·單詞（單詞出現(xiàn)次數(shù)的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源為【不背單詞】App，引用的時(shí)間是2023年10月）

gangster (title) n.????歹徒,強(qiáng)盜【0】【0】

????·gang n.????（青少年的）幫派，團(tuán)伙；犯罪團(tuán)伙

????·the Gang of Four????四人幫

????????·Hi, gang.????大家好。/你們好。

Chicago n.????芝加哥(美國(guó)城市)【22】【12】

protection n.????保護(hù)【50】【55】

promptly adv.????準(zhǔn)時(shí)地；立即，馬上【6】【6】

????·She arrived promptly at ten.????她十點(diǎn)鐘準(zhǔn)時(shí)抵達(dá)

????·She arrived punctually at ten.????adv. 準(zhǔn)時(shí)地，如期地

????·She arrived at ten sharp.????adv. 正點(diǎn)，準(zhǔn)時(shí)(用于表時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)后，表示準(zhǔn)時(shí))

????·An ambulance was promptly dispatched to the area.????一輛救護(hù)車立刻被派往該地區(qū)

????·a prompt/punctual start????一個(gè)準(zhǔn)時(shí)的出發(fā)????adj.?迅速的，立刻的/準(zhǔn)時(shí)的，守時(shí)的

????????·Staff should be prompt in dealing with complaints.????員工應(yīng)及時(shí)處理投訴

????????????·dealing with????處理，對(duì)待?

????·The drowning child was saved by Dick's ____ action.

????????A) acute? ? adj.????急性的(疾病)

????????B) alert????adj.????機(jī)警的(看門的狗或者哨兵)

????????C) profound????adj.????立即的，迅速的

????????D) prompt????adj.????深刻的，深邃的

destroy v.????毀掉;消滅【31】【32】

remarkable adj.????不尋常的【14】【13】

????·a remarkable feat????非凡的功績(jī)

????·a remarkable achievement????非凡的成就

????·be remarkable for ...????因?yàn)閷傩蕴卣鞫兊姆欠?br>

????????·He is remarkable for his memory.????他的記憶力出眾

????????·可替換 extraordinary adj.????非凡的，卓越的

????????????·her extraordinary beauty????她非凡的美麗

????????????·Nelson Mandela is a truly extraordinary man.????納爾遜·曼德拉是一個(gè)真正非凡的人

????????·可替換?exceptional?adj.????卓越的，杰出的

????????????·The child had shown exceptional courage.????這孩子表現(xiàn)出了非凡的勇氣

????????????·Her scores are quite exceptional.????她的成績(jī)相當(dāng)出色

band n.????幫,團(tuán)伙【7】【6】

Florence n.????佛羅倫薩(意大利城市)【4】【4】

city-state n.????(古代)城邦【0】【0】

hire v.????雇傭，租用；租出，雇給【67】【57】

????·表示雇傭，租用：hire ... from ...????從 ... 雇來(lái)了/租來(lái)了?... = rent ... from ...

????·租出，雇給：hire (out) ... to ...????把 ... 租出/雇給 ... = rent (out) ... to ...

????????·A hires/rents (out) B to C????A把B租給了C

? ? ? ? ·C hires/rents B from A????C從A租來(lái)了B

prince n.????君主,諸侯【4】【8】

Florentine n.????佛羅倫薩人【0】【0】

funeral n.????葬禮【5】【3】

dedicate v.????奉獻(xiàn)，題獻(xiàn)給【6】【14】

????·dedicate/devote ... to ...????把 ... 奉獻(xiàn)給 ...

????????·He has dedicated himself to scientific research.????他為了科學(xué)研究獻(xiàn)出了自己一生的精力

????????·After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening.????退休后，他將致力于園藝

????????·易混搭配：sacrifice ... for ...????為 ... 而犧牲

????·dedicated to my beloved wife????僅以此書(shū)獻(xiàn)給我心愛(ài)的妻子

????·dedicated adj.????專心致志的，獻(xiàn)身的?

