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外刊逐句精讀|《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》:氣味偏好和文化有關(guān)系嗎?|CATTI一級(jí)譯員外...

2022-04-24 18:20 作者:imsebastianevans  | 我要投稿

紅色:主句? 藍(lán)色:從句? 黃色:從句連詞、關(guān)系代詞? 灰色:插入語、例句、同位語 ?綠色:長難句分析 紫色:詞根詞綴 ():修飾成分,包括定語、狀語等? 下劃線:詞匯詞組? 高亮:連詞


思考題


1.氣味偏好和文化有關(guān)系嗎?

2.積累到哪些氣味詞匯?


?
00:41
?

標(biāo)題和導(dǎo)語


Around the world, people like (and dislike) the same scents

在世界各地,人們喜歡(和不喜歡)相同的氣味


  • scent n. 香味,(動(dòng)物/人)氣息


Unlike visual preferences, the appreciation of smells crosses cultures

與視覺偏好不同,對(duì)氣味的欣賞跨越文化


  • visual a. 視覺的

vision n. 視覺

  • preference n. 偏好
  • appreciation n. 欣賞,理解


?
01:58
?

第一段


To the Swedes, there are few odours more delectable than the scent of surstr?mming, a type of fermented herring.

對(duì)瑞典人來說,沒有什么味道比 surstr?mming(一種發(fā)酵的鯡魚)更好聞了。


  • Swede n. 瑞典人

Sweden n. 瑞典

  • odour n. 臭味
  • delectable a. 美味的,好聞的
  • surstr?mming n. 瑞典鹽腌鯡魚
  • fermented a. 發(fā)酵的
  • herring n. 鯡魚


To most non-Swedes there are probably few odours more repulsive—the fish has been described variously as smelling like rancid cat litter, vaguely faecal or even corpse-like.

對(duì)于大多數(shù)非瑞典人來說,可能沒有比這更令人厭惡的氣味了——這種魚被描述為聞起來像腐臭的貓砂、略微的糞臭味,甚至像尸體一樣。


  • repulsive a. 令人厭惡的
  • variously ad. 以各種方式地
  • rancid a. (油脂事物)腐臭的
  • cat litter n. 貓砂
  • vaguely ad. 略微
  • faecal a. 和糞便有關(guān)的

faeces n. (負(fù)數(shù))糞便

  • corpse n. 尸體


(In determining which scents people find pleasant and which they do not), surstr?mming suggests culture must play a sizeable part.

鹽腌鯡魚表明,在確定人們覺得哪些氣味令人愉悅、哪些氣味令人不快時(shí),文化一定發(fā)揮了相當(dāng)大的作用。


  • suggest v. 表明 =indicate
  • must (表很可能)一定
  • sizeable a. 相當(dāng)大的


段落大意:


廣受瑞典人喜愛的鹽腌鯡魚讓很多其他國家的人無法接受,文化在其中發(fā)揮了作用。


?
06:39
?

第二段


New research, however, suggests that might not be the case.

然而,新的研究表明事實(shí)可能并非如此。


  • the case n. 實(shí)情,事實(shí)

If that is the case, we need more staff.

如果真是那樣,那我們就需要更多的員工了。


Artin Arshamian, a neuroscientist (at the Karolinska Institute) (in Sweden), and Asifa Majid, a psychologist (at the University of Oxford), began with the expectation that culture would play an important role (in determining pleasant smells).

瑞典卡羅林斯卡研究所的神經(jīng)科學(xué)家 Artin Arshamian 和牛津大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家 Asifa Majid一開始以為文化將在決定令人愉悅的氣味方面發(fā)揮重要作用。


紅色部分為句子主干,灰色部分分別是兩個(gè)并列主語的同位語,藍(lán)色部分是that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句解釋說明ecpectation。


  • neuroscientist n. 神經(jīng)科學(xué)家

neuroscience n. 神經(jīng)科學(xué)

  • psychologist n. 心理學(xué)家

psychology n. 心理學(xué)

  • psychiatrist n. 精神科學(xué)家

psychiatry n. 精神病學(xué)



This was not just because of examples (like that of fermented herring).

這不僅僅是因?yàn)橄癜l(fā)酵鯡魚這樣的例子。


  • that pron. 那個(gè)

that of用于指代前面出現(xiàn)過的內(nèi)容

His own experience was different from that of his friends.

他自己的體會(huì)和他朋友的體會(huì)不同。


They had noticed (from their own previous work) that people (from different cultures) described odours differently.

他們從自己之前的研究中注意到,來自不同文化背景的人對(duì)氣味的描述不同。


  • work n. 學(xué)習(xí),研究


They also knew (from past experiments) (by other researchers) that culture was important (in determining which sorts of faces people found beautiful).

