辯論:克隆技術(shù)的弊端（英語辯論所搜材料，中英機翻）
辯論:克隆技術(shù)的弊端
在理論上，克隆技術(shù)還很不成熟；在實踐中，克隆動物的成功率還很低，生出的部分個體表現(xiàn)出生理或免疫缺陷，而且動物的殘廢率相當(dāng)高并伴有早衰現(xiàn)象等。此外，克隆技術(shù)（尤其是人胚胎方面的應(yīng)用）對倫理道德的沖擊和公眾對詞的強烈反應(yīng)也限制了克隆技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。
In theory, cloning technology is still very immature; In practice, the success rate of cloned animals is still very low, some of the born individuals show physiological or immune deficiency, and the rate of animal disability is quite high and accompanied by premature aging. In addition, the ethical impact of cloning technology (especially the application of human embryos) and the strong public reaction to words also limit the application of cloning technology.
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弊：克隆技術(shù)為人類帶來的負面問題
Con: the negative problems that cloning technology brings to human beings
克隆技術(shù)帶來的倫理問題
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當(dāng)克隆技術(shù)越來越被人們所熟悉時，克隆人就自然成為人們爭議的焦點，各國科學(xué)界、政界、宗教界都引發(fā)了對克隆人所衍生的道德問題的討論。世界上很多國家已經(jīng)立法禁止克隆人。但是，1998年初一位美國科學(xué)家提出將進行克隆人試驗，目的是為患不孕癥的夫妻繁育后代；意大利著名“克隆狂”安蒂諾里曾宣布，克隆胎兒將于2003年1月問世。2003年第一期《發(fā)現(xiàn)》雜志也把2002年命名為“克隆年”，理由是克隆技術(shù)在當(dāng)時已經(jīng)進入了克隆人的階段。該雜志斷言：“雖然世界不想要克隆人，但克隆人卻將要出現(xiàn)”。 克隆人所帶來的最大問題就是來自與倫理界，主要表現(xiàn)為幾個方面：第一，克隆人使人的定義發(fā)生改變。人的產(chǎn)生是愛情的結(jié)晶，是男女兩性繁殖出來的，在實驗室里制造出來的無性繁殖的人就不是真正意義上的人，如果克隆人真的出現(xiàn)，那么人的本質(zhì)與人的生命存在方式將陷入混亂與危機；第二，克隆人將混亂人倫關(guān)系，損害家庭結(jié)構(gòu)。夫妻、父子這些最基本的人倫關(guān)系，在克隆人那里將消失，血親關(guān)系，長幼有序則會一夜坍塌。并且，無性繁殖會使夫妻一方選擇將自己克隆即可，配偶與孩子沒有任何關(guān)系，那么，家庭還有存在的必要嗎？第三，克隆人會喪失人的尊嚴與權(quán)利?？寺∪耸菍嶒炇依镏圃斐鰜淼?，被作為某種工具或者手段來使用，但是克隆人也是人，是人類的一個特殊群體。并且克隆人出生后也具有正常人所有的情感、思想，也有正常的婚戀問題，但是，我們應(yīng)該怎樣滿足他們的婚戀要求呢，他們能不能夠正常的繁衍他們自己的后代呢？第四，克隆人剝奪了人的唯一存在性，天下沒有兩片相同的葉子，更沒有完全相同的兩個人，即使雙胞胎也不會完全相似，但是如果克隆人的出現(xiàn)，那么人的獨特性，唯一性將就此不復(fù)存在。第五，如果克隆人的技術(shù)被別有用心的人所采用，制造出一批犯罪分子，或者制造“人獸胚胎”，那么將會對社會帶來極大的危害。第六，克隆人違背了人的自決權(quán)，人具有不可重復(fù)的特性，克隆人違背了倫理學(xué)的平等原則。同時，在法理方面，克隆人使遺產(chǎn)繼承，法律地位都很難處理，將會增加社會的不穩(wěn)定因素。
When cloning technology is more andmore familiar to people, the cloning of humannature has become the focus of controversy, thescientific community, political circles, religiouscircles have triggered a discussion on the ethicalissues arising from the cloning of human beings.Many countries in the world have legislated against human cloning. However, in early 1998,an American scientist proposed a human cloningexperiment aimed at procreating offspring forinfertile couples. Antinori, a famous Iltalian "cloneenthusiast", announced that a cloned fetus would be born in January 2003. The first issue ofdiscovery magazine in 2003 also named 2002the "year of cloning", on the grounds that cloningtechnology had entered the stage of human cloning at that time. "Although the world doesnot want human cloning, there will be one," themagazine asserted. The biggest problem broughtabout by human cloning is from the ethical circle, mainly manifested in several aspects: first,human cloning changes the definition of human.The production of human is the crystallization of human and human life will be thrown into chaosand crisis; Second, cloning human beings willdisrupt human relations and damage the familystructure. Husband and wife, father and