????????·A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it.

????????????·bargain n. 便宜貨

????????????·hunter n.????獵人

????????????·bargain?hunter????尋找便宜貨物的購(gòu)物者

memory n.????紀(jì)念(對(duì)死者的追憶)【96】【77】

????·in memory of ...????紀(jì)念(死者)

????·to the memory of????紀(jì)念(死者)

????????·The monument was built in memory of/to the memory of all the soldiers who died in the war.????這座紀(jì)念碑是為了紀(jì)念所有在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中犧牲的士兵而建造的

????·commemorate v.????紀(jì)念，用以紀(jì)念

????????·A statue has been built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the poet's birthday.????為紀(jì)念這位詩(shī)人誕辰100周年，建造了一座雕像

valiant adj.????英勇的【0】【0】

·課文原文

????There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’. If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining ‘protection money’ is not a modern crime. As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.

????Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.

·參考譯文

????曾經(jīng)有一個(gè)時(shí)期,芝加哥的店主和商行的老板們不得不拿出大筆的錢給歹徒以換取“保護(hù)”。如果交款不及時(shí),歹徒們就會(huì)很快搗毀他的商店,讓他破產(chǎn)。榨取“保護(hù)金”并不是一種現(xiàn)代的罪惡行徑。早在14世紀(jì),英國(guó)人約翰·霍克伍德就有過(guò)非凡的發(fā)現(xiàn):人們情愿拿出大筆的錢,也不愿畢生的心血?dú)в诖跬街帧?/p>

????600年前,約翰·霍克伍德爵士帶著一隊(duì)士兵來(lái)到意大利，在佛羅倫薩附近駐扎下來(lái)，很快就出了名。意大利人叫他喬凡尼·阿庫(kù)托。每次意大利各城邦之間打仗,霍克伍德便把他的士兵雇傭給愿給他出高價(jià)的君主。和平時(shí)期,當(dāng)生意蕭條時(shí),霍克伍德便帶領(lǐng)士兵進(jìn)入某個(gè)城邦,縱火燒毀一兩個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng),然后提出,如向他們繳納保護(hù)金,他們便主動(dòng)撤離。霍克伍德用這種方法掙了大筆錢。盡管如此,意大利人還是把他視作某種英雄。他80歲那年死去時(shí)，佛羅倫薩人為他舉行了國(guó)葬，并為他畫(huà)像以紀(jì)念這位“驍勇無(wú)比的戰(zhàn)士、杰出的領(lǐng)袖喬凡尼·阿庫(kù)托先生”。

·課文講解

There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’.

????·There was a time when ...?= once????當(dāng)時(shí)，曾經(jīng)(暗示現(xiàn)在不這么樣了)

????????·There was a time when I was down and out.????曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間我窮困潦倒

????·there are times when ... = sometimes????有時(shí)候

????????·There are times when even the tiger sleeps.????老虎也有睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候

????????·There are times when silence has the loudest voice.????有時(shí)候，沉默是最響亮的聲音

????????·There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service.????有時(shí)候，我們?cè)敢飧冻鑫覀兯鶕碛械囊磺衼?lái)挽救我們的生命，然而，我們可能會(huì)因?yàn)橥饪漆t(yī)生為我們提供這種服務(wù)而不愿支付高昂的費(fèi)用

????·there are rare instances when ... = occasionally????偶爾，在個(gè)別情況下

????????·There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.????在極少數(shù)情況下,正義幾乎不再是一個(gè)抽象的概念

????????????·cease to do????停止做某事：不再繼續(xù)進(jìn)行某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)或行為

????????????·練習(xí)造句：在個(gè)別情況下，愛(ài)國(guó)主義(patriotism)不在是一個(gè)空洞的口號(hào)(an empty slogan)。

????????????????·There are rare instances when patriotism?ceases to be an empty slogan.

