日常衛(wèi)生

? ? ? ? ? 在中世紀，衛(wèi)生沐浴并不像大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代評論家所認為的那樣是一種罕見的活動。一些醫(yī)學手冊建議人們每天進行溫水或冷水浴。衛(wèi)生書籍建議每天用泉水洗臉、洗耳和洗手。特別是建議學生每天用井水而不是河水或湖水洗兩次眼睛，這樣既能保護視力，又能增強記憶力。還有人用玫瑰水、茴香籽水或小米草水（小米草是生長在歐洲的一種細小植物，自中古世紀以來，小米草就一直被當作補眼良方。英文稱Eye Bright ，即是眼睛清晰明亮的意思，增強肝臟功能，促進凈血過程，令視力更清晰，具有抗菌功效。另外，小米草也可紓緩眼干問題與及由傷風或過敏引起的眼睛多淚、酸痛和發(fā)癢的癥狀。有「可喝的眼藥水」之稱，維護視力的最佳草本）、顛茄水洗眼睛。

Hygienic bathing was not the rare activity during the medieval period that most modern critics assume. Some medical manuals recommended daily baths, warm or cold. Hygiene texts recommend daily washing of face, ears, and hands with fountain water. Students especially were counseled to bathe their eyes twice a day only in well water, rather than river or lake water, thereby preserving their sight and sharpening their memory. Others bathed their eyes in rosewater, fennel water, or eye bright, belladonna water.

? ? ? ? ? 如果年老或患有眼疾或受傷導致視力減退，在當時有一種流行的治療方法，用蒸餾水浸泡馬鞭草、甜菜堿、茴香、白葡萄酒、“Tintia”（找不到解釋）、糖、蘆薈、婦女的乳汁和樟腦。將干燥的植物磨碎，與液體浸泡 24 小時，然后過濾。這種洗眼液可以根據(jù)需要隨意使用。

If old age or an eye disease or injury dimmed eyesight, a popular remedy was a medical recipe using distilled waters of vervane, betany, fennel, white wine, “Tintia,” sugar candy, Aloes Epatick, Woman’s Milk, and camphor. The dry ingredients were pulverized, infused with liquid for 24 hours, then strained. This eyewash could be freely used as needed.

? ? ? ? ? 為了牙齒健康，有一本健康手冊建議人們剔牙和擦牙，但不要購買昂貴的潔齒劑。保持牙齒潔白無瑕和口氣甜美的四條原則：（1）飯后要漱口；（2）睡覺時嘴巴要微微張開一些；（3）早上起來要吐掉當晚聚集在喉嚨里的東西；（4）拿一塊粗麻布擦拭牙唇和舌側，以去除食物的“發(fā)酵味”（（fumosity）酒精飲料的氣味，維基詞典），這些食物會使牙齒腐爛并感染口氣。用薄荷或留蘭香水用力漱口兩分鐘，然后吐掉。

For healthy teeth a health manual recommended picking and rubbing them, but not buying expensive dentifrices. Four rules that kept teeth white and uncorrupt also sweetened breath: rule one, wash your mouth well after eating; second, sleep with your mouth somewhat open; third, spit in the morning whatever has gathered that night in your throat; fourth, take a coarse linen cloth and rub your teeth on their lip side and tongue side to take away “fumosity” of food that makes them rot and infects the breath. Swish peppermint or spearmint water vigorously for two minutes, then spit it out.

? ? ? ? ? 如果牙齒松動，有一種“比粉末更好”的漱口水可以緊固牙齒，用力擦洗口腔，使牙齦發(fā)聲（可能是漱口時候發(fā)出的聲響），并使從牙齒上脫落的牙齦肉長出來。配方包括半杯醋、等量的乳香樹浸出液、迷迭香、末藥、Armoniak（借用自中古法語“ammonic”，源自拉丁語“salamicus”（“阿蒙鹽，氯化銨”））、龍血草和rocheallome（找不到解釋）各一盎司、半盎司細肉桂、三杯泉水（當時的噴泉水對我們來說就像過濾水一樣），混合均勻，用小火煮沸，然后加入半磅蜂蜜，去除浮渣，用一些安息香浸泡一刻鐘后離火，待冷卻后裝入一個干凈的瓶子里。飯前飯后都用這種液體洗牙，把它含在嘴里蕩來蕩去。這樣做不僅對頭部有益，還能使口氣變得清爽。

If teeth loosened, a mouth water “better than powders” fastened them, scoured the mouth, made the gums sound, and caused gum flesh that had fallen away from the teeth to grow. The recipe consisted of half a glassful of vinegar; an equal amount of water of the mastic tree; one ounce each of rosemary, miror, Armoniak, dragon’s herb, and rocheallome; half an ounce of fine cinnamon; and three glasses of fountain water. Mix well, let boil over a small fire, and then add half a pound of honey, removing the scum. Steep with some Bengwine for a quarter-hour. Remove it from the fire. Cool the fluid and store it in a clean bottle. Wash teeth with this liquid dentifrice before food and after, holding it in the mouth and swishing it around. Doing so benefited the head as well as sweetened the breath.

