Human beings are innately programmed for survival, but they often get it wrong.

人類天生就被編寫(xiě)了生存的代碼，但這些代碼卻經(jīng)常出錯(cuò)。

Posted December 4, 2019?|??Reviewed by Gary Drevitch

發(fā)布于2019年12月4日|由 Gary Drevitch審核

It’s similar to?suppression?vs.?repression. And this fairly subtle contrast is worth expanding upon.

和潛意識(shí)與無(wú)意識(shí)一樣，壓制與抑制之間也有類似的區(qū)別，這種相當(dāng)微妙的對(duì)比值得展開(kāi)來(lái)講。

When you suppress an impulse or desire you’re forcing it down, below the level of awareness. But when you push what feels too endangering to admit into consciousness even farther down, at some point it’s no longer recognizable. And that’s what repression is all about. It’s an involuntary reaction, in as much as it represents a psychological mechanism of defense, and?all?such self-protective workings are instinctual, operate autonomously, and (for better or worse) compel your behavior. Moreover, they typically take root when you’re still a child, with your mental capacity and judgment seriously limited.

當(dāng)你壓制沖動(dòng)或欲望時(shí)，你在把它們壓到了意識(shí)水平之下。但當(dāng)你把那些過(guò)于危險(xiǎn)的東西推到更遠(yuǎn)的意識(shí)深處，直到無(wú)法被識(shí)別的程度，這就是抑制。這是一種不自覺(jué)的反應(yīng)，是一種心里防御機(jī)制，它就和所有的自我保護(hù)機(jī)制一樣，是本能且自主運(yùn)作的，并且（有好有壞地）迫使你行動(dòng)。此外，他們通常在你仍是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，在你的心智、判斷力極其受限的時(shí)候，就已經(jīng)根深蒂固了。

Consider that human beings are innately programmed for survival—or, more accurately, anything that was perceived at a particular time as?commensurate?with survival. That is, quite on its own, your mind manages to remove from consciousness anything experienced as a mortal threat, whether physical, mental, or emotional.

考慮到人類天生就被編寫(xiě)了生存的代碼——或者更準(zhǔn)確的說(shuō)，人類是為了任何，在特定時(shí)間，可以與生存相提并論的東西而存在。也就是說(shuō)，我們的頭腦會(huì)完全自主地設(shè)法從意識(shí)中去除我們經(jīng)歷過(guò)的致命威脅，無(wú)論是身體上的、精神上的還是情感上的。

But ultimately this biological blueprint carries unfortunate later-day ramifications. Back then, lacking the resources to effectively cope with, let alone overcome, a deeply felt hazard, you felt overwhelmed, maybe even paralyzed. Consequently, your “pre-programmed” psyche-protective apparatus (i.e., such?Freudian?psychological defenses as dissociation,?denial,?displacement, or?projection) intervened to alleviate your intolerable distress. And it should be added that all your defenses reside in your?unconscious?mind, which is another way of saying they’re mentally repressed.

但是最終這種生理藍(lán)圖帶來(lái)了不幸的后果。年幼時(shí)，由于缺乏資源去有效應(yīng)對(duì)深切感受到的危難，更不用說(shuō)去克服這些危難，你會(huì)感到不知所措，甚至麻痹癱瘓。因此，你的“預(yù)先設(shè)定好的”心理保護(hù)裝置（比如弗洛伊德式的心里防御機(jī)制：分離、否認(rèn)、轉(zhuǎn)移或投射）會(huì)介入以減輕你無(wú)法忍受的痛苦。需要補(bǔ)充的是，你所有的防御機(jī)制都存在于你的無(wú)意識(shí)中，這也等于說(shuō)，它們是被抑制在精神領(lǐng)域的。

So, to better understand your unconscious, it’s fundamental that you grasp that this is the part of your being that represses extremely unpleasant memories, or hides them away from you. As one author puts it, it’s that aspect of mind which?“includes socially unacceptable ideas, wishes and desires, traumatic memories and painful emotions that have been repressed.”?Again, in that self-regarded moment of crisis you hadn’t yet developed the ability to effectively deal with what was felt as gravely threatening your welfare.