son thesemost basic human relations, in the clone there will disappear, kinship, long and young order willcollapse overnight. And, asexual reproduction canmake a couple choose to clone themselves, thespouse and the children have no relationship, sO,the family is still necessary? Third, human cloningwill lose human dignity and rights. Human cloningis produced in the laboratory, used as some kind of tool or means, but human cloning is alsohuman, is a special group of human beings. Andafter the clone is born also has the normal personall emotion, the thought, also has the normal loveand marriage question, but, how should we satisfy their love and marriage request.
克隆技術(shù)存在的風(fēng)險
Cloning has risks.
克隆技術(shù)被人們禁止用于克隆人，還有很大的原因在于其技術(shù)的不成熟，如果用于克隆人會存在極大的風(fēng)險，主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾個方面。第一，近年來，雖然成功克隆了許多哺乳動物，但是成功率極低?！?/strong>多利之父”維爾穆特說，克隆動物的成功率很低，在培育“多利”的實驗中，成功率只有0.36%?？寺游锿捎诨蛉毕莩霈F(xiàn)早死的情況。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)多利的細胞端粒要比正常的短，即其細胞出于更衰老的狀態(tài)，并且克隆動物胎兒普遍存在比一般動物發(fā)育快的傾向，當(dāng)多利不足7歲，由于肺部感染無法治愈被處以安樂死。試想，克隆動物尚可以用以安樂死，要是克隆兒童是殘障兒童，我們能處以安樂死嗎？那又會給社會帶來多大的負擔(dān)？第二，克隆人的所有基因同體細胞供給者的基因完全一致，那么會造成基因的單一。雖然用健康基因取代有缺陷的基因，會減少遺傳疾病的發(fā)生，但是不少學(xué)者認為，“生殖性克隆”破壞了個體擁有獨特基因型的權(quán)利，降低了群體的適應(yīng)力和競爭力，基因庫的多樣性對物種的保存和生物的進化極為重要。試想，當(dāng)一種病毒侵襲克隆人時可能會導(dǎo)致整個克隆人群甚至是整個人類的毀滅。另外，不少學(xué)者還擔(dān)心克隆人的出現(xiàn)，會使人們有目的的選擇性別，那么性別比例失調(diào)將成為一大社會問題。
Cloning technology is prohibited for human cloning, there is also a big reason for itsimmature technology, if used to clone humanwill have a great risk, mainly in the followingaspects. First, although many mammals havebeen successfully cloned in recent years, the success rate is extremely low. "The success rateof cloning animals is very low," said wilmut. "inthe experiment of breeding dolly, the successrate was only 0.36 percent." Cloned animalsoften die young because of a genetic defect.The researchers found that dolly's cells hadshorter telomeres than normal, meaning thecells were in a more senescent state, and thatcloned animal fetuses tended to develop fasterthan normal animals. Dolly was euthanized whenshe was under seven years old because of a lung infection that could not be cured. Imagine,cloning animals can still be used for euthanasia,if the cloning of children is disabled children, we can be euthanized? How much of a burden willthat place on society? Second, all the genes ofthe clone are identical to those of the somaticcell supplier, resulting in a single gene. Althoughthe replacement of defective genes with healthygenes will reduce the occurrence of genetic diseases, many scholars believe that "reproductivecloning" destroys the right of individuals to haveunique genotypes and reduces the adaptabilityand competitiveness of the population. The diversity of gene pool is extremely important forthe preservation of species and the evolutionof organisms. Imagine, when a virus attacks aclone, it may lead to the destruction of the entireclone population or even the entire human race.In addition, many scholars also worry that theemergence of human cloning, will make peoplepurposefully choose the sex, then the genderimbalance will become a major social problem.