? ? ? ? ? 摩擦是一種用力擦拭皮膚直至發(fā)熱的行為。冬日清晨起床后，人們通過運動使四肢發(fā)熱，并保持體液正常流動。手臂、手掌、腿、腳和背部的強力、劇烈伸展運動可將熱量傳導到身體外部，并提升記憶力。用象牙、骨或角制成的細梳子輕輕摩擦，上下、前后梳理頭發(fā)，從前額到后頸輕輕刺激頭皮，有助于提升記憶力。最好從手掌開始摩擦，然后用加熱過的粗布擦拭身體，擦拭頭部、頸部、乳房、腋窩、腹部、大腿和腳。輕輕擦拭乳房、背部和腹部，手臂、大腿和雙腿則需要加大力度，直至發(fā)紅發(fā)熱。

Frication was the art of vigorously rubbing the skin until it heated. After rising on a winter morning, one exercised to heat extremities and to keep bodily fluids properly flowing. Strong, strenuous stretching of arms, hands, legs, feet, and back forced heat to the body’s outward parts and quickened memory. Soft frication by a fine comb of ivory, bone, or horn, combing hair up and down, forward and backward, gently stimulating the scalp from forehead to nape of neck, helped memory. Fricating was best started with the palms of the hands. Then one rubbed and chafed the body with a coarse warm cloth, rubbing head, neck, breasts, armpits, belly, thighs, and feet. Breast, back, and belly were fricated gently. Arms, thighs, and legs were fricated roughly until ruddy and warm.

沐? ? ?浴

? ? ? ? ? 沐浴者的財富和智慧決定了浴場的多樣性。室內和室外浴池在當時都很常見，設有溫泉、礦泉和其他療養(yǎng)水的健康水療中心，也會創(chuàng)建室外溫水浴池，裸浴者會用酒壺飲用療養(yǎng)水。醫(yī)療水療如此普遍，以至于一些城鎮(zhèn)圍繞醫(yī)療水療發(fā)展經(jīng)濟。德國的巴特特爾茨(Bad T?lz)（如捷克共和國的瑪麗亞溫泉市和德國的巴登-巴登）、意大利的波佐利以及英國的巴斯都因水浴醫(yī)療而成為著名的療養(yǎng)勝地。如今，醫(yī)療浴鎮(zhèn)遺產(chǎn)——“水療”（spa）這一通用名稱依然存在，它最初來自比利時列日省的水療鎮(zhèn)。

Baths were as various as the wealth and ingenuity of bathers. Indoor and outdoor baths were common. Health spas with hot springs, mineral springs, and other healing waters created outdoor heated baths, their naked bathers drinking curing draughts from flagons. Medical spas were so common that some towns created their economies around them. The German Bad towns—for example, Marienbad and BadenBaden—Italy’s Puteoli or Pozzuoli, and Bath in England all reached their fame as health resorts thanks to their healing waters. One important medical bath town heritage endures today in the generic name spa originally from the town of Spa in the province of Liège, Belgium.

? ? ? ? ? 醫(yī)生和醫(yī)學手冊建議病人在矯形浴池中浸泡和游泳。所有社會階層，包括貴族、城鎮(zhèn)居民和農(nóng)民，都可以在海邊、河岸、湖邊、河床、溫泉、水坑、天然池塘和人工水池的某個地方沐浴。運動員和病人或赤身裸體，或身著浴衣，或全副武裝，進入令人愉悅的療養(yǎng)水域。浴帽保護著男女的長發(fā)，人們或仰泳或俯泳，或爬泳或背泳，或漂浮，或踩水，或只是站著或坐在醫(yī)用浴池的池水中。

Physicians and medical manuals advised patients to soak and to swim in orthopedic baths. All social classes, the nobility, townsfolk, and peasantry, could bathe somewhere on the ocean shore, riverbanks, lake fronts, streambeds, hot springs, water holes, natural ponds, and artificial pools. Sportsmen and patients entered pleasing, curative waters naked, wearing bathing garb, or fully clothed. Bathing caps protected long hair of both men and women. People swam prone or supine, crawled or back stroked, floated, treaded water, or simply stood or sat in the healing mineral waters of medical baths.

? ? ? ? ? 藥浴可同時進行內浴和外浴，并飲用對矯正畸形有幫助的草藥酒，如藜蘆（Hellebore）、香蜂花（（學名：Melissa officinalis），又名檸檬香草（英語：lemon balm））、紫羅蘭、常春藤、皺菊或Pimpernel（報春花科草本植物屬 (Anagallis) 中的任何一種）。在意大利波佐利的水療醫(yī)療水療中心，病人尋求改善疾病癥狀、緩解傷痛或徹底治愈疾病?！癟o take the waters”和“to take a cure”指的就是去水療中心。

Medicinal baths simultaneously could be internal as well as external with the drinking of a draught of orthopedically proper herbed wine such as hellebore, melissa, violet, ivy, bruisewort, or pimpernel. In the hydrotherapy medical spa in Italy at Puteoli, patients sought amelioration of disease symptoms, relief from pain of injury, or absolute cure. “To take the waters” and “to take a cure” meant to visit a spa.

