【文獻(xiàn)速遞】【Nature】【2022年】【4月】
聲明：本專欄主要對(duì)生命科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的一些期刊文章標(biāo)題進(jìn)行翻譯，所有內(nèi)容均由本人手工整理翻譯。由于本人專業(yè)為生物分析相關(guān)，其他領(lǐng)域如果出現(xiàn)翻譯錯(cuò)誤請(qǐng)諒解。
在城市中迷失
The cover image contrasts the grid-like street plan of Chicago with the more chaotic layout of Prague. In this week’s issue, Antoine Coutrot and his colleagues reveal how the environment in which we grow up can affect aspects of our cognition. The researchers used specially designed video games to measure spatial navigation ability in some 397,000 people from 38 countries around the world. They found that people who grew up outside of cities were best at navigation. They also noted that people who grew up in cities such as Chicago with regular, grid-like street plans could navigate environments similar to their home, but were less adept at navigating more chaotic street plans of older cities such as Prague. The researchers suggest that this demonstrates the importance of urban design in human cognition and brain function.
封面圖片將芝加哥的網(wǎng)格狀街道規(guī)劃與布拉格更為混亂的布局進(jìn)行了對(duì)比。在本周的期刊中，Antoine Coutrot 和他的同事揭示了我們成長的環(huán)境如何影響我們認(rèn)知的各個(gè)方面。研究人員使用專門設(shè)計(jì)的視頻游戲測量來自全球38個(gè)國家的約397,000人的空間導(dǎo)航能力。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在城市以外長大的人最擅長導(dǎo)航。他們還指出，在芝加哥等城市長大并擁有規(guī)則的網(wǎng)格狀街道規(guī)劃的人可以駕馭與他們家相似的環(huán)境，但不太擅長駕馭布拉格等老城市更加混亂的街道規(guī)劃。研究人員認(rèn)為，這證明了城市設(shè)計(jì)在人類認(rèn)知和大腦功能中的重要性。
氣候承諾
The Paris climate agreement adopted in December 2015 saw nations around the world commit to limiting global warming to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5 °C. But limited pledges on emissions cuts at the time suggested this goal would be tough to realize. In this week’s issue, Malte Meinshausen and his colleagues analyse the national climate targets put on the table since 2015. The researchers found that if all commitments so far made by nations were to be fully implemented then it would be possible to limit warming to just below 2 °C. They further note that to limit warming to well below 2 °C or 1.5 °C would require a strengthening of pledges for 2030, actions to match these promises and a longer-term target of net-zero CO2 emissions by the middle of the century.
2015年12月通過的巴黎氣候協(xié)議見證了世界各國承諾將全球變暖限制在遠(yuǎn)低于工業(yè)化前2°C的水平，并努力將升溫限制在1.5°C。但當(dāng)時(shí)有限的減排承諾表明這一目標(biāo)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。在本周的期刊中，Malte Meinshausen和他的同事分析了自2015年以來擺在桌面上的國家氣候目標(biāo)。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果迄今為止各國做出的所有承諾都得到充分實(shí)施，那么就有可能將變暖限制在略低于2°C。他們進(jìn)一步指出，要將升溫幅度限制在遠(yuǎn)低于2 °C或1.5 °C 的水平，就需要加強(qiáng)對(duì)2030年的承諾、兌現(xiàn)這些承諾的行動(dòng)以及到本世紀(jì)中葉實(shí)現(xiàn)二氧化碳凈零排放的長期目標(biāo)。
生命的速度
Cells acquire mutations throughout life, a process that is known to give rise to cancer and has been proposed to contribute to ageing. There is little knowledge, however, about the rate at which mutations accumulate in species other than humans, and whether this rate is influenced by biological traits such as lifespan or body size. In this week’s issue, Alex Cagan, Adrian Baez-Ortega and colleagues address these questions. The researchers studied the speed at which mutations accumulate during life in 16 mammalian species and found that the number of mutations increases by a roughly constant amount each year. They also observed that the molecular processes causing mutations are broadly similar across species. Crucially, the team identified a strong anticorrelation between lifespan and mutation rate: longer-lived species accrue mutations at a slower pace than shorter-lived ones, such that different species have roughly the same number of mutations by the end of their respective lifespans.
