證。在中國這樣一個大國，真正把14億多人民的意愿表達好、實現(xiàn)好并不容易，必須有堅強有力的統(tǒng)一領導。

CPC leadership is the fundamental guarantee for whole-process people’s Democracy. It is no easy job for a country as big as China to fully represent and address the concerns of its 1.4 billion people. It must have a robust and centralized leadership.

????????中國共產(chǎn)黨始終堅持以人民為中心、堅持人民主體地位，真正為人民執(zhí)政、靠人民執(zhí)政；充分發(fā)揮總攬全局、協(xié)調(diào)各方的領導核心作用，保證黨領導人民有效治理國家，保證人民民主的理念、方針、政策貫徹到國家政治生活和社會生活的方方面面；

Committed to people-centered development and ensuring their principal status to run the country, the CPC governs for the people and by relying on the people. The CPC plays to the full its role as overall leader and coordinator in all areas of endeavor in every part of the country, to ensure that the people run the country effectively and that the people’s Democracy is an overarching philosophy, principle and policy in the country’s political and social life.

????????堅持一切為了群眾，一切依靠群眾，從群眾中來，到群眾中去的群眾路線，密切同人民群眾的聯(lián)系，凝聚起最廣大人民的智慧和力量；

The CPC follows the mass line – it is committed to doing everything for the people and relying on them, and follows the principle of “from the people, to the people”. It maintains close ties with the people and pools their wisdom and strength.

????????堅持黨內(nèi)民主，實行民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督，帶動和促進人民民主的發(fā)展；健全選人用人制度機制，使各方面優(yōu)秀人才進入黨的領導體系和國家治理體系，確保黨和國家的領導權掌握在忠于馬克思主義、忠于黨、忠于人民的人手中；

The CPC upholds Democracy within the Party and practices democratic elections, decision-making, management and oversight, to better serve the development of people’s Democracy. The CPC has improved its mechanism for selecting and appointing officials, enabling outstanding individuals in all sectors to enter the Party leadership teams and the government, and ensuring that the leadership of the Party and the state rests in the hands of those loyal to MarXism, the Party, and the people.

????????堅持依法執(zhí)政、依法治國，領導立法、保證執(zhí)法、支持司法、帶頭守法，通過法治保障黨的政策有效實施、保障人民當家作主。

The CPC upholds law-based governance of the country. It exercises leadership over legislation, guarantees law enforcement, supports judicial justice, and plays an exemplary role in abiding by the law. Through advancing the rule of law, the Party ensures that its policies are effectively implemented and that the people run the country as its masters.

二、具有科學有效的制度安排

II. A Sound Institutional Framework

????????在中國，國家各項制度都是圍繞人民當家作主構建的，國家治理體系都是圍繞實現(xiàn)人民當家作主運轉的，全過程人民民主具有完整的制度程序。這些制度程序，形成了全面、廣泛、有機銜接的人民當家作主制度體系，構建了多樣、暢通、有序的民主渠道，有效保證了黨的主張、國家意志、人民意愿相統(tǒng)一，有效保證了人民當家作主。

In China, the people’s status as masters of the country is the bedrock of all the systems of the country, and underlies the operation of all the systems for state governance. Whole-process people’s Democracy involves complete institutional procedures. These well-coordinated and comprehensive institutional procedures serve to put into place diverse, open, and well-organized democratic channels to ensure that the Party’s policies and the state will are integrated with the people’s aspirations, and that the people are masters of the country.

（一）實行人民民主專政的國體

1.?The Governing System of the People’s Democratic dictatorship

????????中國是工人階級領導的、以工農(nóng)聯(lián)盟為基礎的人民民主專政的社會主義國家。人民民主專政，體現(xiàn)中國的國家根本性質(zhì)。

The Constitution describes China as a socialist country governed by a people’s democratic dictatorship that is led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants. The fundamental nature of the state is defined by the people’s democratic dictatorship.