? ? ? ? ? 意大利的波佐利和其他歐洲的醫(yī)療浴場通常有多座建筑供病人使用。有些浴場建在流水旁，設有更衣室、用于牽引和手工操作的桑拿房以及醫(yī)療餐廳。在熱浴治療中，病人和醫(yī)生通常赤裸身體，在潮濕的蒸汽浴或干熱桑拿浴中進行操作時也需要裸體。溫暖的環(huán)境可以放松病人的肌肉和情緒，從而對治療產(chǎn)生有利影響。建筑有時會橫跨礦泉流，讓人直接吸入刺鼻的氣味，并直接泡進流動的泉水中。有些水療中心的建筑將溪流從一側到另一側完全圍住，以保護病人免受風雨侵襲。

Puteoli in Italy and other European medical baths customarily had multiple buildings to accommodate patients. Built beside the flowing waters, some had clothes-changing rooms, saunas for traction and manual manipulations, and medical dining halls. In orthopedic hot bath treatments both patient and physician often were nude. Nakedness was required by manipulations in moist steam vapor baths or dry heat saunas. Warmth relaxed patients’ muscles and moods to affect healing favorably. Buildings sometimes straddled the mineral stream, allowing direct inhaling of pungent odors and direct entrance into the flowing waters. Some spa buildings enclosed the stream altogether from side to side to protect patients from wind and weather.

? ? ? ? ? 病人從很遠的地方前往某些浴場接受治療，如果行動不便，可以乘坐家庭大篷車，或者獨自參加公共安排的健康之旅。一些巨大的長方形水池在繪畫中被描繪成歡樂的場所，水池邊有一個名為“tentoria infirmorum”的帳篷，人們拄著拐杖、推著殘疾人車和殘疾用具在里面來回走動，這些水池中的水具有重塑健康與煥發(fā)青春的功能。

Patients traveled to certain baths from afar for healing, traveling alone if adequately mobile, in family caravans, or on publicly arranged health tours. Some gigantic rectangular pools depicted in paintings initially appearing to be places of joyous deportment have poolside tents called tentoria infirmorum in which people move to and fro with crutches, invalids’ carts, and paraphernalia of disability. Water in such pools functioned as a fountain of health and a fountain of youth.

? ? ? ? ? 修道院的地名中也有治愈之水與流動之水之稱。例如，使用法語中“水”（eau）一詞的熙篤會修道院有：里沃修道院（Rievaulx）、西托圣母修道院（C?teaux）、克萊爾沃修道院（Clairvaux）和歐克萊爾（Eauclair）。特魯瓦斯豐泰內和噴泉修道院等修道院則以著名的噴泉命名。朝圣之旅有時將世俗醫(yī)學與神圣干預相結合，去坎特伯雷朝圣圣托馬斯·貝克特（Saint Thomas à Becket）的同時，還要去附近的巴斯（Bath）。杰弗雷·喬叟筆下的朝圣者前往坎特伯雷是因為圣托馬斯曾在教徒生病時幫助過他們。

Healing waters and flowing waters also were celebrated in place-names of monasteries. Cistercian monastic houses, for example, using the French word for water, eau, were Rievaulx, C?teaux, Clairvaux, and Eauclair. Abbeys such as Trois Fontaines and Fountains Abbey were named after noted fountain springs. Pilgrimages sometimes combined secular medicine with divine intervention. A trip to Canterbury to Saint Thomas à Becket’s shrine was paired with a visit to nearby Bath. Chaucer’s pilgrims voyaged to Canterbury because Saint Thomas had helped them when they were sick.

? ? ? ? ? 沐浴、飲食是同時進行的醫(yī)學療法。在小水池的護欄上或大水池的池沿上擺放著一塊醫(yī)療宴會板，上面擺放著醫(yī)學上認可的草藥、肉類、水果和酒。

Bathing, food, and drink were simultaneous medical therapies. A medical banquet board spread athwart the gunwales of the smaller pools or arranged along the coping of the larger ones contained medically sanctioned herbs, meats, fruits, and wines.

浴室供暖

? ? ? ? ? 室內健康水療池（水溫和環(huán)境空氣溫度可控）。中世紀的一些礦泉是熱泉，而一些地方則使用高效的熱水器持續(xù)提供溫水。在更華麗的澡堂里，先進的中央供暖系統(tǒng)配有管道，浴室下方或旁邊的巨型火爐可以加熱水和空氣。

Indoor health spas-controlled temperatures of water and ambient air. Some medieval mineral springs were thermal, hot springs, while elsewhere gently warmed laving waters were made with an efficient water heater. Sophisticated central heating systems in more elaborate bathhouses had effective plumbing. Giant furnaces beneath or alongside the bath rooms heated their water and air.