細(xì)胞在整個(gè)生命過程中都會(huì)發(fā)生突變，這一過程已知會(huì)導(dǎo)致癌癥，并被認(rèn)為會(huì)導(dǎo)致衰老。然而，關(guān)于突變?cè)谌祟愐酝獾奈锓N中積累的速率，以及該速率是否受壽命或體型等生物特征的影響，知之甚少。在本周的期刊中，Alex Cagan、Adrian Baez-Ortega及其同事解決了這些問題。研究人員研究了16種哺乳動(dòng)物在生命過程中突變積累的速度，發(fā)現(xiàn)突變數(shù)量每年以大致恒定的速度增加。他們還觀察到，導(dǎo)致突變的分子過程在不同物種之間大體相似。至關(guān)重要的是，該團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了壽命和突變率之間的強(qiáng)烈反相關(guān)：壽命較長的物種產(chǎn)生突變的速度比壽命較短的物種慢，因此不同物種在各自壽命結(jié)束時(shí)具有大致相同數(shù)量的突變。
視覺展示
The cover shows an artist’s impression of the pterosaur Tupandactylus imperator. Although feathered pterosaurs have been reported, these claims have been controversial and it has not been clear whether these leathery-winged flying reptiles had feathers of different colours like modern-day birds. In this week’s issue, Aude Cincotta and her colleagues present evidence that not only did pterosaurs have feathers but that the feathers probably had varied coloration. The researchers analysed a partial skull of Tupandactylus, found in Brazil and dated to around 113 million years ago. They identified two types of feather along the base of the crest, one of which featured branched structures very similar to modern feathers. They also found pigment-producing organelles in both types of feather and the skin on the head crest. The team suggests that these coloured feathers would have been used in visual communication and that their presence in Tupandactylus indicates the ability to manipulate feather colour stretches back farther than was previously realized.
封面展示了藝術(shù)家對(duì)翼龍Tupandactylus皇帝的印象。盡管有羽毛翼龍的報(bào)道，但這些說法一直存在爭議，目前尚不清楚這些革翅飛行爬行動(dòng)物是否像現(xiàn)代鳥類一樣擁有不同顏色的羽毛。在本周的期刊中，Aude Cincotta和她的同事提供了證據(jù)，證明翼龍不僅有羽毛，而且羽毛可能有不同的顏色。研究人員分析了在巴西發(fā)現(xiàn)的大約1.13 億年前的Tupandactylus部分頭骨。他們?cè)谟鸸诘撞堪l(fā)現(xiàn)了兩種類型的羽毛，其中一種具有與現(xiàn)代羽毛非常相似的分枝結(jié)構(gòu)。他們還在兩種羽毛和頭頂皮膚中發(fā)現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)生色素的細(xì)胞器。該團(tuán)隊(duì)表示，這些彩色羽毛本可以用于視覺交流，它們?cè)赥upandactylus中的存在表明操縱羽毛顏色的能力比以前意識(shí)到的要遠(yuǎn)。
1.An added layer of repression for human genes
對(duì)人類基因的增加抑制層
2.Cryogenic mastery aids bid to spot elusive matter creation
掌握低溫幫助發(fā)現(xiàn)難以捉摸的物質(zhì)創(chuàng)建
3.Genome doubling causes double trouble
基因組加倍導(dǎo)致雙重麻煩
4.Twenty-five years of nanoscale thermodynamics
納米級(jí)熱力學(xué)的二十五年
5.Democratizing the mapping of gene mutations to protein biophysics
將基因突變對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)生物物理學(xué)的映射民主化
6.UV absorption by silicate cloud precursors in ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-178b
超熱木星WASP-178b中的硅酸鹽云前體吸收紫外線
7.Search for Majorana neutrinos exploiting millikelvin cryogenics with CUORE
利用CUORE毫開爾文低溫學(xué)搜索Majorana中微子
8.Charge-density-wave-driven electronic nematicity in a kagome superconductor
kagome超導(dǎo)體中電荷密度驅(qū)動(dòng)的電子向列性
9.Ultrathin ferroic HfO2–ZrO2 superlattice gate stack for advanced transistors
超薄鐵質(zhì)HfO2–ZrO2超晶格柵疊層用于高級(jí)晶體管
10.Reconstructed covalent organic frameworks
重建共價(jià)有機(jī)框架
11.Autonomous fuelled directional rotation about a covalent single bond
在共價(jià)單鍵上自動(dòng)加油的定向旋轉(zhuǎn)
12.Multifunctional biocatalyst for conjugate reduction and reductive amination
多功能生物催化劑，用于還原和還原胺化
13.Automated iterative Csp3–C bond formation
自動(dòng)迭代Csp3–C鍵形成
14.A stable hippocampal code in freely flying bats
自由飛行蝙蝠的穩(wěn)定海馬體編碼
15.Entropy of city street networks linked to future spatial navigation ability
與未來的空間導(dǎo)航能力相關(guān)的城市街網(wǎng)絡(luò)的熵