對克隆技術(shù)問題的思考
Thinking on cloning technology
就像農(nóng)藥化肥原子彈的出現(xiàn)一樣，隨著科技的進步，人們用著各種手段在改變著自然改變著社會，但是，科學(xué)給人們帶來好處的同時也帶來了潛在的危險，科學(xué)技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為全球問題，因為它就是把雙刃劍，你合理的用它，它會造福人類，如果使用不當(dāng)或者濫用誤用，那么，人類可能走向自我毀滅?？寺〖夹g(shù)給人類很多無法治愈的疾病帶來了福音，給無數(shù)的患者及家人帶來了希望，但是它必須受到倫理道德的約束，科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力，但是如果要犧牲掉人類社會最底線最基本的倫理道德來促進科學(xué)的發(fā)展，那樣的科技對于人類還有何意義呢？人類能夠在實踐中創(chuàng)造出這些新興的技術(shù)，也應(yīng)該具有動性去約束這些技術(shù)的濫用，我們不能讓道德束縛科學(xué)的發(fā)展，也不能讓科技的進步脫離道德的監(jiān)控，人類需要發(fā)揮合理的主觀能動性去協(xié)調(diào)二者，使其為人類有利而不是隱患重重?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)應(yīng)該是一項為人類現(xiàn)在和以后的發(fā)展謀福利的偉大事業(yè)，應(yīng)該本著可持續(xù)發(fā)展和以人為本的思想去開發(fā)創(chuàng)造它們。
Like fertilizers, the emergence of a? nuclear bomb, with the progress of science and technology, people use various means ofchanging the nature changing society, however,science and bring benefits to people at the same time also poses a potential danger, science and technology has become a globalproblem, because it is a double-edged sword,you reasonable use it, it will benefit mankind, ifimproper use or misuse, abuse, then, humans ,may toward self-destruction. Cloning technologybrought the Gospel to many incurable diseases,brought hope to millions of patients and family, butit must be restricted because of ethical and moral,science and technology is the first productive force, but if you want to sacrifice the bottom line isthe most basic human society ethics to promotethe development of science, that there's no pointin science and technology for human? Humanscan create these emerging technology in practice,also should have moved to regulate the abuse ofthese techniques, we can't let moral constraints the development of science, also cannot let theprogress of science and technology from the monitoring of moral, human need to be reconciledreasonable subjective initiative into full play, to make it good for people rather than hidden trouble. Science and technology should be a greatcause for the development of mankind now and inthe future, and should be developed and createdin the spirit of sustainable development and people-oriented ideas.
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1) 克隆將減少遺傳變異，通過克隆產(chǎn)生的個體具有同樣的遺傳基因，同樣的疾病敏感性，一種疾病就可以毀滅整個由克隆產(chǎn)生的群體。 可以設(shè)想，如果一個國家的牛群都是同一個克隆產(chǎn)物，一種并不嚴重的病毒就可能毀滅全國的畜牧業(yè)。
Cloning would reduce genetic variation,so that the individuals created by cloning wouldhave the same genes, the same susceptibility todisease, and one disease could destroy the entirepopulation created by cloning. lt is conceivablethat if all the cattle in a country were cloned, amild virus could devastate the country 's livestock industry.
2) 克隆技術(shù)的使用將使人們傾向于大量繁殖現(xiàn)有種群中最有利用價值的個體，而不是按自然規(guī)律促進整個種群的優(yōu)勝劣汰。從這個意義上說，克隆技術(shù)干擾了自然進化過程.