? ? ? ? ? 其他浴池則有內置的琉璃瓦高爐或帶熱石的干式加熱器。一些室內浴池的內部設計和陳設與斯堪的納維亞桑拿浴室相似，有一個干熱爐、用于擦拭的粗糙紋理布、促進血液循環(huán)的拂子，以及一壺用于加濕空氣的水。

Other baths had indwelling glazed-tile tall stoves or dry heaters with hot stones. Some indoor baths resembled interior designs and furnishings of Scandinavian saunas with a hot, dry-heat furnace, roughly textured cloths for friction, whisks and switches to stimulate circulation, and a kettle of water to humidify the air.

? ? ? ? ? 埃博利的彼得（Pietro da Eboli）于 1220 年撰寫了關于普特奧利浴場美德的精彩詩篇《普特奧利浴場美德》（De Virtutis Balneorum Puteolanis），其中描述了療養(yǎng)帳篷，并對足浴、臂浴和舒緩臀部的坐?。⊿itzbad）或座浴進行了評論。有些浴池有蓋子和簾子，以保護個人隱私。浴簾還能防止冷氣流進入，減緩熱水浴的蒸發(fā)，將熱量和蒸汽保留在浴池內，以便浴者吸收熱水中香料、礦物質和草藥的有益成分。精美的浴簾還能讓人精神振奮。

Pietro da Eboli’s wonderful versified treatise on the virtues of the Puteoli baths, De Virtutis Balneorum Puteolanis, written in 1220, described the infirmary tent and remarked on the foot bath, arm bath, and bottom-soothing sitzbad, or seat bath. Some baths were covered and curtained for desired or required privacy. Curtains also protected against drafts and slowed evaporation of a hot bath, retaining within their boundaries the steam and vapors for inhaling beneficent spices, minerals, and herbs in the hot water. The beauty of bath curtains also could raise one’s spirits.

? ? ? ? ? 有一本沐浴書籍推薦了一種帶簾子的浴池，要求病人坐在一塊巨大的海綿上，浸泡在非常熱的燕麥浴中，燕麥浴中含有 19 種藥用成分，包括黃連、冬青、苦參或金雀花。其他用于凈化皮膚的藥浴使用的是加有細碎甜瓜泥的水，特別是從撒馬爾罕進口到歐洲的samarcandi。撒馬爾罕是中亞最古老的城市，也是中西方文化的交匯地，亞歷山大大帝征服了撒馬爾罕，帖木兒把撒馬爾罕作為蒙古人的首都。無論疾病、煩惱、悲傷或痛苦，藥浴都能讓人重新煥發(fā)活力。

One bath text recommended a curtained enclosure requiring the patient to sit on a giant sponge in a very hot oatmeal bath with 19 medicinal ingredients including pellitory, hollyhock, and bruisewort or pimpernel. Other baths for purifying skin used water with finely pureed melon, especially samarcandi, imported to Europe from Samarkand, the oldest city in Central Asia and cultural meeting place between China and the West, which Alexander the Great conquered and Tamerlane made his Mongol capital. Whatever the disease, vexation, grief, or pain, medicinal baths might make one hale and whole again.

? ? ? ? ? 除了刺激性食物和水之外，最后一個水療成分是性。情欲的快樂不僅僅是放縱。性生活受挫不利于心理健康和肌肉康復?？鞓返那閭H們除了浴帽和珠寶外一絲不掛，有時三對情侶同時坐在天鵝絨浴缸里，浴缸前擺放著一張盛有壯陽食物和飲料的宴會桌。

A final hydrotherapy component added to stimulating food and water was sex. The pleasures of Venus were not simply sybaritic indulgence. Thwarted sexuality was bad for mental health and muscle healing. Joyful couples, stark naked save for hats and jewels, sometimes sat three pairs at a time in a velvet-curtained bathing tub in front of which was set a banquet table with aphrodisiac foods and drinks.

狩? ? ?獵

? ? ? ? ? 在 14 和 15 世紀的英格蘭和法國，獵鹿人通常穿著厚重的皮質綁腿，以保護腿部免受荊棘的傷害，夏天穿著綠色外套獵鹿，冬天穿著毛皮外套追趕野豬。脖子上掛著用來召喚獵犬的獵號，腰帶上掛著剝鹿皮用的匕首和殺野味用的長劍。狩獵時，獵人會騎三匹馬，其中兩匹用于接力。戴著皮手套的手上拿著一根皮繩，用來敲擊馬鐙，催促獵犬追擊獵物。

In 14th- and 15th-century England and France, a stag hunter customarily wore heavy leather leggings to protect his legs from thorns and brambles, a green jacket in summer for stag hunting, and a fur jacket in winter for chasing wild boar. Around his neck he hung his hunting horn used for calling the hounds. At his belt were a dagger for skinning the stag and a long sword for killing game. During the hunt he used three horses, two for relays. In his leather-gloved hand he carried a leather thong to strike his stirrup to urge on the hounds.