16.Human distal lung maps and lineage hierarchies reveal a bipotent progenitor
人類遠(yuǎn)端肺圖和譜系層次結(jié)構(gòu)揭示了二聚根祖先
17.Human distal airways contain a multipotent secretory cell that can regenerate alveoli
人遠(yuǎn)端氣道包含一個(gè)多能分泌細(xì)胞，可以再生肺泡
18.Plant phytochrome B is an asymmetric dimer with unique signalling potential
植物植物色素B是一種不對(duì)稱二聚體，具有獨(dú)特的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)電位
19.Pyrimidine inhibitors synergize with nucleoside analogues to block SARS-CoV-2
嘧啶抑制劑與核苷類似物協(xié)同阻斷SARS-CoV-2
20.Germinal centre-driven maturation of B cell response to mRNA vaccination
B細(xì)胞對(duì)mRNA疫苗接種的生發(fā)中心驅(qū)動(dòng)的成熟
21.Genetic instability from a single S phase after whole-genome duplication
全基因組復(fù)制后單個(gè)S階段的遺傳不穩(wěn)定性
22.Crucial role and mechanism of transcription-coupled DNA repair in bacteria
細(xì)菌中轉(zhuǎn)錄耦合DNA修復(fù)的關(guān)鍵作用和機(jī)制
23.Targeting Xist with compounds that disrupt RNA structure and X inactivation
用破壞RNA結(jié)構(gòu)和X滅活的化合物靶向XIST
24.Rixosomal RNA degradation contributes to silencing of Polycomb target genes
核糖體RNA降解有助于Polycomb靶基因的沉默
25.Mapping the energetic and allosteric landscapes of protein binding domains
繪制蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域的能量和變構(gòu)景觀
26.Structure of the NLRP3 decamer bound to the cytokine release inhibitor CRID3
與細(xì)胞因子釋放抑制劑CRID3結(jié)合的十分之一的NLRP3結(jié)構(gòu)
27.Differential assembly diversifies GABAA receptor structures and signalling
差異組件多樣化的GABAA受體結(jié)構(gòu)和信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)
28.Structure, substrate recognition and initiation of hyaluronan synthase
透明質(zhì)酸合酶的結(jié)構(gòu)，底物識(shí)別和啟動(dòng)
29.Evidence from a statewide vaccination RCT shows the limits of nudges
來自全州疫苗RCT接種的證據(jù)顯示了輕推的限制
30.Net-zero commitments could limit warming to below 2 °C
凈零承諾可能會(huì)將變暖限制在2°C以下
31.Cell position matters in tumour development
細(xì)胞位置在腫瘤發(fā)育中很重要
32.Cholera-causing bacteria have defences that degrade plasmid invaders
引起霍亂的細(xì)菌具有降解質(zhì)粒入侵者的防御能力
33.A detector that can learn the fingerprint of light
可以學(xué)習(xí)光指紋的探測器
34.Electrification promotes tricky synthetic chemical reactions
電氣促進(jìn)棘手的合成化學(xué)反應(yīng)
35.Brain-inspired computing needs a master plan
腦啟發(fā)的計(jì)算需要總體規(guī)劃
36.A joint NCBI and EMBL-EBI transcript set for clinical genomics and research
聯(lián)合NCBI和EMBL-EBI轉(zhuǎn)錄本集的臨床基因組學(xué)和研究
37.A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn
在宇宙黎明，塵土飛揚(yáng)的物體橋接星系和類星體
38.Intelligent infrared sensing enabled by tunable moiré quantum geometry
通過可調(diào)的Moiré量子幾何形狀啟用了智能紅外傳感
39.Uniting tensile ductility with ultrahigh strength via composition undulation
通過組成起伏將拉伸延展性與超高強(qiáng)度統(tǒng)一
40.Perovskite–organic tandem solar cells with indium oxide interconnect
鈣鈦礦-有機(jī)串聯(lián)太陽能電池與氧化銦互連
41.Thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 40%
嗜熱伏效效率為40％
42.Electrochemically driven cross-electrophile coupling of alkyl halides
烷基鹵化物的電化學(xué)驅(qū)動(dòng)的跨電動(dòng)耦合
43.Synthesis of chiral sulfinate esters by asymmetric condensation
通過非對(duì)稱凝結(jié)合成手性硫酸酯
44.Realization of Paris Agreement pledges may limit warming just below 2?°C
實(shí)現(xiàn)巴黎協(xié)定承諾可能會(huì)限制在2°C以下的變暖
45.A complete temporal transcription factor series in the fly visual system
飛行視覺系統(tǒng)中的完整時(shí)間轉(zhuǎn)錄因子系列
46.Two defence systems eliminate plasmids from seventh pandemic Vibrio cholerae
兩種防御系統(tǒng)消除了第七大流行弧菌霍亂中的質(zhì)粒
47.Bat coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2 and infectious for human cells