他們還從過去其他研究人員所做的實(shí)驗(yàn)中了解到,文化在決定人們認(rèn)為哪種面孔美麗方面很重要。


  • experiment n. 實(shí)驗(yàn)
  • sort n. 種類

all sorts of 各種各樣的



Thus, they expected to see a similar phenomenon with smells.

因此,他們預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)在味道上看到類似的現(xiàn)象。


  • phenomenon n. 現(xiàn)象

phenomenal a. 非凡的 =extraordinary


段落大意:


新研究表明對(duì)氣味的偏好并非和文化有關(guān)。兩位科學(xué)家一開始因?yàn)榉N種原因認(rèn)為二者是有關(guān)的。


?
12:04
?

第三段


To study how scent and culture relate, Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid presented nine different groups of people with ten odours.

為了研究氣味和文化之間的關(guān)系,Arshamian博士和Majid博士向9組不同的人群展示了10種氣味。


These varied from pleasant-smelling vanilla extract to isovaleric acid, the chemical (responsible for the revolting scent of stinky socks).

這些氣味包括從令人愉快的香草提取物到異戊酸,即使臭襪子產(chǎn)生令人作嘔的氣味的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。


  • vary v. 變化

vary from...to... 從...到...不等

  • vanilla n. 香草香精 a. 香草味的
  • extract n. 濃縮物,提取物
  • isovaleric acid n. 異戊酸

valeric acid n. 戊酸

iso- (碳?xì)浠衔铮┩|(zhì)異構(gòu)的

  • revolting a. 令人作嘔的
  • stinky v. 難聞的,惡臭的


More intermediate odours, which the team thought might split opinions, included octanoic acid (with its moderately rancid smell); the sweet-smelling eugenol, which comes from cloves; and octenol, a musty and earthy scent (found in many mushrooms).

研究小組認(rèn)為可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生分歧的更多中間氣味包括具有一般腐臭的氣味的辛酸;來自丁香的芳香丁香酚; 和在許多蘑菇中發(fā)現(xiàn)的帶有霉味和泥土味的辛烯醇。


  • intermediate a. 中間的,中等的
  • split v. 使分裂(成不同派別)
  • octanoic acid 辛酸

octa- 和八相關(guān)的

  • moderately ad. 一般地,適度
  • rancid a. (油脂食物)腐臭的
  • eugenol n. 丁香酚
  • clove n. 丁香
  • octenol n. 辛烯醇
  • musty a. 有霉味的
  • earthy a. 泥土氣息的


段落大意:


研究內(nèi)容:向9組人提供10種味道,從臭味到中性味道到香味都有。


?
18:42
?

第四段


The cultures (doing the smelling) varied widely too.

進(jìn)行嗅覺實(shí)驗(yàn)人們的文化背景也有很大差異。


They included hunter-gatherer communities (along the coast of Mexico), subsistence farmers (living in the highlands of Ecuador), shoreline foragers, swidden horticulturalists (living in the tropical rainforests of Malaysia), and city folk (from Thailand and Mexico City).

他們包括墨西哥沿岸的采獵者群體、居住在厄瓜多爾高地的自給農(nóng)民、海岸線覓食者、居住在馬來西亞熱帶雨林中的農(nóng)田園藝種植,以及來自泰國和墨西哥城的城市居民。


  • hunter-gatherer n. 采獵者
  • subsistence farmer n. 自給農(nóng)民
  • shoreline n. 海岸線,河岸線
  • forager n. 覓食者
  • swidden n. (通過割燒開墾的)農(nóng)田
  • horticulturalists n. 園藝種植者

horticulture n. 園藝學(xué)

  • folk n. 普通百姓


All 235 participants were asked to rank odours (according to pleasantness).

所有 235 名參與者都被要求根據(jù)怡人程度對(duì)氣味進(jìn)行排名。


  • rank v. 把....分等級(jí),排名
  • pleasantness n. 愉悅,怡人

pleasant a. 令人愉悅的


The team compared their results to earlier work (on New Yorkers) who had been exposed to the same scents.

研究團(tuán)隊(duì)將他們排名的結(jié)果與早期對(duì)接觸過相同氣味的紐約人的研究進(jìn)行了比較。


段落大意:


研究對(duì)象來自多個(gè)地區(qū)、多種文化,研究人員將這次的結(jié)果和針對(duì)紐約人的研究進(jìn)行對(duì)比。


?
22:48
?

第五段


(Writing (in Current Biology (this week), the researchers noted that pleasantness rankings (of the odours) were remarkably consistent (regardless of where people came from).