因此，為了更好地理解你的無(wú)意識(shí)，你首先要明白，正是你自己的一部分在抑制或隱藏那些極其不愉快的記憶。正如一位作者所說(shuō)，無(wú)意識(shí)是我們頭腦的一部分，它“包括社會(huì)不接受的想法、愿望和欲望，創(chuàng)傷的記憶和被抑制的痛苦情緒?！痹俅螐?qiáng)調(diào)，在那個(gè)自己認(rèn)為的危機(jī)時(shí)刻，你還沒(méi)有發(fā)展出相應(yīng)的能力，來(lái)有效應(yīng)對(duì)那些嚴(yán)重威脅到你身心健康的困境。

In a paradoxical sense, whatever defenses your inborn predispositions chose for you could be seen as “l(fā)ife-saving,” since they enabled you to absent yourself from whatever you experienced as unsustainable. And what you couldn’t deal with could relate to something painful, shameful, fearful, or deeply conflictual. Moreover, on a meta-level each of these feelings links to a turbulent reservoir of destabilizing?anxiety.

令人感到矛盾的是，無(wú)論你的先天傾向?yàn)槟氵x擇了什么防御機(jī)制，因?yàn)樗鼈兡苁鼓銖哪闼?jīng)歷的無(wú)法忍受的事物中脫離，都可以被視作是“救命的”。而這些你無(wú)法妥善處理的事物可能是痛苦的、可恥的、可怕的或充滿矛盾的。并且，在根本上，這些感覺(jué)中的每一種都與動(dòng)蕩不安的焦慮有關(guān)。

Nonetheless, the ramifications of such repression—though, from a psychological perspective, absolutely essential at the time—can later carry exorbitant costs. For regrettably, your defenses don’t grow older as you do. They remain fixed in time and space. And possessing their own will and energy, in order to continue protecting you they’ll relate anything in the present reminiscent of an earlier disturbance as a prompt to make you react just as you did at, say, age 5.

但是，這些抑制——盡管從心理學(xué)的角度來(lái)看，在當(dāng)時(shí)是絕對(duì)必要的——會(huì)在后來(lái)讓我們支付高昂的代價(jià)。遺憾的是，你的防御機(jī)制并不會(huì)和你一起成長(zhǎng)，它們會(huì)固定在時(shí)間與空間中，并擁有它們自己的意志與能量。為了繼續(xù)保護(hù)你，它們會(huì)與早期動(dòng)蕩遺留至今的回憶聯(lián)系起來(lái)，并促使你做出和自己五歲時(shí)一樣的反應(yīng)。

Further, distortedly seeing themselves as pivotal to your survival, these defenses actually prevent you from ever working through what back then you couldn’t possibly integrate. And without permitting into consciousness the actual origins of these unsettling experiences, you’re unable to assure yourself that, as the more mature individual you grew into, you now possess the resources to make emotional peace with what earlier overwhelmed you. So the unconscious but powerful influence of these out-of-date?defense mechanisms?can, however inadvertently, handicap you indefinitely (i.e., by causing you anxiety, they block you from doing what you’re now completely capable of).

更進(jìn)一步地，由于扭曲地把它們視作你生存的關(guān)鍵，這些防御機(jī)制實(shí)際上阻止了你去處理那些你當(dāng)時(shí)完全沒(méi)有可能整合的問(wèn)題。并且因?yàn)闆](méi)有允許這些不安經(jīng)歷的實(shí)際源頭進(jìn)入到意識(shí)中，你就無(wú)法確信，隨著你成長(zhǎng)為一個(gè)更加成熟的個(gè)體，你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)擁有去和早期壓垮你的事物進(jìn)行和解的能力。所以這些過(guò)時(shí)的、無(wú)意識(shí)但強(qiáng)有力的防御機(jī)制能夠在悄然間無(wú)限期地阻礙你（比如，通過(guò)使你焦慮，它們阻止你去做你現(xiàn)在完全有能力做到的事）。

For instance, people suffering from panic attacks can (usually when aided by a therapist) finally allow a “forbidden”?memory?into consciousness. And when they make final peace with it, these extremely upsetting attacks no longer have any “felt" reason for being, and so are alleviated.