????????中國堅持民主與專政有機統(tǒng)一，保證了人民當家作主。一方面，始終堅持人民民主專政中的“民主”，堅持國家的一切權力屬于人民，保證人民依照憲法和法律規(guī)定，通過各種途徑和形式，管理國家事務，管理經(jīng)濟和文化事業(yè)，管理社會事務；另一方面，始終堅持人民民主專政中的“專政”，充分履行國家政權的專政職能，依法打擊破壞社會主義制度、顛覆國家政權、危害國家安全和公共安全等各種犯罪行為，維護法律尊嚴和法律秩序，保護國家和人民利益。民主和專政不是矛盾的，都是為了保證人民當家作主。打擊極少數(shù)是為了保護大多數(shù)，實行專政是為了實現(xiàn)民主。

China upholds the unity of Democracy and dictatorship to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. On the one hand, all power of the state belongs to the people to ensure that they administer state affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the Constitution and laws; on the other hand, China takes resolute action against any attempt to subvert the country’s political power or endanger public or state security, to uphold the dignity and order of law and safeguard the interests of the people and the state. Democracy and dictatorship appear to be a contradiction in terms, but together they ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. A tiny minority is sanctioned in the interests of the great majority, and “dictatorship” serves Democracy.

（二）實行人民代表大會制度的政體

2.?The Governing Structure of the System of People’s Congresses

????????人民代表大會制度，是適應人民民主專政國體的政權組織形式，是中國的根本政治制度，是中國人民當家作主的根本途徑和最高實現(xiàn)形式，是實現(xiàn)全過程人民民主的重要制度載體。人民代表大會制度，堅持國家一切權力屬于人民，最大限度保障人民當家作主，把黨的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機結合起來，有效保證國家治理跳出治亂興衰的歷史周期率。人民代表大會制度，正確處理事關國家前途命運的一系列重大政治關系，實現(xiàn)國家統(tǒng)一有效組織各項事業(yè)，維護國家統(tǒng)一和民族團結，有效保證國家政治生活既充滿活力又安定有序。

The system of people’s congresses, an organizational form of political power compatible with the governing system of the people’s democratic dictatorship, is China’s fundamental political system, and the ultimate approach and optimal solution to guaranteeing the people’s status as masters of the country. It is also an important institutional support to whole-process people’s Democracy. Under this system, all power of the state belongs to the people to guarantee their status as masters of the country.?At the same time, it integrates the Party’s leadership, the people’s principal position, and the rule of law, to help the country avoid the historical cycle of rise and fall of ruling orders apparent through the centuries of imperial dynasty. Under this system, all the major political relationships with a bearing on the nation’s future are properly managed, and all social undertakings operate under the effective centralized organization of the state. This maintains national unity and ethnic solidarity, and ensures that vigor, stability and order prevail in the country’s political life.

????????人民通過人民代表大會有效行使國家權力。人民代表大會代表人民統(tǒng)一行使國家權力，全國人民代表大會是最高國家權力機關，地方人民代表大會是地方國家權力機關。各級國家行政機關、監(jiān)察機關、審判機關、檢察機關都由人民代表大會產(chǎn)生，對人大負責、受人大監(jiān)督。

The people exercise state power effectively through people’s congresses; people’s congresses exercise state power collectively on behalf of the people. The National People’s Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power. Local people’s congresses at all levels are local agencies of state power. All administrative, supervisory, judicial, and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses, to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised.

????????人民代表大會有立法權、監(jiān)督權、決定權、任免權。

The people’s congresses have four main functions and powers:

????????全國人民代表大會及其常務委員會行使國家立法權，全國人民代表大會行使修改憲法以及制定和修改刑事、民事、國家機構的和其他的基本法律的權力；

??Legislation. The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to amend the Constitution and enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offenses, civil affairs, state agencies and other matters;

????????全國人民代表大會對國家主席、副主席，國務院總理、副總理及其他組成人員，中央軍事委員會主席及其他組成人員，國家監(jiān)察委員會主任，最高人民法院院長，最高人民檢察院檢察長行使人事任免權；

??appointment and removal of officials. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to appoint or remove the president and vice president(s) of the PRC, the premier, vice premier(s) and other members of the State Council, the chairperson and other members of the Central Military Commission, the chairperson of the National Supervisory Commission, the president of the Supreme People’s Court, and the procurator-general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate;

????????全國人民代表大會對事關國家發(fā)展、人民利益的重大問題，包括國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展計劃和計劃執(zhí)行情況的報告、國家的預算和預算執(zhí)行情況的報告行使審查和批準權等；

??Decision-making. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to examine and approve major issues significant to national development and the interests of the people, such as the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation, and state budget and the report on its implementation;

????????全國人民代表大會及其常務委員會行使對憲法實施、“一府一委兩院”工作等的監(jiān)督權。

??Supervision. The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the right of overseeing the enforcement of the Constitution and the work of the State Council, the National Supervisory Commission, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate.

