TED演講者：Eleni Myrivili / 伊蓮妮 ·麥瑞維麗

演講標(biāo)題：A 3-part plan to take on extreme heat waves / 應(yīng)對(duì)極端熱浪的三步計(jì)劃

內(nèi)容概要：The deadliest severe weather phenomenon is something you might not realize: extreme heat. Eleni Myrivili, chief heat officer of the city of Athens, Greece, explains that extreme heat and heat waves are often overlooked because they're not as dramatic as flooding or hurricanes – and breaks down three approaches to keep cities cool in a time of rapid global temperature rise. "Cranking up the air conditioner is just not going to cut it," she says.

最嚴(yán)重、致命的氣候現(xiàn)象往往是你意識(shí)不到的：極端炎熱。希臘雅典城首席衛(wèi)生官伊蓮妮 ·麥瑞維麗（Eleni Myrivili）解釋說，極端高溫和熱浪通常被忽視，因?yàn)樗鼈儾蝗绾樗蝻Z風(fēng)般劇烈，并且把快速全球升溫時(shí)讓城市保持涼爽的方法分為三個(gè)部分。她說：“打開空調(diào)并不能消減空調(diào)數(shù)量。”

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【1】So in my city of Athens, Greece, like in many cities around the world, a lot of people thought that climate change is something happening far away.

在我的城市希臘雅典, 就像世界上許多城市一樣, 很多人認(rèn)為氣候變化 是一個(gè)離自己很遙遠(yuǎn)的事情。

【2】Until ash started falling from the sky and temperatures neared 45 degrees Celsius in the summer of 2021, and they stayed above 40 degrees for several days.

直到灰燼開始從天而降 然后氣溫在 2021 年夏天 并 40 攝氏度以上停留了好幾天。

【3】The asphalt sizzled and huge wildfires burned the forests around the city and people died.

瀝青嘶嘶作響,巨大的野火 燒毀了城市周圍的森林, 有些人死了。

【4】The last decade has been the hottest ever recorded in our history.

過去的十年是我們歷史上 所記錄的最熱的十年。

【5】Paradoxically, even though we've been talking about global warming for decades, we haven't been talking about extreme heat, especially in urban environments.

矛盾的是,即使我們 幾十年來一直談?wù)撝蜃兣? 我們一直沒有談?wù)摌O端高溫, 尤其是在城市環(huán)境中。

【6】Extreme heat is the deadliest of all extreme weather phenomena.

極端高溫是所有 極端天氣現(xiàn)象中最致命的。

【7】Very few of us know this.

我們很少有人知道這一點(diǎn)。

【8】We overlook extreme heat because heat doesn't come with the drama of roofs sent flying and streets turned into rivers.

我們忽略了極端的高溫, 因?yàn)楦邷夭粫?huì)伴隨著屋頂被掀翻、 街道變成河流這樣的戲劇性場(chǎng)面。

【9】Heat destroys quietly.

高溫會(huì)悄悄地破壞。

【10】Yet there is little escape from heat.

然而,幾乎沒有人能逃離炎熱。

【11】These are temperatures our bodies are not made for and cannot adapt to.

這些溫度不是我們的身體所能適應(yīng)的。

【12】These are temperatures our cities and our infrastructure is not made for.

我們的城市和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 不適合這樣的溫度。

【13】The structures of our cities and the surfaces absorb heat and store it and radiate it at night.

我們城市的建筑結(jié)構(gòu) 和地表吸收并儲(chǔ)存熱量, 并在晚上散發(fā)出去。

【14】Cars and air conditioning add more to the urban environment.

汽車和空調(diào)給城市環(huán)境 增添了更多的負(fù)擔(dān)。

【15】And this is a deadly mix.

這是一種致命的混合。

【16】This is what we call the urban heat island.

這就是我們所說的城市熱島。

【17】The list of health effects from heat and from heat waves is long, and it includes significant mental problems, mental health problems.

高溫和熱浪對(duì)健康的影響有很多, 其中包括嚴(yán)重的精神問題, 精神健康問題。

【18】It also, heat creates fatigue and loss of sleep, which in turn increases workplace injuries as well as significant losses of productivity.

此外, 高溫會(huì)造成疲勞和睡眠不足, 這反過來又會(huì)增加工傷 和生產(chǎn)力的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。

【19】Heat waves also, we know, that they increase violence in communities, we have correlated it to increased violence in communities, and also they lower the ability of children to learn.

我們知道, 熱浪還會(huì)增加社區(qū)暴力, 我們將熱浪與社區(qū)中 增加的暴力行為聯(lián)系在了一起, 它還會(huì)降低孩子們的學(xué)習(xí)能力。

【20】And in the cities, not everybody, of course, is affected equally.

當(dāng)然,在城市里, 并不是每個(gè)人都會(huì)受到相同的影響。

【21】The poor, especially the energy-poor and the housing-poor are most vulnerable as well as people with pre-existing conditions, people above 60 years old, pregnant women, young children and people that have manual labor jobs.

窮人,特別是缺少能源的人 和缺少住房的人, 以及患基礎(chǔ)病的人、 60 歲以上的人、 孕婦、兒童、 從事體力勞動(dòng)的人是最脆弱的。

【22】Also, we know that heat has been baking farmers' crops, reducing yields, inhibiting pollination, and more and more farm workers are going to work before daybreak or farming in the night, harvesting in the night.