? ? ? ? ? 狩獵大師負責監(jiān)督所有的狩獵助手和馬夫，同時還負責管理獵群和后備獵犬。他了解每只尋血獵犬和灰獵犬，根據(jù)獵犬的品質和缺點決定它們在獵群中的位置。如果獵犬誤入歧途，狩獵主人負責將它們引回正確的氣味處。如果他自己看到了雄鹿，他必須注意不要驚嚇到雄鹿。他會一直盯著獵狗，如果獵狗累了，就催促它們，或者從掛在鞍座上的麻袋里拿出面包喂它們。

A hunt master supervising all hunting assistants and grooms also ruled the pack and the reserve dogs. Knowing each bloodhound and greyhound, he decided where each ran in the pack depending upon the animal’s qualities and shortcomings. The hunt master was responsible for leading the hounds back to the correct scent if they had gone astray. If seeing a stag himself, he had to take care not to frighten it. His eyes were always on the dogs, which he urged on or fed bread from a sack hanging from his saddle pommel if they tired.

? ? ? ? ? 如果獵狗在塵土飛揚的小路上或在草被燒焦的田野里跟丟了雄鹿，或雄鹿越過了水域，狩獵大師就會下馬尋找蹤跡。在獵狗將雄鹿逼到墻角后，優(yōu)秀的狩獵者會用劍殺死這只受驚、疲憊、氣喘吁吁的動物。

If the hounds lost the stag on a dusty track or in a field where the grass had been burned, or if the stag crossed water, the hunt master dismounted to look for the trail. After the hounds cornered the stag, the good huntsman would kill the frightened, tired, breathless animal with his sword.

? ? ? ? ? 狩獵的主人用號角發(fā)出信號，告知同伴雄鹿已死。騎士和身份地位高貴的獵人用號角回應。獵狗們目視著給雄鹿分尸和剝皮的儀式。仆人們剪下長長的樹枝，用來捆綁肉塊。其他人則把戰(zhàn)利品放在樹葉床上，肚子朝上。他們用鋒利的刀子剝皮，首先剝去肩部和臀部、胸部和腹部，然后剝去背部，并注意始終讓身體靠在皮上。

The master of the hunt sounded the death cry of the stag on his horn. Riders and noble hunters replied on their horns. Dogs watched the ritual quartering and skinning of the stag. Servants cut and pruned long branches upon which to carry pieces of meat. Others placed the prize animal on a bed of leaves, stomach upward. With sharp knives they skinned it. First they bared shoulders and haunches, breast and stomach, and then the back, taking care always to keep the body resting on the skin.

? ? ? ? ? 四分解剖法開始時，先割掉睪丸和舌頭，然后是肩膀，再打開胃部，取出肝臟和腎臟，掏出內臟和內臟，臀部被切開。最后，頭部被砍下，精選的部分被串在樹枝上，用粗壯的肩膀運往貴族廚房。

Quartering began with testicles and tongue cut out first, then shoulders. Then the stomach was opened to remove the liver and kidneys and to empty the viscera and entrails. The haunches were cut up. Finally, the head was cut off. The choicest pieces were strung on a branch and carried on stout shoulders to the noble kitchen.

? ? ? ? ? 狩獵音樂會有時會持續(xù)一整天。刺耳的號角聲和呼喚狩獵者的嘹亮號角聲打破了森林的寧靜。通常由鞭手發(fā)號施令，首席狩獵者在喊叫聲、嘶鳴聲和犬吠聲的伴奏下吹響第一個音符。馬夫們大聲呼喊，鼓勵他們的獵犬。當獵犬群嗅到錯誤的氣味時，號角就會發(fā)出兩聲長鳴，將剛愎自用的獵犬召回，讓它們沿著正確的路線前進。三聲長鳴告訴獵人們線索正確。僅兩個音符就意味著獵物甩掉了獵狗。MORT（當鹿被殺死時狩獵號角所發(fā)出的音符）則是一個長音，緊接著是幾個短促的爆破聲，預示著獵物即將死去。傍晚日落時分，疲憊的獵人和獵狗會被三聲長長的撤退聲召集起來。

Hunt music concerts sometimes lasted throughout the day. The silence of the forest was pierced by the harsh blare of trumpets and the loud strident hunting horns calling the huntsmen. Usually the whipper-in gave the order, and the chief huntsman sounded the first notes accompanied by shouts, neighs, and barks. Grooms shouted rallying cries of encouragement to their hounds. When the pack was on the wrong scent, the horn rallied back the headstrong with two long notes and set them off on the proper trail. Three long blasts told hunters the trail was good. Two notes alone meant the game had shaken off the dogs. The mort, sounding the impending death of the animal, was one long note followed by several short blasts. In the evening at sunset, tired hunters and hounds were called to assembly by three long notes of the withdrawal.

誘捕野狼

? ? ? ? ? 在捕殺狼的四種主要方法中，最簡單的是樹苗捕狼器。狼聞到了作為誘餌的腐肉的氣味。盡管狼天生謹慎，但饑餓還是驅使它走進陷阱。在一棵彎曲倒地的樹苗末端打一個繩結，用一根木樁固定在那里，狼把頭伸進無形的繩結里，陷阱會把它從地上提起來，讓它掛在樹枝上。狩獵者隨后將其殺死。

Of four major ways for trapping and killing a wolf, the simplest was the sapling wolf trap. The wolf smelled carrion left as bait. Despite the wolf’s inherent prudence, hunger drove it into the trap. A running knot placed at the end of a sapling bent to the ground and held there by a stake caught the wolf putting its head into the invisible slip knot, lifted it off the ground, and left it hanging from the branches of the tree. Huntsmen then killed it.