舉個(gè)例子，受恐慌癥困擾的人們（通常在治療師的幫助下）最終可以讓“被禁止的”回憶進(jìn)入到意識(shí)中。并且，當(dāng)他們最終與它和解時(shí)，這些極度令人不安的恐慌就不再有任何“可以被感知的”存在的理由，因此得到了緩解。

Differentiating between the unconscious and the?subconscious?is tricky. And in fact it’s been noted by several authors that in common parlance they’re employed interchangeably—and by many professional writers as well. As in distinguishing between that which is repressed vs. suppressed, it’s useful to think of conscious awareness as analogous to the tip of an iceberg: It’s above the water, so completely visible. The unconscious and subconscious, while taken together are far larger than what the eye can see, both exist below what’s readily noticeable. So the only meaningful way they can be set apart is through understanding their relative inaccessibility.

區(qū)分潛意識(shí)和無(wú)意識(shí)很困難，事實(shí)上，兩者在日常使用中經(jīng)?？梢曰Q——甚至一些專家作者也這么做。就和區(qū)分壓抑與抑制一樣，一個(gè)很好的方法是把意識(shí)比作冰山的一角：它在水面之上，也就是完全可見(jiàn)的。潛意識(shí)和無(wú)意識(shí)，兩者加起來(lái)比可見(jiàn)的那些要多得多，同時(shí)也都存在于意識(shí)的水面之下。所以唯一區(qū)分兩者的方式是通過(guò)理解它們難以進(jìn)入的程度。

In short, with some introspection you can likely identify from where your thinking, impulse, or?motivation?is?subconsciously?derived. But with what’s?unconscious?to you—the bottom-most part of the iceberg—it will be much more difficult to ascertain the origins of present-day behavior that literally don’t make much sense to you. Potentially, you might discover its source through some form of self-therapy, dream analysis, free association, analyzing a slip of your tongue, or (by chance) witnessing someone else who experienced the same?trauma?you did (e.g.,?childhood?molestation or rape). In general, though, it’s much more likely that you could successfully unveil its origins through the assistance of of a mental health professional.

簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，通過(guò)自省，你基本可以識(shí)別出你的思想、沖動(dòng)或動(dòng)機(jī)來(lái)源于潛意識(shí)的何處。但是，對(duì)于冰山最底部的無(wú)意識(shí)來(lái)說(shuō)，查明那些今天對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)毫無(wú)意義行為的根源是更加困難的。你有可能通過(guò)以下方式來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)它的來(lái)源：某種形式的自我治療、夢(mèng)境分析、自由聯(lián)想、分析自己的口誤或者（偶然間）見(jiàn)證別人經(jīng)歷了與你相同的創(chuàng)傷（比如兒時(shí)的性騷擾或強(qiáng)奸）。然而一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在心理健康專家的幫助下，你更有可能成功地發(fā)現(xiàn)它的來(lái)源。

Here are a couple of examples to consider:

以下有一些例子供大家思考：

Subconscious:?You dimly recognize that you feel a certain?jealousy?toward your teenage son. Yet you don’t know why. In reflecting about it, however, you begin to realize that where this feeling stems from is that (subconsciously) you begrudge the fact that he has so many more opportunities and privileges than you did at his age.