????????地方各級人民代表大會及其常務委員會依法行使相應職權。人民代表大會制度，實現(xiàn)了廣泛民主，使各級人民代表大會有高度的權力，保證了人民掌握和行使國家權力，國家和民族前途命運牢牢掌握在人民手中。

Local people’s congresses and their standing committees exercise corresponding powers and functions as prescribed by law. The system of people’s congresses makes extensive Democracy possible by empowering people’s congresses at all levels, to ensure that the people hold and exercise state power, and that they keep the nation’s future firmly in their hands.

????????人大代表充分反映人民呼聲。人大代表來自人民，橫向上，來自各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面、各階層；縱向上，全國、省、市、縣、鄉(xiāng)五級都有人民代表大會，具有廣泛代表性。截至2020年底，全國共有人大代表262萬名，其中縣鄉(xiāng)兩級人大代表占代表總數(shù)的94.5%。人大代表充分發(fā)揮植根人民的優(yōu)勢，依法認真履職盡責，通過各種形式和渠道聽取和反映人民群眾的意見建議。

The deputies to people’s congresses are fully representative of the people.?They come from all regions, ethnic groups, sectors and social groups, and function at national, provincial, city, county and township levels. At the end of 2020, 2.62 million people were serving as deputies to people’s congresses at all levels nationwide. Among them, those at county and township levels accounted for 94.5 percent of the total. Making full use of their close connections with the people, these deputies diligently fulfill their duties by soliciting and submitting the people’s suggestions and advice through various forms and channels.

????????一年一度的各級人民代表大會會議，鄉(xiāng)、縣、市、省、全國自下而上、逐級召開，使得人民群眾意愿和呼聲能夠真實反映、向上傳遞。改革開放以來，每年的全國人大會議上，近3000名全國人大代表共商國家發(fā)展大計、共議民生熱點問題，黨和國家領導人當面傾聽意見建議，讓人民的所思所盼融入國家發(fā)展頂層設計。各國家機關依法認真研究辦理人大代表提出的議案、建議，許多被吸納進政策決策中。

The annual people’s congresses are first held from the grassroots upwards at township, county, city, and provincial levels and then at the highest national level, to take full cognizance of the people’s aspirations and report them to upper levels. Since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, about 3,000 NPC deputies have gathered in the presence of the Party and state leaders at the NPC session each year to discuss plans for national development and problems affecting people’s lives, and to put the people’s expectations at the top of the agenda on state matters. Many of the motions and proposals put forward by deputies have been carefully reviewed and then included into policy decisions of state organs.

????????人民代表大會制度，為中國共產(chǎn)黨領導人民有效治理國家提供了重要制度保障。黨通過人民代表大會制度，使黨的主張通過法定程序成為國家意志，使黨組織推薦的人選通過法定程序成為國家政權機關的領導人員，通過國家政權機關實施黨對國家和社會的領導，維護黨和國家權威、維護全黨全國團結統(tǒng)一。實踐充分證明，人民代表大會制度是符合中國國情和實際、體現(xiàn)社會主義國家性質(zhì)、保證人民當家作主、保障實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興的好制度，必須長期堅持、全面貫徹、不斷發(fā)展。

The system of people’s congresses has provided institutional guarantee for the CPC to lead the people in effectively running the country. It enables the Party to turn its proposals into state policies, and to place the candidates recommended by Party organizations into positions as state leaders through statutory procedures. It also empowers the organs of state governance to exercise the Party’s leadership over the country and society, to uphold the authority of the Party and the state, and to safeguard the unity and solidarity of the Party and the country. The system of people’s congresses is the optimal choice, in accord with China’s national conditions and realities. It embodies the socialist nature of the state and guarantees the people’s principal position and national rejuvenation. It must be fully implemented, further enriched, and maintained as a long-term institution.