? ? ? ? ? 另一種殺死狼的方法是在坑里鋪滿腐肉。當附近有狼出沒時，狩獵者會殺一頭牛，沿著小路把牛的尸體拖到一個圓錐形的深坑里。把牛的尸體扔進坑里，用樹枝把坑蓋住，中間開一個小洞，讓牛的氣味散發(fā)出去。走近坑邊的狼會掉進洞里，用叉棍頂住它的脖子就能把它活捉，然后帶到村子里展示并殺死。

Another way to kill a wolf was to line a pit with carrion. When wolves were in the neighborhood, huntsmen killed a cow, dragging its quarters along paths to a deep conical pit. The carcass thrown in and the pit covered with branches, a small hole in the middle allowed the animal’s odor to escape. The suspicious wolf that approached the pit edge would fall down the hole, from which it could be taken alive by holding its neck against the ground with a forked stick, then taken to the village, exhibited, and killed.

? ? ? ? ? 針是困住狼的另一種方法。狼的兇殘只有人類的殘忍才能與之媲美，狼在農(nóng)場的惡行將人類的殘忍推向了極致。這種殘忍的方法首先是將小塊的肉塞進彎針或魚鉤，有序地排成一排或串成幾排。當一只狼在附近時，其他狼也會趕來。在森林里拖著沒有帶刺的肉塊，散發(fā)著食物的香味。帶刺的肉被留在選定的地點。饑腸轆轆的狼沒有咀嚼就吞下肉塊，然后被鉤子和針刺撕裂內臟而死。

Needles were another way to trap a wolf. A wolf’s ferocity was equaled only by man’s cruelty pushed to its limits by a wolf’s misdeeds on the farm. This loathsome method began with small chunks of meat stuffed with curved needles or fishhooks placed in an orderly line or strung out in several rows. When one wolf was nearby, others also arrived. Unspiked meat dragged along the ground in the forest spread the scent of food. Spiked meat was left at the selected spot. Famished wolves swallowed the meat chunks without chewing and then died when their insides were torn apart by the hooks and needles.

? ? ? ? ? 為了更利索地活捉狼，仆人們修建了兩道粗大的同心荊條環(huán)形柵欄，每道柵欄都有六英尺多高。外圍柵欄上有一扇門，門上有堅固的門閂。將腐肉塊穿過森林拖到圍欄前，然后在最里面的圍欄里放上一只綿羊或山羊作為誘餌。在腐肉氣味的誘惑下，狼進入外圍圍欄，繞著圍欄轉了一圈，希望找到通往內圍圍欄的入口，以獲取獵物。一旦它推開門，門就會在它身后關上，使它既得不到獵物，也失去了自由。

To take a wolf alive more neatly, servants built two thick concentric wattle circular fences, each over six feet high. On the outer fence was a door with a strong catch. After dragging pieces of rotting meat through the forest up to the enclosure, a sheep or goat was placed as bait in the innermost enclosure. Tempted by the smell of the carrion, the wolf entered the outer enclosure and went around it hoping to find an entrance to the inner one to get the prey. Once it pushed open the door, it closed behind it, depriving it both of the prey and of its freedom.

誘捕水獺

? ? ? ? ? 水獺和海貍，就像肉或魚一樣，令人垂涎欲滴。許多禁止吃肉的修道院食譜中都允許食用水獺多汁的尾巴，這種尾巴和海貍的尾巴一樣，都是看起來像魚、吃起來也像魚的美味佳肴。

Otter, like beaver, was delectable as both flesh and fish. Many monastic dietaries forbidding eating meat allowed the succulent tail that, like the beaver’s, was a delicacy looking and tasting like fish.

? ? ? ? ? 獵人們盯著水獺沿著水邊從一棵樹滑到另一棵樹，把鼻子伸進高高的蘆葦之間，看著鱒魚和鳊魚在石頭和沙子鋪成的河床上滑行。水獺會突然潛入水底，它的蹼使它在水下行動敏捷，很少有魚能逃過它鋒利的牙齒。然后，它悄無聲息地來到河流、魚塘和水池的領地，那里有獵人在等著它。水獺輕輕一躍，就到了水下。不幸的是，如果它沒有看到從河岸延伸到河岸的漁網(wǎng)，盡管它拼命用牙齒撕扯漁網(wǎng)，還是會被抓住，成為追捕者長矛和三叉戟的祭品。

Hunters watched the otter slipping from tree to tree along the water’s edge, pushing its nose between the tall reeds and watching the stream where trout and roach glided along the bed of stones and sand. Suddenly the otter would dive, its webbed feet making it so speedy and quick underwater that few fish escaped its needle-sharp teeth. Then it would pad silently to its domain of rivers, fish ponds, and pools, where hunters awaited it. With a leap the otter was underwater. But if it had not seen the net stretched from bank to bank, in its desperate flight despite its efforts to tear the mesh with its teeth, it would be caught and made an offering to the pikes and tridents of its pursuers.