????·business n.????公司(可數(shù))；商業(yè)(不可數(shù))；生意(不可數(shù))

????????·A recent case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiancé, John, runs a successful furniture business.????最近的一個(gè)案例與簡(jiǎn)·布特林有關(guān)，她的未婚夫約翰經(jīng)營(yíng)著一家成功的家具企業(yè)

????????·... put a man out of business ...????使一個(gè)人破產(chǎn)了

????????·..., when business was bad, ...????當(dāng)生意不好的時(shí)候

????????·He has done a lot of business here in Beijing.????他在北京這里做了很多生意

????·pay large sums of money????支付大筆的錢

????????·sum of money????一筆錢

????????·large sums of money????一大筆錢

????????·make large sums of money????賺了大筆的錢

????????·He earned enormous sums of money ...????他賺了海量的錢

????????????·earn enormous sums of money????海量的錢

????·in return for ...????以 換取/報(bào)答 ...

????????·America helped the rebels in return for their promise to support democracy.????美國(guó)幫助叛軍以換取他們支持民主的承諾

? ? ? ? ·He is always willing to help people out, without expecting anything in return.????他總是樂(lè)于助人，不求任何回報(bào)(知道后面要換取什么東西，所以 for 和后面的賓語(yǔ)就沒(méi)有了)

????????·與之類似的：in exchange for ...

????????????·They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.????他們以工作換取食物和住所

? ? ????·與之類似的：in compensation for?...????作為補(bǔ)償；作為賠償

????????????·She received $10,000 in compensation for her injuries at work.????她因工傷得到了1萬(wàn)美元的賠償

????????·用介詞 in 表示目的

????????????·in memory of ...????以追憶死者

????????????·in honor of ...????以紀(jì)念/敬意 ...

????????????????·The college was named in honor of George Washington.????這所學(xué)院是以喬治·華盛頓的名字命名的

????????????????·a banquet in honor of the president????為總統(tǒng)舉行的宴會(huì)

????????????????????·banquet n.????盛宴，國(guó)宴

????????????·in appreciation of ...????以感激/感謝?...

????????????????·I sent him a gift in appreciation of his help.????我寄給他一個(gè)禮物以感謝他的幫助

????????????·in recongnition of ...????以表彰 ...

????????????????·He was awarded one of the ‘Ten Outstanding Young Persons' in recognition of his significant achievements.????他被授予“十大杰出青年”之一，以表彰他的重大成就??

If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop.

????·protection?money n.????保護(hù)費(fèi)

????·put sb.?out of business????使某人破產(chǎn) = make sb. broke/bankrupt

????????·put sb. out of work????使某人失業(yè)

????????????·The changing economic conditions have put many people out of work.????不斷變化的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況使許多人失業(yè)

????·I am out of patience.????我沒(méi)耐心了

????·I am out of anger.????我已經(jīng)出離憤怒了

????·The TV is out of repair.????這臺(tái)電視機(jī)已經(jīng)沒(méi)法修了

Obtaining?‘protection money’?is not a modern crime.

????·extort sth.????勒索某物(賓語(yǔ)必須是物品)????

????????·Gangster used to extort money from local businessmen.????歹徒過(guò)去常向當(dāng)?shù)厣倘死账麇X財(cái)

????????·blackmail sb.????敲詐某人(賓語(yǔ)必須是人)

????????????·Someone was trying to?blackmail?him with pictures of him and his mistress.????有人想用他和他情婦的照片勒索他

As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.

????·as 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

????·that 作同位語(yǔ)從句

????·as long ago as ...????早在 ... 就 ... = as early as ...

????·練習(xí)造句：早在公元前十五世紀(jì)，這座廟宇就被當(dāng)做禮拜的場(chǎng)所。

????????·As long ago as the 15th century BC, the temple was used as a place of worship.