The use of cloning technology will makepeople tend to multiply the most useful individualsin the existing population, rather than promote the survival of the fittest of the whole populationaccording to the natural law. In this sense, cloning interferes with natural evol ution.
3) 克隆技術(shù)是一種昂貴的技術(shù)，需要大量的金錢和生物專業(yè)人士的參與，失敗率非常高。多莉就是277次實驗唯一的成果。雖然現(xiàn)在發(fā)展出了更先進的技術(shù)，成功率也只能達到2-3%。
Cloning is an expensive technology thatrequires a lot of money and the involvement ofbiological professionals. The failure rate is veryhigh. Dolly was the only result of 277 experiments.Although more advanced techniques have been developed, the success rate is only 2-3%.
4) 轉(zhuǎn)基因動物提高了疾病傳染的風(fēng)險。例如，如果一頭生產(chǎn)藥物牛奶的牛感染了病毒，這種病毒就可能通過牛奶感染病人
Genetically modified animals increase therisk of disease transmission. For example, if a cowproducing pharmaceutical milk is infected with avirus, the virus can infect a patient through the milk.
5) 克隆技術(shù)應(yīng)用于人體將導(dǎo)致對后代遺傳性狀的人工控制?？寺〖夹g(shù)引起爭論的核心就是能否允許對發(fā)育初期的人類胚胎進行遺傳操作。這是很多倫理學(xué)家所不能接受的。
The application of cloning technology tohuman body will lead to the artificial control ofthe genetic traits of offspring. At the heart of thedebate over cloning is the possibility of allowinggenetic manipulation of human embryos in the early stages of development. This is unacceptable to many ethicists.
6) 克隆技術(shù)也可用來創(chuàng)造“超人”，或擁有健壯的體格卻智力低下的人。而且，如果克隆技術(shù)能夠在人類中有效運用，男性也就失去了遺傳上的意義。
Cloning can also be used to create superhuman beings, or people who are physicallystrong but mentally weak. And if cloning can beused effectively in humans, men will lose their genetic significance.
7) 克隆技術(shù)對家庭關(guān)系帶來的影響也將是巨大的。一個由父親的DNA克隆生成的孩子可以看作父親的雙胞胎兄弟，只不過延遲了幾十年出生而已。很難設(shè)想，當(dāng)一個人發(fā)現(xiàn)自己只不過是另外一個人的完全復(fù)制品，他（或她）會有什么感受？
Cloning will also have a huge impact onfamily relationships. A child cloned from a father'sDNA can be regarded as a father' s twin brother,only born decades later. It's hard to imagine howa person feels when he or she finds out that he or she is an exact copy of another person.
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弊：
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1.克隆技術(shù)導(dǎo)致的基因復(fù)制，會威脅基因多樣性的保持，生物的演化將出現(xiàn)一個逆向的顛倒過程，即由復(fù)雜走向簡單，這對生物的生存是極為不利的。
Cloning technology leads to genereplication, will threaten the maintenance of genetic diversity, biological evolution will appeara reverse reverse process, that is, from complexto simple, which is extremely detrimental to the survival of organisms.
2.克隆人是對自然生殖的替代和否定，打破了生物演進的自律性，帶有典型的反自然性質(zhì)。與當(dāng)今正在興起的崇尚天人合一、回歸自然的基本文化趨向相悖。
Human cloning is the replacement andnegation of natural reproduction, breaking the self-discipline of biological evolution, with a typicalanti-natural nature. It is contrary to the basic cultural trend of advocating the unity of heaven and man and returning to nature.
3.通過克隆技術(shù)實現(xiàn)人的自我復(fù)制和自我再現(xiàn)之后，可能導(dǎo)致人的身心關(guān)系的紊亂。
The realization of self-reproduction andself-reproduction through cloning technology maylead to the disorder of the relationship between body and mind.