? ? ? ? ? 通常在夜晚，水獺會離開水域，在池邊游蕩、覓食和排泄。但在黎明時分，獵人和獵犬會發(fā)現(xiàn)水獺的蹤跡，而馬夫們會把鉛重的漁網(wǎng)從岸邊撒到水獺領地的上方和下方。水獺感應到動靜就躲到了水邊的大樹根下。在馬夫的喊聲和狗叫聲的催促下，水獺會消失在水下。駐扎在兩岸的獵人會試著用三叉戟刺它。即使沒有刺中，水獺也會落入網(wǎng)中，等待它的是獵人。獵人把水獺的尸體拖到岸邊，剝皮，把肉煮熟，喂給急切的狗吃。

Customarily at night the otter left the water to roam, feed, and defecate by the pool’s edge. But at dawn the hunters and bloodhounds picked up its trail while the grooms spread the lead-weighted nets from one bank to another, both above and below the otter’s territory. When alerted, the otter took refuge under a large root at the water’s edge. Urged on by shouts of grooms and barks of dogs, the otter would disappear underwater. Hunters stationed on both banks would try to spear it with tridents. Even if they missed, the otter ended up in the net, where killers awaited it. The body was dragged to the bank, skinned, and flesh cooked and fed to the eager dogs.

猴、鷹和獵犬

? ? ? ? ? 猴子被當作寵物飼養(yǎng)，騎在雜技演員和城市廣場上的藝人的肩上，或坐在女士的腿上。猴子是如此普遍，甚至連橋上的收費員也允許猴子免費通行，因為他們會向每個過橋的人和所有過橋的商品收錢。在巴黎，猴子是可以出售的。過橋的商人如果想賣掉自己的猴子，需要支付四個硬幣。但如果猴子屬于買來消遣的人，則不收費。如果猴子在收費員面前表演，則猴子的飼養(yǎng)人及其攜帶的所有物品均免費過橋。同樣，吟游詩人（中世紀法國的專業(yè)講故事者或公共藝人，通常與游吟詩人沒有什么區(qū)別）也是免費通過的，只是要唱一首歌。

Monkeys were kept as pets to ride on shoulders of acrobats, entertainers in the town square, and to sit on ladies’ laps. Monkeys were so commonplace that even toll collectors on the bridges who solicited money from each person and for all merchandise passing over them allowed monkeys to go free. In Paris monkeys were available for sale. A merchant crossing a bridge would pay four coins if he intended to sell his monkeys. But if the monkeys belonged to someone who bought them for amusement, then no toll was charged. If monkeys performed before the toll guard, their keeper and everything that he carried passed over the bridge for free. Similarly, a jongleur passed without payment except for a snatch of song.

? ? ? ? ? 好獵手會遛鷹。用獵鷹或大鷹狩獵的獵人會訓練幼鷹騎在腕上，戴上頭罩、鈴鐺和飾物，并逐漸習慣街上的活動和喧鬧。沒有什么能像在城市中艱難漫步那樣，把鷹馴養(yǎng)得如此適合森林和田野。此后，很少有森林的聲音或狩獵的危險打擾到獵鷹的寧靜，它騎在進入法庭、教堂或市場的男人或女人的手腕上。鷹是白天和黑夜的伴侶。有些人會讓鷹棲息在街道上，以便讓它看到人、馬、車和獵犬，并讓它習慣這些。

A good hunter walked his hawk. A hunter who hunted with a falcon or goshawk trained the young bird to ride the wrist; wear a hood, bells, and jesses; and grow accustomed to the activity and bustling of the street. Nothing tamed a hawk so beautifully for the forest and fields as a strenuous walk through the city. Few forest sounds or perils of the hunt thereafter disturbed the tranquility of the falcon that had ridden the wrist of a man or woman entering a law court, church, or market. Hawks were companions both day and night. Some would perch the hawk in the streets in order for it to see and become accustomed to people, horses, carts, and hounds.

? ? ? ? ? 盡管馬夫習慣于在獵犬舍中與上等獵犬一起進食、鍛煉和睡覺，但獵人也習慣于在自家花園、城市廣場、橋梁和公路上遛他的獵犬。治療動物疾病是畜牧業(yè)的重要組成部分。狗，尤其是獵狗的常見病，可以通過藥物和手術治療。人們認為狗和人一樣容易生病。不運動對動物來說是致命的。每天早上和晚上，馬夫都要把狗從狗窩里牽出來，讓它們在圍欄里跑一圈，然后用咖喱梳子、刷子和稻草為獵狗梳毛，最后把它們交給獵狗主人或主要獵人。馬夫和馴馬師一般用皮帶遛狗。他們需要采摘通便的草藥，使動物的腸道系統(tǒng)得到良好的調節(jié)。

Though it was customary for a groom to feed, exercise, and sleep in a hound house with fine dogs, a hunter customarily exercised his brachets and hunting hounds in his own garden, in the town square, on bridges, and on highways. Treating diseases of animals was an important part of animal husbandry. Common diseases of dogs, particularly hunting dogs, were treated with medication and surgery. Dogs were thought as susceptible to disease as people were. Inactivity was thought deadly to animals. Grooms were required to take dogs out of their kennels each morning and night, run them around the enclosures, and then with curry combs, brushes, and straw prepare the hounds before presenting them to the master of hounds or the main hunter. Grooms and trainers walked dogs on leashes. They were required to pick laxative herbs to keep the animals’ intestinal systems well regulated.