????·Sir + 名詞，意為爵士

????????·Sir Winston Churchill????溫斯頓·丘吉爾爵士?

????????????·Sir Winston????溫斯頓爵士(Sir + 名字)

????????????·Mr. Churchill? ? 丘吉爾先生(Mr. + 姓氏)

????????·Lord Byron????拜倫勛爵(貴族)

????·would rather/sooner do than do????寧愿做第一個(gè)，也不愿做第二個(gè)(暗含這倆我都不想做)

????????·prefer to do rather than do????更愿意做前者，而不愿做后者(兩個(gè)可能都不錯(cuò)，但第一個(gè)更好)

????????·prefer doing to doing????寧愿做某事，也不愿做某事

????????·would rather/sooner (that) ...????虛擬語(yǔ)氣(如果 would rather 后加從句需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

????????????·I'd rather (than) Susan were her now.????我真希望 Susan 在這里就好了

????·have sth. done????請(qǐng)人做某事/某人不愉快的經(jīng)歷

????????·He had his watch stolen.????他的手表被偷了

????????·King Charles I had his head cut off.????查理一世被砍頭了

Six hundred years ago,?Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence.

????·settle?v.????定居；殖民

????????·settle down????定居下來(lái)，不在漂泊，過(guò)安穩(wěn)日子(暗示娶妻生子)；安靜下來(lái)

????????????·They'd like to see their daughter settle down, get married, and have kids.????他們希望看到自己的女兒安定下來(lái)，結(jié)婚生子

????????????·Assuming that his family had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down in a village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.????漢斯以為他的家人都在空襲中喪生了，就在50英里外的一個(gè)村子里定居下來(lái)，從此一直住在那里

????·練習(xí)造句：早在1984年，我就隨父母到了北京，并在天壇(the Temple of Heaven)附近定居了下來(lái)。

????????·As long ago as 1984, I arrived in?Beijing with my parents and setted near the Temple of Heaven.

He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto.

????·made a name for oneself????給某人制造一個(gè)名聲(成名了，出名了)

????????·Ge You first made a name for himself in the movie 'Wan?Zhu'.????葛優(yōu)因電影《萬(wàn)主》而成名

????????·become famous overnight????快速出名，一夜成名

????????????·With the success of their first record, they became famous overnight.????隨著第一張唱片的成功，他們一夜成名

????????·rise to fame????出名，成名

????????????·Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old.????在門多薩只有14歲的時(shí)侯，他在一場(chǎng)拳擊比賽后迅速成名

????????·make (the) headlines/hit the headlines????(事情)滿城風(fēng)雨，人盡皆知

????????????·The 911 terrorist attack made (the) headlines/hit the headlines around the world.????911恐怖襲擊成為世界各地的頭條新聞

????·came to do????逐漸的，慢慢的開(kāi)始 ...

????·A be known to B as ...????B 把 A 稱為 ...

????????·He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.

????·練習(xí)造句：中國(guó)人把李白稱為詩(shī)仙(poet immortal)

????????·Li Bai is known to Chinese as?'poet-immortal'.

????·造句練習(xí)：籃球運(yùn)動(dòng)員 Earyin Johnson 迅速出名了，并且美國(guó)人開(kāi)始把他成為 “魔術(shù)師約翰遜”。

????????·Basketball player Earying Johnson?made a name for himself?and came?to be known to?the Americans as 'Magician?Johnson'.

Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.

????·whenever 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

????·who 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

????·(which/that) he demanded 定語(yǔ)從句

????·be at war with ...????與某國(guó)交戰(zhàn)/處于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)

????????·China had been at war with Japan for 8 years.

????????·declare war on ...????向某國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)

????????????·The Chinese government has declared war on offical corruption.

????????·wage war on ...????向 ... 發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)

????????????·We continually wage war on them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our crops.????我們不斷地向它們宣戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)樗鼈兾廴疚覀兊氖澄?，傳播疾病，吞噬我們的莊稼

In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.