與SARS-CoV-2有關(guān)的蝙蝠冠狀病毒和人類細(xì)胞感染性
48.Obesity alters pathology and treatment response in inflammatory disease
肥胖改變炎癥性疾病的病理和治療反應(yīng)
49.AAV-delivered suppressor tRNA overcomes a nonsense mutation in mice
AAV傳遞的抑制器tRNA克服了小鼠的無義突變
50.Compartmentalized metabolism supports midgestation mammalian development
分隔的代謝支持中間哺乳動(dòng)物的發(fā)展
51.Anatomic position determines oncogenic specificity in melanoma
解剖位置決定黑色素瘤的致癌特異性
52.N6-methyladenosine in poly(A) tails stabilize VSG transcripts
poly（A）尾巴中的N6-甲基腺苷穩(wěn)定VSG轉(zhuǎn)錄本
53.Structural basis of lipopolysaccharide maturation by the O-antigen ligase
O-抗原連接酶成熟脂多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)
54.Structure deformation and curvature sensing of PIEZO1 in lipid membranes
脂質(zhì)膜中PIEZO1的結(jié)構(gòu)變形和曲率感應(yīng)
55.Capturing a rhodopsin receptor signalling cascade across a native membrane
捕獲跨天然膜的視紫紅質(zhì)受體信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)級(jí)聯(lián)
56.Insights from orangutans into the evolution of tool use
猩猩的見解到工具使用的演變
57.Versatile neutral atoms take on quantum circuits
多功能中性原子采用量子電路
58.A lengthy look at climate and its role in hominin evolution
長期觀察氣候及其在人類進(jìn)化中的作用
59.Marine heatwaves are reliably forecast by climate models
氣候模型可靠地預(yù)測海洋熱浪
60.Genetic origins of schizophrenia find common ground
精神分裂癥的遺傳起源發(fā)現(xiàn)共同點(diǎn)
61.From the archive: teaching the history of chemistry, and conversations about maths
來自檔案：教學(xué)史和數(shù)學(xué)的對(duì)話
62.Mutational clocks tick differently across species
突變時(shí)鐘在各種物種上的滴答不同
63.The Human Pangenome Project: a global resource to map genomic diversity
人類Pangenome項(xiàng)目：繪制基因組多樣性的全球資源
64.Localized thermonuclear bursts from accreting magnetic white dwarfs
吸積磁性白矮星的局部熱核突發(fā)
65.A quantum processor based on coherent transport of entangled atom arrays
基于糾纏原子陣列相干運(yùn)輸?shù)牧孔犹幚砥?/p>
66.Multi-qubit entanglement and algorithms on a neutral-atom quantum computer
中性原子量子計(jì)算機(jī)上的多量糾纏和算法
67.Quantum state preparation and tomography of entangled mechanical resonators
糾纏機(jī)械諧振器的量子狀態(tài)準(zhǔn)備和斷層掃描
68.Light-induced ferromagnetism in moiré superlattices
Moiré超級(jí)晶格中的光引起的鐵磁性
69.Triplet fusion upconversion nanocapsules for volumetric 3D printing
體積3D打印的三重式融合上轉(zhuǎn)換納米膠囊
70.Revitalizing interface in protonic ceramic cells by acid etch
通過酸蝕刻在質(zhì)子陶瓷細(xì)胞中刷新界面
71.Global seasonal forecasts of marine heatwaves
海洋熱浪的全球季節(jié)性預(yù)測
72.A plume origin for hydrous melt at the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary
在巖石圈-亞鐵圈邊界處的液壓熔體起源
73.Climate effects on archaic human habitats and species successions
氣候?qū)糯藯⒌睾臀锓N繼承的影響
74.Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia
映射基因組基因座暗示精神分裂癥中的基因和突觸生物學(xué)
75.Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia
十個(gè)基因的罕見編碼變體賦予精神分裂癥的重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
76.Somatic mutation rates scale with lifespan across mammals
跨哺乳動(dòng)物的壽命，體細(xì)胞突變率量表
77.Brain charts for the human lifespan
人類壽命的大腦圖表
78.Mapping human haematopoietic stem cells from haemogenic endothelium to birth
從造血內(nèi)皮到出生繪制人類造血干細(xì)胞
79.Basis of narrow-spectrum activity of fidaxomicin on Clostridioides difficile
非達(dá)霉素對(duì)梭子魚艱難梭菌的狹窄光譜活性的基礎(chǔ)
80.Molecular basis of receptor binding and antibody neutralization of Omicron
Omicron的受體結(jié)合和抗體中和的分子基礎(chǔ)
81.Antibody evasion properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages
SARS-COV-2 Omicron子系的抗體逃避特性