潛意識(shí)：你朦朧間辨認(rèn)出自己對(duì)青少年的兒子懷揣著某種嫉妒，但你并不知道為什么。但通過(guò)反復(fù)思考，你開(kāi)始意識(shí)到這個(gè)感覺(jué)的來(lái)源，那就是（潛意識(shí)里）你嫉妒孩子比當(dāng)時(shí)的自己享有了更多的機(jī)會(huì)和特權(quán)。

Unconscious:?You have an aversion toward asparagus. The very sight of it makes you nauseous. Still, you have absolutely no idea why. What, because it’s been repressed, isn’t available to your consciousness is that when you were 6, your father insisted you eat this (new to you) vegetable on your plate, although you protested, for its smell back then was repulsive to you. But because you weren’t permitted to leave the table until you consumed it, after a fidgety hour you tried to shove it down your throat. . . and promptly vomited. Even worse, you got screamed at for the mess you made and told you were “disgusting.”

無(wú)意識(shí)：你很厭惡蘆筍，一看見(jiàn)它你就犯惡心，但你卻完全不知道為什么。因?yàn)樗灰种屏耍阅銦o(wú)法意識(shí)到的是，當(dāng)你在6歲的時(shí)候，你的父親逼著你吃這種蔬菜（當(dāng)時(shí)你沒(méi)試過(guò)）。盡管你很討厭它的味道，你很抗拒，但是不吃完的話不準(zhǔn)離開(kāi)桌子，然后你在煩躁之中花了很久才吞下了蘆筍，并很快就吐了一地。更糟糕的是，因?yàn)槟闩牡教幎际牵惚淮舐暤嘏u(píng)，并被稱作“令人惡心”。

The distinctions I’ve been making are clearly not academic. If you’re to better understand and accept yourself, as well as the concealed motivations governing maladaptive behaviors, it’s critical that you access the internal forces dictating them. There’s no way that you can reach your full potential until you gain entry into much of what exists below your awareness—that is,?make both the unconscious and subconscious conscious—and, at last, come to positive terms with what, unknowingly, has been sabotaging you.

我這里所做的區(qū)分明顯不是學(xué)術(shù)上的。如果你想要更好地理解并接受自己，更好地理解并接受那些隱藏在不良行為背后的動(dòng)機(jī)，你一定要了解這些主宰不良行為的內(nèi)部驅(qū)動(dòng)力。在你有能力進(jìn)入意識(shí)之下的大部分自我之前，你不可能發(fā)揮自己的全部潛力——也就是說(shuō)，你要使?jié)撘庾R(shí)與無(wú)意識(shí)都成為意識(shí)的一部分——并且，最后，你還要與那些一直以來(lái)在不知不覺(jué)間蓄意破壞你的自我和解。

Once your hidden defenses are exposed, you can either moderate them or, at long last, surmount them altogether.

一旦你隱藏的防御機(jī)制被暴露出來(lái)，你就可以緩和它們，并在最后完全克服它們。

References 參考文獻(xiàn)

Bargh, J. Before you know it: The unconscious reasons we do what we do (2017). New York: Atria. Retrieved from?https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Before-You-Know-It/John-Bargh/97…

Cherry, K. (2019). Freud’s conceptualization of the unconscious, Sept. 14. Retrieved from?https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-unconscious-2796004

Cherry, K. (2019). Repression as a defense mechanism, Sept. 05. Retrieved from?https://www.verywellmind.com/repression-as-a-defense-mechanism-4586642

Morsella, E. (2017). The unconscious mind in everyday life, June 05. Retrieved from?https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/consciousness-and-the-brain/201…

Solms, M. (2017). What is “the unconscious,” and where is it located in the brain? A neuropsychoanalytic perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1406 (1), 90-97. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13437. Epub 2017 Jul 31.

Subconscious vs. unconscious: What’s the difference? (n.a. & n.d.) Retrieved from?https://writingexplained.org/subconscious-vs-unconscious-difference

About the Author 作家介紹

Leon F. Seltzer, Ph.D., is the author of?Paradoxical Strategies in Psychotherapy and The Vision of Melville and Conrad. He?holds doctorates in English and Psychology. His posts?have received over 46?million views.

原文地址：

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/evolution-the-self/201912/subconscious-vs-unconscious-how-tell-the-difference