（三）堅持和完善中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度

3. The System of Multiparty Cooperation and Political Consultation Under CPC leadership

????????中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度是中國的一項基本政治制度。這一制度植根中國土壤、彰顯中國智慧，又積極借鑒和吸收人類政治文明優(yōu)秀成果，是中國新型政黨制度。憲法規(guī)定，中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度將長期存在和發(fā)展。

The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is a basic element of China’s political framework. The Constitution stipulates, “The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China will continue and develop long into the future.” A new model grown out of the soil of China, it also learns from other countries and absorbs the fruits of their political achievements.

????????在中國，除了中國共產(chǎn)黨，還有八個民主黨派（注①）。在人民民主的共同旗幟下，中國共產(chǎn)黨與各民主黨派長期共存、互相監(jiān)督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共，形成了中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度這一具有鮮明中國特色和顯著優(yōu)勢的新型政黨制度。中國共產(chǎn)黨是執(zhí)政黨，八個民主黨派是接受中國共產(chǎn)黨領導、同中國共產(chǎn)黨親密合作的參政黨，是中國共產(chǎn)黨的好參謀、好幫手、好同事。在中國，沒有反對黨，也沒有在野黨。中國既不是一黨專政，也不是多黨競爭、輪流執(zhí)政，而是“共產(chǎn)黨領導、多黨派合作，共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政、多黨派參政”。

In China, there are no opposition parties. But China’s political party system is not a system of one-party rule. Nor is it one in which multiple parties vie for power and govern in turn. It is a multiparty cooperation system in which the CPC exercises state power. In addition to the CPC, there are eight other political parties.?The other parties participate fully in the administration of state affairs under the leadership of the CPC.

Under the shared banner of people’s Democracy, and respecting the principles of long-term coeXistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing the rough times and the smooth, the CPC and the other parties have created a new political party system with distinctive Chinese features and strengths.

????????中國共產(chǎn)黨和各民主黨派、無黨派人士以會議協(xié)商、約談協(xié)商、書面協(xié)商等形式，就國家和地方重大政策和重要事務進行協(xié)商。中國共產(chǎn)黨自覺接受各民主黨派、無黨派人士的民主監(jiān)督。中國共產(chǎn)黨和各民主黨派、無黨派人士在國家政權中合作共事，民主黨派成員和無黨派人士在各級人大代表、人大常委會組成人員及人大專門委員會成員中均占一定數(shù)量，一些民主黨派成員和無黨派人士擔任國家機關領導職務。各民主黨派、無黨派人士緊緊圍繞國家中心工作，積極參政議政、建言獻策，為國家發(fā)展發(fā)揮作用。

The CPC is the governing party, and the other parties accept its leadership. They cooperate closely with the CPC and function as its advisors and assistants. Through forums, talks, and written and other forms of consultation, the CPC consults with the other parties and prominent individuals without affiliation to any political party (non-affiliates) on major national and local policies and matters. It willingly accepts the democratic scrutiny of the other parties and the non-affiliates. In the exercise of state power, the CPC works together with the other parties and the nonaffiliates.?Members of the other parties and the non-affiliates account for a certain percentage of the total numbers of deputies to people’s congresses, the standing committees of people’s congresses, and the special committees of people’s congresses at all levels. Some of them occupy leading posts in state organs. The other parties and the non-affiliates actively deliberate on and participate in the administration of state affairs. They are valued advisors on key national programs and contributors to the development of the country.

????????中國人民政治協(xié)商會議是實行中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度的重要機構。人民政協(xié)作為專門協(xié)商機構，在協(xié)商中促進廣泛團結、推進多黨合作、實踐人民民主，既秉承歷史傳統(tǒng)，又反映時代特征，充分體現(xiàn)了中國社會主義民主有事多商量、遇事多商量、做事多商量的特點和優(yōu)勢，是國家治理體系的重要組成部分和具有中國特色的制度安排。

The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) serves as a key element of the multiparty mechanism. A specialized body for socialist consultative Democracy, the CPPCC promotes unity, strengthens multiparty cooperation, and practices people’s Democracy in the process of political consultation. It maintains the traditions of the past, and keeps pace with the times. It reflects the distinctive features and strengths of China’s socialist Democracy – problems are solved through consultation. It is a key component of the state governance system, and a distinctively Chinese political institution.

