---Chapter v : Aristocracy---

Aristocracy is therefore of three kinds: natural, elective, and

hereditary世襲的. The first is only suited to simple societies;?

the third is the worst of all forms of government.The second is?

the best;it is aristocracy in the true sense of the word.

-

membership of aristocratic government is limited to a few, and is

obtained by election: by which means integrity, intelligence,

experience, and all the other reasons for preference and public

esteem, are so many additional guarantees of wise government.

As regards★至于 the particular suitability of aristocracy, the state

should not be so small, nor its people so simple and upright正直?,

that the execution of laws immediately follows the public will,

as in a good democracy.?

-

Nor should the nation be so large that,

those governing it being far distant from each other, each can

set himself up as sovereign in his area, and begin by making

himself independent in order to end up as master.

---Chapter vi:Monarchy ---

The power that comes from the love of the people is?

certainly the strongest; but it is precarious★不穩(wěn)固的 and?

conditional; it will never satisfy a ruler.

★★★

The best of kings want the power to do harm if

they wish, without ceasing to be masters.(不會停止成為主宰者)

-

The preacher說教者 of political sermons說教 can tell them as often?

as he likes that, since their strength lies in the strength?

of their people, their own best interest is that the people?

should multiply, prosper, and be feared; (?)kings know very?

well that this is not true.?

-

Their personal interest is primarily that the people should?

be weak and wretched可憐的, and that it should never be capable?

of resistance.

Monarchy is suitable only for large states.

★★★

The distance between ruler and people is then too great,?

and the state loses cohesion凝聚力. In order that it should be?

restored★修復(fù),intermediate中間的 orders are therefore necessary：

-

and in order that they should be filled,?

royal princes, great lords, a nobility.?

(小邦不適用)

But if it is difficult for a large state to be well governed,?

it is much more so for it to be well governed by a single?

man, and everyone knows what happens when a king chooses?

others to act in his place.

An intrinsic固有的/本質(zhì)的 and unavoidable defect in monarchical?

government, which will always make it inferior to a republic is that

in a democratic government those who are put into high office

by public vote are almost always enlightened, capable men,

who perform their duties with honour;

-

whereas in a monarchy the ones who succeed are petty incompetents,?

petty scoundrels惡棍, petty intriguers陰謀家, whose?

trivial不重要的/細碎的 talents, those that bring great success?

at a court, serve only to show the public their owners'

ineptitude愚笨 as soon as they gain office.

-

it is almost as uncommon to find a minister of?

genuine ability under a monarchy as a fool at the?

head of a republican government.(在gong和中找閯瓜)

It is easier to conquer than to administer.?

-

If you had the world at the end of a long enough lever杠桿,?

you could move it with your finger; but to support the?

world on your shoulders you would need to be Hercules.?

★

When the contrary happens, and the state is too small for?

its ruler, which is very rare, it is still not well governed,?

because its leader, his mighty projects constantly in mind★心懷壯志,?

forgets the interests of his people,and renders them no less?

unhappy by misusing his superfluous過剩的 talents than does an?

incompetent leader through his lack of capacity.