? ? ? ? ? 富瓦伯爵和貝恩子爵加斯頓·菲布斯（Gaston Phebus，1331-91 年）在他的狩獵手冊《狩獵之書》（Le Livre de la chasse）中詳細介紹了如何照顧生病的狗。如果一只狗突然變得啞巴、衰弱或昏昏欲睡；或者如果一只狗不再咬人、食欲不振、啜泣、雙腿無力、一直想躺下；或者如果它開始聲嘶力竭地吠叫，它就會被認為患有狂犬病。所有的人都會小心那條狗，防止被咬傷。獵犬會被隔離起來，接受草藥和藥物治療，直到痊愈或死亡。

Gaston Phebus (1331–91), the count of Foix and viscount of Bearn, gave detailed advice on caring for diseased dogs in his hunting manual, Le Livre de la chasse (The Book of Hunting). If a dog suddenly became mute, debilitated, or sleepy; or if a dog no longer bit, lost its appetite, slavered, was weak on his legs, and forever wanted to lie down; or if he began to bark hoarsely, he was deemed to be suffering from rabies. All people would beware that dog’s bite. The hound was kept in isolation and treated with herbs and medications until it was cured or died.

? ? ? ? ? 人們認為疥癬是長期勞累狩獵以及眼睛、耳朵、喉嚨和爪子受傷后引起的疾病。如果狗的爪子腫了，馬夫或主人就會把狗的腳浸泡在盛有薰衣草、迷迭香和甘菊葉的溫水中。爪子被荊棘或戈壁割傷需要獸醫(yī)專家的治療。肩膀脫臼最好由整形外科醫(yī)生和接骨師處理，斷肢則要用馬具懸吊起來。

Mange was thought to be a condition brought on after long tiring hunts and injuries to the eye, ear, throat, and paws. If a dog had swollen paws, the groom or owner soaked the dog’s feet in a vessel of warm water with leaves of lavender, rosemary, and chamomile. Paws flayed on thorns or gorse needed veterinary experts. Dislocated shoulders were best handled by orthopedists and bone setters, and broken limbs were suspended in harnesses.

? ? ? ? ? 加斯頓·菲布斯（Gaston Phebus）贊美忠誠是好狗的主要品質，這種高尚的美德讓狗勝過其他所有取悅于人的動物。例如，萊昂尼斯國王阿波羅的灰獵犬從盧瓦爾河河床上拖出了它被謀殺的主人的尸體，用自己的爪子挖出一座墳墓，再用爪子回填墳墓，然后守護了六個月。智慧、服從、本能和記憶力讓狗在狩獵場上大顯身手。與人的天賦一樣，狗的行為也是從嬰兒時期就開始培養(yǎng)和訓練的。

Gaston Phebus celebrated faithfulness as a principal quality of a good dog, a noble virtue placing dogs over all other animals that please people. For instance, the greyhound of King Apollo of Leonis dragged the body of his murdered master from the bed of the Loire River, dug his grave with his own claws, and with his paws covered it and then guarded it for six months. Intelligence, obedience, instinct, and memory made dogs magnificent in the hunting field. As with the talents of people, dogs’ behavior was cultivated and trained from infancy.

資源推薦

1、Middle English Compendium（中古英語綱要）

? ? ? ? ? 中古英語綱要包含三個中古英語電子資源：中古英語詞典、中古英語散文和詩歌參考書目以及中古英語散文和詩歌語料庫。

（官網(wǎng)自稱是世界上最大的可搜索中古英語詞匯和用法數(shù)據(jù)庫，收錄 1100-1500 年間的中古英語詞匯和用法。）

網(wǎng)址：https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary（需要梯子）

2、林美香：《十六、十七世紀歐洲的禮儀書及其研究》，《臺大歷史學報》，2012年第49期，第157-212頁。

論文網(wǎng)址：

（1）https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/123456789/628491/1/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E3%80%81%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%A6%AE%E5%84%80%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6.pdf（不用梯子）

（2）https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/61809/1/157-212.pdf（不用梯子）

3、《Book?of Nurture》（教養(yǎng)之書）

作者：John Russell

獲得渠道：

（1）https://www.gutenberg.org/files/24790/24790-h/nurture.html#nurture_prologue

（需要梯子）

（2）https://archive.org/details/bokeofnurture00russ/page/n3/mode/2up（需要梯子）

《Handbook To Life in The Medieval World》（2008）

By Madeleine Pelner Cosman and Linda Gale Jones??

未完待續(xù)