The Roman domus was much more than a place of dwelling for a Roman familia. It also served as a place of business and a religious center for worship. The size of a domus could range from a very small house to a luxurious mansion. In some cases, one domus took up an entire city-block, while more commonly, there were up to 8 domus per insula (city-block). All domus were free-standing structures. Some were constructed like modern-day townhouses with common walls between them, while others were detached.

? ? ? ? ? 羅馬多姆斯（家宅）不僅僅指羅馬家庭的居所。它也是一個(gè)商業(yè)場(chǎng)所和家庭宗教禮拜地。府邸的規(guī)模從很小的房子到豪華的宅邸不等。在某些情況下，一個(gè)羅馬多姆斯（家宅）會(huì)占據(jù)了整個(gè)城市街區(qū)，而更常見的情況是，每個(gè)insula（城市街區(qū)）最多有 8個(gè)羅馬多姆斯（家宅）。所有的府邸都是獨(dú)立的建筑。有些結(jié)構(gòu)類似于現(xiàn)代的聯(lián)排別墅，它們之間有共同的墻壁，而有些則是獨(dú)立的。 ?

Because safety was a primary concern in ancient Rome, domus did not face the streets. Similarly, there were rarely outside-facing windows for this reason, but most domus did have two front rooms open to the street. Some families ran their own stores from these rooms, while others leased them out to others.

? ? ? ? ? 在古羅馬，安全是最重要的考慮因素，因此住宅都不面向街道。同樣，由于這個(gè)原因，也很少有面向外面的窗戶，但大多數(shù)府邸都有兩間面向街道的前廳。一些家庭在這些房間里經(jīng)營(yíng)自己的商店，有些家庭會(huì)將其出租給他人。

The domus included multiple rooms, indoor courtyards, gardens, and beautifully painted walls.

? ? ? ? ? ?羅馬多姆斯（家宅）一般包括多個(gè)房間、室內(nèi)庭院、花園和精美的彩繪墻。

Atrium: The atrium was the central hall, almost like a modern-day foyer, and it was the most conspicuous room in a Roman domus. It was open at the roof, which let in light and air for circulation, and also allowed rainwater for drinking and washing to collect in the impluvium, a small draining pool in the middle of the atrium. Cisterns were also located throughout the domus to collect rainwater, which acted as the primary water supply in the absence of running water.

中庭（Atrium）：中庭是中央大廳，幾乎就像現(xiàn)代的門廳，也是羅馬宅邸中最顯眼的區(qū)域。中庭的屋頂是敞開的，可以透光和流通空氣，還可以將飲用和洗滌用的雨水收集到中庭中間的排水池中。穹頂各處還設(shè)有收集雨水的蓄水池，在沒有自來水的情況下，雨水是主要的供水來源。

The atrium was one of the most richly decorated rooms in the domus. For one, symbols of the family's wealth and hereditary power were present, in addition to imagines, wax representations of the family's ancestors. Paintings and mosaics were also commonplace, and many examples of these have been preserved in houses from Pompeii.

? ? ? ? ? 中庭是宅邸中裝飾最華麗的房間之一。首先，除了家族祖先的蠟像外，還有家族財(cái)富和世襲權(quán)力的象征。繪畫和馬賽克也很常見，龐貝古城的房屋中保存了許多這樣的例子。

Finally, before a funeral, the body of the deceased was displayed in the atrium with his/her feet always pointed toward the door. The body was then viewed by family and friends.

? ? ? ? ? 在葬禮之前，死者的遺體會(huì)被擺放在中庭，其雙腳始終朝向門口。然后，親朋好友可以瞻仰遺容。

Lararium (household shrine): Honoring the household gods was an important part of daily life for Romans. Each domus contained a lararium, or shrine, in the atrium, which was where offerings were left for the household gods (the Lares), spirits of the ancestors, and spirits of the underworld.

拉拉瑞姆（Lararium，供奉家神拉雷斯的小神龕）：敬奉家神是羅馬人日常生活的重要組成部分。每個(gè)居所的中庭都有一個(gè)拉拉瑞姆（Lararium），供奉家神（拉雷斯）、祖先的靈魂和地獄的靈魂。

Tablinum (office): Roman men often conducted business out of their domus from a home office known as the tablinum. It was also the room where clients would go to meet their patron for the salutatio, a formal renewal of their patron-client relationship.

Tablinum（辦公場(chǎng)所）：羅馬人通常在自己的居所外設(shè)立一個(gè)名為“Tablinum”的家庭辦公室來開展業(yè)務(wù)。這也是客戶與老板會(huì)面的房間，以正式延續(xù)老板與客戶之間的關(guān)系。

Triclinium (dining room): Dinner parties were very popular in ancient Rome. These were held in the triclinium, which translates to “three couch room” because it had three couches arranged in a U-shape. While eating, Romans reclined on these couches and they always dined barefoot. There were no fixed tables in the Roman triclinium; food was served on portable tables, sometimes by a high-ranking slave.

Triclinium（臥躺餐廳）： 晚宴在古羅馬非常流行。這些聚會(huì)都在Triclinium（臥躺餐廳）舉行，Triclinium的意思是“三個(gè)沙發(fā)的房間”，因?yàn)樗腥齻€(gè)呈 U 形排列的沙發(fā)。用餐時(shí)，羅馬人躺在這些沙發(fā)上，他們總是赤腳用餐。羅馬人的三人廳沒有固定的桌子，食物都放在便攜式桌子上，有時(shí)由一名高級(jí)奴隸端上。

Communal dinner parties and public banquets were very common in the Roman world, and helped to strengthen social ties within the city.

? ? ? ? ? 社區(qū)聚餐和公共宴會(huì)在羅馬世界非常普遍，這有助于加強(qiáng)城市內(nèi)部的社會(huì)聯(lián)系。

Hortus (garden): Unlike most modern gardens, the Roman hortus was located at the back of the domus. Peristyle gardens with walkways to access other rooms in the house were also very common. When the weather was nice, the garden may have been used for dining and socializing or as a place for Roman children to play.

花園（Hortus）： 與大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代花園不同，羅馬人的花園位于住宅的后面。帶有通往其他房間走道的圍廊式花園也很常見。天氣好的時(shí)候，花園可能用于就餐與社交，也可作為羅馬兒童玩耍的地方。

原文網(wǎng)址: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/77/the-roman-domus/