????·in time of peace 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

????·when 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾?time of peace

????·if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句

????????·只要 ... 就 ...

????????????·provided (that) ...

????????????·providing (that) ...

????????????·as/so long as ...

????????????????·'So long as there's something to identify, we will give people their money back,' said a spokeswoman for the Bank.????英國(guó)央行發(fā)言人說(shuō)，只要有什么東西需要確認(rèn)，我們就會(huì)把錢退給人們

????????????·on condition (that) ...

????????·只有 ... 才 ...????only if ...

????????????·She will go only if Peter goes.

????????????·Only if Peter goes will she go.????only 放句首，后面加狀語(yǔ)，部分倒裝

????·Business is bad/slow/slack.????生意不景氣

????·Business is good/booming.????生意很好

????·one's men????某人的士兵

????????·The general commanded his men to fire.????將軍命令他手下的士兵開(kāi)火

????????·subordinate n.????公司里的下級(jí)，下屬

????·march n.????開(kāi)拔，行軍

????????·Long March? ? 長(zhǎng)征

????·練習(xí)造句：早在20世紀(jì)30年代，紅軍就完成了偉大的長(zhǎng)征，在這期間他們走過(guò)了25，000里。

????????·在這期間

????????????·A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles.????一周前，他成功地完成了一次26英里的陸上飛行

????????·As long ago as the 1930's, the Red Army had completed the successful Long March during which they covered 25,000 li.

????????????·1930's 的這個(gè) 's 指復(fù)數(shù)

????·offer to do????主動(dòng)提出做某事

????????·與之類似：volunteer to do ...

????????????·Jill volunteered to go with me to the hospital.????吉爾主動(dòng)提出和我一起去醫(yī)院

Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero.

????·In spite of this????盡管如此

When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of?‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.

????·when 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

????·which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的 picture

????·Only the good die young.? ? 好人不長(zhǎng)命

? ? ·gave v. 舉行

????????·..., the Florentines held a state funeral for him.????佛羅倫薩人為他舉行了國(guó)葬

????·與國(guó)有關(guān)的

????????·?a?state?funeral????國(guó)葬

????????·a state visit????國(guó)事訪問(wèn)

????????·a state banquet????國(guó)宴

????????·state affairs????國(guó)家大事

????????·the State Council????國(guó)務(wù)院

????·練習(xí)造句:當(dāng)羅納德·里根在93歲去世時(shí)，美國(guó)人為他舉行了一次國(guó)葬，并請(qǐng)人塑了一尊塑像以紀(jì)念這位偉大的總統(tǒng)。

????????·When Ronald Reagan died at the age of 93, the Americans gave him a state funeral and had a statue built which was dedicated to the memory of the great president.

·高級(jí)作文句子要領(lǐng)

Sentence opening is very important to create sentence variety.????句子開(kāi)頭對(duì)于創(chuàng)造句子的多樣性是非常重要的

1、復(fù)合句為主，簡(jiǎn)單句作為點(diǎn)綴和過(guò)渡。

2、句式多變，尤其句首切忌雷同。

? ? 1）無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，復(fù)合句。There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for ‘protection’.?2）條件狀語(yǔ)從句開(kāi)頭，復(fù)合句。If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. 3）無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，簡(jiǎn)單句。Obtaining ‘protection money’ is not a modern crime.4）介詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，復(fù)合句。As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.

? ? 1）副詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，復(fù)合句。Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. 2）主謂結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)頭，復(fù)合句。He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. 3）讓步狀語(yǔ)從句開(kāi)頭，復(fù)合句。Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. 4）介詞短語(yǔ)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，復(fù)合句。In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. 5）主謂結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)頭，簡(jiǎn)單句。Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way.6）介詞短語(yǔ)作讓步狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，簡(jiǎn)單句。In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. 7）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句開(kāi)頭，復(fù)合句。When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’.