研究人員本周在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》雜志上撰文指出,無論人們來自哪里,他們對(duì)氣味的愉悅度排名都非常一致。


  • remarkably ad. 不尋常地
  • consistenta. 一致的
  • regardless of 不顧....


The smell of isovaleric acid was reviled (by the vast majority of the participants), only eight giving it a score of 1 to 3 (on the pleasantness scale) (where 1 was very pleasant and 10 was very unpleasant).

絕大多數(shù)參與者都對(duì)異戊酸的氣味嗤之以鼻,只有 8 人在宜人量表上給出 1 到 3 分(其中 1 表示非常愉快,10 表示非常不愉快)。


  • revile v. 謾罵


On the other hand, more than 190 people gave vanilla extract a score of 1 to 3 and a tiny minority, only 12 people found it revolting enough to rate 8 to 10.

另一方面,超過 190 人給香草精打了 1 到 3 分,只有極少數(shù),只有 12 人覺得它令人反感到足以給出8到10 分。


Overall, the chemical composition of the odourants that the researchers presented explained 41% of the reactions that participants had.

總體而言,研究人員提供的添味劑的化學(xué)成分解釋了參與者 41% 的反應(yīng)。


  • composition n. 組成
  • odourant n. 添味劑


In contrast, cultural upbringing accounted for just 6% of the results.

相比之下,文化培養(yǎng)只占結(jié)果的 6%。


  • upbringing n. n. 養(yǎng)育,培養(yǎng)


Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid point out that this is very different from how visual perception of faces works—(in that case) a person’s culture accounts for up to 50% (of the explanation) (for which faces they find beautiful).

Arshamian博士和 Majid博士指出,這與人臉的視覺認(rèn)知的運(yùn)作方式大不相同——在這種情況下,一個(gè)人的文化背景在他們認(rèn)為哪些臉美的解釋中最多占到50%。


紅色部分為句子主干,第一個(gè)藍(lán)色部分是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句做point out的賓語,賓語從句的核心為this is different form sth. 。破折號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步解釋句子主干,in that case指的是在“visual perception of faces”的情況下,for與explaination搭配,which引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作介詞for的賓語。


  • perception n. 感知,看法


段落大意:


研究結(jié)果:不同文化的人對(duì)氣味認(rèn)知相近。人的判斷更多基于化學(xué)成分,而非文化背景。


?
30:23
?

第六段


Even so, while culture did not shape perceptions of odours (in the way that it is known to shape perceptions of faces), the researchers did find an “eye of the beholder” effect.

盡管如此,雖然文化并沒有以眾所周知的塑造面孔感知的方式塑造對(duì)氣味的感知,但研究人員確實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了“各花入各眼”效應(yīng)。


  • beholder n. 觀看者

behold v. 看見

in the eye of the beholder 各花入各眼

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

情人眼里出西施。


Randomness, which Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid suggest has to be coming from personal preferences (learned from outside individual culture), accounted for 54% (of the variance (in which smells people liked).

Arshamian博士和Majid博士認(rèn)為,隨機(jī)性一定來自從個(gè)人文化以外學(xué)習(xí)到的個(gè)人偏好,占人們氣味偏好差異原因的 54%。


紅色部分為句子主干,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾randomness,其中的灰色部分是插入語,補(bǔ)充信息的來源。the variance in sth.表示“在....方面不一致”,which引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作介詞in的賓語。


  • randomness n. 任意,隨機(jī)
  • variance n. 不一致



“Olfactory bulb of the beholder” does not slip off the tongue so easily but it too appears to be a real phenomenon.

盡管“各味入各嗅球”并沒有那么朗朗上口,但它似乎也是一個(gè)真實(shí)的現(xiàn)象。


  • olfactory bulb n. 嗅球
  • slip off the tongue 容易說,順口


段落大意:


雖然對(duì)氣味的 偏好和文化沒有太大關(guān)聯(lián),它和個(gè)人喜好還是有關(guān)系的。


?
37:30
?

文章結(jié)構(gòu)



?
38:60
?

思考題




1. 氣味偏好和文化有關(guān)系嗎?


? Unlike visual preferences, the appreciation of smells crosses cultures.


? Pleasantness rankings of the odours were remarkably consistent regardless of where people came from.


? The chemical composition of the odourants that the researchers presented explained the reactions thatparticipants had.


2. 積累到哪些氣味詞匯?


氣味:

scent,?odour,?smell


香味:

pleasant, pleasant-smelling,?sweet-smelling, delectable,?vanilla, clove


臭味:

repulsive, rancid, faecal, corpse-like, revolting, stinky, musty, cat litter, faeces


外刊逐句精讀|《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》:氣味偏好和文化有關(guān)系嗎?|CATTI一級(jí)譯員外...的評(píng)論 (共 條)

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