????????在人民政協(xié)制度平臺上，各黨派團體、各族各界人士發(fā)揮在界別群眾中的代表作用，通過全體會議、常委會會議、主席會議、專門委員會會議、專題協(xié)商會議、協(xié)商座談會議等，開展提案、委員視察考察、專題調(diào)研、反映社情民意等經(jīng)常性工作，對國家大政方針、經(jīng)濟社會各領域重要問題，在決策之前和決策實施之中進行廣泛協(xié)商、平等協(xié)商、有序協(xié)商、真誠協(xié)商，提出意見建議。中國共產(chǎn)黨采納和集中他們的意見建議，各黨派團體、各族各界人士接受黨的主張并在各界別群眾中宣傳解釋黨的方針政策，增信釋疑，最廣泛地反映民意，最充分地集思廣益，最大限度地凝聚共識，鞏固團結奮斗的共同思想基礎。

Through the institutions of the CPPCC, representatives from all political parties, people’s organizations, ethnic groups, and social sectors engage in political consultation. They carry out their routine duties through mechanisms such as plenary sessions, meetings of the standing committee, meetings of chairpersons, meetings of special committees, forums on specific subjects, and consultative seminars, and make proposals, conduct inspections and field surveys, and report on social conditions and public opinions on a regular basis. In this way, they conduct extensive, constructive consultations on an equal footing and in an orderly manner, and put forward opinions and suggestions on important national strategies and policies and major economic and social matters. The CPC collects these opinions and suggestions and adopts those which are sound, while the other participants accept the Party’s propositions and promote its guidelines and policies. In doing so, they increase trust and dispel doubts, convey the will of the people and draw on their wisdom, and build the broadest consensus, so as to form a shared ideological foundation for collective endeavors.

????????全國政協(xié)全體會議與全國人大會議每年同期召開，政協(xié)委員不僅要討論政協(xié)的問題，還要列席全國人大會議，參加對有關法律修改、“一府兩院”工作報告等的討論，這樣的制度安排真正實現(xiàn)了讓人人起來負責、人人監(jiān)督政府工作，形成了具有中國特色的“兩會”式民主。

When the annual sessions of the NPC and the CPPCC National Committee (Two Sessions) are held concurrently each year, members of the CPPCC National Committee submit proposals for deliberation. They also sit in on NPC sessions to participate in the discussions on the amendments to laws and on the work reports of the central government, the Supreme People’s Court, and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. This mechanism ensures that all the people can play a part in overseeing the work of the government, and forms China’s own model of Democracy based on the Two Sessions.

????????中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度，真實、廣泛、持久代表和實現(xiàn)最廣大人民根本利益、全國各族各界根本利益，有效避免了舊式政黨制度代表少數(shù)人、少數(shù)利益集團的弊端；把各個政黨和無黨派人士緊密團結起來、為著共同目標而奮斗，有效避免了一黨缺乏監(jiān)督或者多黨輪流坐莊、惡性競爭的弊端；通過制度化、程序化、規(guī)范化的安排集中各種意見和建議、推動決策科學化民主化，有效避免了舊式政黨制度囿于黨派利益、階級利益、區(qū)域和集團利益決策施政導致社會撕裂的弊端。

The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is an extensive and reliable means of representing and fulfilling the interests of the maXimum number of people of all ethnic groups and social sectors. It avoids the drawbacks of the old political party system that stood for only a small number of people and interest groups. It unites all political parties and the non-affiliates towards a common goal, effectively mitigating the risks of inadequate oversight in one-party rule, and the problems of continual transfers of governing parties and destructive competition in multiparty political systems. Through standardized institutional procedures and arrangements, it pools ideas and suggestions to ensure informed and democratic decision-making. It avoids the weakness of Western-style political party systems: When making decisions and exercising governance, political parties act in their own interests or the interests of the classes, regions and groups they represent, provoking division in society.

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中文：http://www.news.cn/politics/2021-12/04/c_1128130025.htm

英文：http://www.news.cn/english/2021-12/04/c_1310351231.htm

來源：國務院新聞辦公室官網(wǎng)? 新華社