82.Activation of STING by targeting a pocket in the transmembrane domain
通過靶向跨膜域中的口袋來激活STING
83.CAR T cell killing requires the IFNγR pathway in solid but not liquid tumours
CAR T細(xì)胞殺傷需要固體但不是液體腫瘤中的IFNγR途徑
84.Nonlinear control of transcription through enhancer–promoter interactions
通過增強(qiáng)子-啟動(dòng)器相互作用對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄的非線性控制
85.Structure of active human telomerase with telomere shelterin protein TPP1
端粒庇護(hù)素蛋白TPP1的活性人端粒酶的結(jié)構(gòu)
86.Evaluating ribosomal frameshifting in CCR5 mRNA decoding
評(píng)估CCR5 mRNA解碼中的核糖體框架
87.Jumping robot bests biology by enhancing stored energy
跳躍機(jī)器人最好的生物學(xué)通過增強(qiáng)存儲(chǔ)能量
88.Self-activated adhesion receptor proteins visualized
自動(dòng)激活的粘附受體蛋白可視化
89.A colourful view of the origin of dinosaur feathers
恐龍羽毛起源的豐富多彩的景色
90.Tailor-made enzymes poised to propel plastic recycling into a new era
量身定制的酶有助于將塑料回收推向新時(shí)代
91.Brain changes after COVID revealed by imaging
通過成像揭示了COVID后的大腦變化
92.FAIR data enabling new horizons for materials research
FAIR數(shù)據(jù)為材料研究提供了新的視野
93.Early Solar System instability triggered by dispersal of the gaseous disk
由氣體磁盤擴(kuò)散觸發(fā)的早期太陽系不穩(wěn)定
94.Observation of a linked-loop quantum state in a topological magnet
觀察拓?fù)浯盆F中的鏈接環(huán)量子狀態(tài)
95.The field-free Josephson diode in a van der Waals heterostructure
范德華異質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)中的無現(xiàn)場約瑟夫森二極管
96.Engineered jumpers overcome biological limits via work multiplication
通過工作乘法克服生物限制的工程跳線
97.Machine learning-aided engineering of hydrolases for PET depolymerization
用于寵物解聚的水解酶的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)輔助工程
98.Computer-designed repurposing of chemical wastes into drugs
計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的化學(xué)廢物重新利用為藥物
99.Catalytic synthesis of phenols with nitrous oxide
用一氧化二氮催化合成苯酚
100.Pterosaur melanosomes support signalling functions for early feathers
翼龍黑素體支持早期羽毛的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)功能
101.Somatic mosaicism reveals clonal distributions of neocortical development
體細(xì)胞嵌合揭示了新皮質(zhì)發(fā)育的克隆分布
102.SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank
SARS-CoV-2與英國生物庫中大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的變化有關(guān)
103.Modulation of inhibitory communication coordinates looking and reaching
調(diào)節(jié)抑制性通信坐標(biāo)的外觀和觸及
104.Somatic genomic changes in single Alzheimer’s disease neurons
單一阿爾茨海默氏病神經(jīng)元的體細(xì)胞基因組變化
105.Cell transcriptomic atlas of the non-human primate Macaca fascicularis
非人類靈長類動(dòng)物Macaca束狀肌的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄圖
106.Environmental factors shaping the gut microbiome in a Dutch population
環(huán)境因素塑造荷蘭人口中的腸道微生物組
107.Specification of CNS macrophage subsets occurs postnatally in defined niches
CNS巨噬細(xì)胞亞群的規(guī)范發(fā)生在出生后定義的壁龕中
108.CCNE1 amplification is synthetic lethal with PKMYT1 kinase inhibition
CCNE1擴(kuò)增是合成的致死性的，具有PKMYT1激酶抑制作用
109.The tethered peptide activation mechanism of adhesion GPCRs
粘附GPCR的束縛肽激活機(jī)制
110.Structural basis for the tethered peptide activation of adhesion GPCRs
粘附GPCR的束縛肽激活的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)
111.Tethered peptide activation mechanism of the adhesion GPCRs ADGRG2 and ADGRG4
粘附GPCRs ADGRG2和ADGRG4的束縛肽激活機(jī)制
112.Structural basis of tethered agonism of the adhesion GPCRs ADGRD1 and ADGRF1
粘附GPCRs ADGRG2和ADGRF1的束縛激動(dòng)劑的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)