4. 身份和社會權(quán)利難以分辨。假如有一天，突然有20個兒子來分你的財產(chǎn)，他們的指紋、基因都一樣，將無法識別。
ldentity and social rights are indistinguishable. If one day, all of a sudden,there are 20 sons to share your property, theirfingerprints, their genes are all the same, they will not be identified.
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5.可能支持克隆人的人有一個觀點：解決無法生育的問題。但一個沒有生育能力的人克隆的下一代還會沒有生育能力。
People who may be in favor of human cloning have a point of view: to solve the problemof infertility. But the next generation cloned from a sterile person will still be sterile.
6.在克隆人研究中，如果出現(xiàn)異常，有缺陷的克隆人不能像克隆的動物隨意處理掉，這也是一個麻煩。因此在目前的環(huán)境下，不僅是觀念、制度，包括整個社會結(jié)構(gòu)都不知道怎么來接納克隆人。
In the study of human cloning, if there isabnormal, defective human cloning can not bedisposed of at will like cloned animals, this is alsoa trouble. Therefore, in the current environment,not only concepts and institutions, but also thewhole social structure do not know how to accept human cloning.
7.根據(jù)信息克隆生物有早衰性,"多利"也是,因而已逝世.
According to the information cloning organisms have premature aging,'"dolly" is also, so has died.
8.對倫理學(xué)界來說，克隆人行為關(guān)涉到一個很嚴重的倫理問題，因為它侵犯了倫理學(xué)的基本原則，比如不傷害原則，自主原則，平等原則等等。
For the ethics circle, human cloning is related to a very serious ethical problem, becauseit violates the basic principles of ethics, such as the principle of no harm, the principle ofautonomy, the principle of equality and so on.
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擴展資料：
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有些人認為克隆能用來挽救瀕危動物。也有人認為不能，因為挽救瀕危動物需要提高他們的繁殖能力。而克隆做的是另外一件事情：得到遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)完全相同的后代;而且克隆技術(shù)無論如何都是一個降低繁殖能力的辦法。我們應(yīng)當(dāng)盡快保存那些瀕危動物盡量多個體的活細胞，也許技術(shù)的進步可使他們在以后得到挽救。
Some people think cloning can be usedto save endangered animals. Others say not,because saving endangered animals requires improving their ability to reproduce. Cloning doessomething else: it produces offspring with exactlythe same genetic structure; And cloning is anywaya way of reducing reproduction. We should savethe living cells of as many individuals as possiblefrom endangered animals as soon as possible,and perhaps technological advances will save them in the future.
克隆人技術(shù)面臨論理學(xué)的危機，我們?nèi)祟惖难夑P(guān)系沒有了，這是人類最基本的社會關(guān)系，如果最基本的社會關(guān)系未來，人類建立社會的基石發(fā)生動搖，人類社會關(guān)系就必然發(fā)生根本的紊亂，我們?nèi)祟悰]有辦法處理這些問題，苦惱是文化的毀滅性的。
Clone technology faced the crisis of logic,we don't have the human blood relationship, this isthe most basic human social relations, if the mostbasic social relations in the future, the foundationfor the establishment of a social human changed,human society is inevitable underlying disorder,we human beings have no way to deal with theseproblems, the misery is the destruction of culture.
如果克隆人技術(shù)的發(fā)展，世界不僅是唯一的我們?nèi)祟?，而且是我們?nèi)祟愇ㄒ坏囊环N人的遺傳基因，這個人是非常脆弱危險的，一旦他的死亡就是我們?nèi)祟惖哪┤?。唯一的就有弱點，就是我們需要的多樣性的食品一樣，如果糧食僅僅是克隆的，一旦出現(xiàn)危機，我們?nèi)祟惥统霈F(xiàn)糧食危機，人類生存就成為危機。
If the development of human cloning technology, the world is not only the only one ofUs humans, but also the only one of our humangenetic genes, this person is very fragile anddangerous, once his death is the end of ourhuman. The only weakness is that we need thesame diversity of food, if the food is just cloning,once there is a crisis, we will have a food crisis, human survival will become a crisis.
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