此外,高溫烘烤著農(nóng)民的莊稼, 降低了產(chǎn)量, 抑制授粉, 越來越多的農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人 選擇在黎明前 或夜間耕作,在夜間收獲。

【23】It's just getting too darn hot.

現(xiàn)在真的太熱了。

【24】The great infrastructures that we have built with ingenuity and effort during the last two centuries, the dams, the waterways, the highways, the railways, they have been carefully engineered for a climate that no longer exists.

在過去的兩個(gè)世紀(jì)里, 我們用智慧和努力 建造了偉大的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施, 水壩、水道、高速公路、鐵路, 都是為一種現(xiàn)已 不復(fù)存在的氣候精心設(shè)計(jì)的。

【25】What can we do?

我們能做些什么？

【26】I will talk about cities because that's my territory.

我想談?wù)摮鞘?因?yàn)槟鞘俏业念I(lǐng)域。

【27】As chief health officer of Athens, I think of all possible efforts in three general categories.

作為雅典的首席衛(wèi)生官, 我認(rèn)為所有可能的努力 大致可以分為三類。

【28】Awareness, preparedness and redesign.

意識(shí)、 準(zhǔn)備和重新設(shè)計(jì)。

【29】Awareness means that we recognize the threat.

意識(shí)的意思就是我們認(rèn)識(shí)到了威脅。

【30】It's hard sometimes to persuade people, especially in hot climates, to take heat exposure seriously.

尤其是在炎熱的氣候中, 有時(shí)很難說服人們 認(rèn)真對(duì)待熱暴露。

【31】So this year, together with the Arsht-Rockefeller Resilience Center, we are going to pilot, for the first time this summer, four cities in the US and Athens, we're going to pilot a new methodology for naming and categorizing heat waves like we do hurricanes.

所以今年,我們將與阿什特-洛克菲勒 （Arsht-Rockefeller）恢復(fù)中心一起, 今夏第一次, 在美國的四個(gè)城市和雅典, 我們將試點(diǎn)使用一種新的方法來命名 和分類熱浪,就像 我們對(duì)颶風(fēng)做的那樣。

【32】So consider this.

想一下,

【33】When there is a category 4 hurricane, you don't expect the pizza delivery person to bring a pizza to your house, nor do you expect, like, people to keep working in a construction site.

當(dāng)四級(jí)颶風(fēng)來襲時(shí), 你不會(huì)指望披薩外賣員 把披薩送到你家, 也不會(huì)指望人們 繼續(xù)在建筑工地工作。

【34】However, we don't have such considerations or policies in relation to a category 4 heat wave because there is no category 4 heat waves.

但是,我們沒有四級(jí)熱浪下 相關(guān)的考慮和政策, 因?yàn)閺膩頉]有四級(jí)熱浪這個(gè)分類。

【35】We don't have metrics, and we don't have categories.

我們沒有度量指標(biāo), 我們沒有分類。

【36】And I think that this will be a real game changer.

我認(rèn)為這真的會(huì)改變很多。

【37】So this is just one thing, but I think this is important.

雖然它只是一件事, 我卻覺得它很重要。

【38】So awareness leads to preparedness, and preparedness means that you are kind of, ready to basically, when the event happens, to protect the most vulnerable.

意識(shí)過后便是準(zhǔn)備, 準(zhǔn)備意味著你能夠 在災(zāi)害發(fā)生時(shí) 保護(hù)最脆弱的人群。

【39】And there's a whole slew of actions that cities are doing all around the world, short-term things, to protect people during the heat waves.

世界各地的城市采取了 一系列的短期的措施, 在熱浪襲來時(shí)保護(hù)人們。

【40】For example, in Athens, we have created a smartphone app that gives you personalized and real-time risk assessment and gives you, on a map, risk assessments in relation to heat,

例如,在雅典, 我們制作了一個(gè)手機(jī)應(yīng)用, 它能給你人性化的 實(shí)時(shí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)檢測(cè), 并提供一個(gè)地圖上的 有關(guān)高溫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)試,

【41】and gives you on a map where you can go to get cover, where are the cool spaces, the nearest cool spaces.

告訴你可以去哪里得到保護(hù), 哪里比較涼快,最近的清涼地點(diǎn)。

【42】New York has created this great buddy system where people in the neighborhood keep on checking during heat waves on people that are vulnerable in the neighborhood.

紐約創(chuàng)造了結(jié)伴制度, 在熱浪襲來時(shí)人們能照顧 社區(qū)中的脆弱人群。

【43】They also gave, I think a couple of years ago, 74,000 units of air conditioning for low-income seniors.

紐約還在幾年前給低收入老年人 提供了 74000 臺(tái)空調(diào)。

【44】Sydney does this great thing, which is that they divert energy from the industrial sector to residential districts to avoid blackouts during heat waves.

悉尼做了同樣偉大的事, 在熱浪期間,為避免停電, 他們把工業(yè)部門的能源分給了居民區(qū)。

【45】So these are some short-term things that we can do and we've been doing.

這就是一些短期內(nèi) 我們能做的事情, 和我們正在做的事情。

【46】But the real task at hand is redesigning our cities to make our cities cooler and thinking beyond air conditioning.

但是手邊真正的任務(wù)是 重新設(shè)計(jì)我們的城市, 讓城市更涼爽, 并思考空調(diào)之外的方法。

【47】So before we started designing our buildings and our cities and cooling them and heating them with fossil fuels, architecture had incorporated centuries-long wisdom for design solutions and materials that were fine-tuned to the local climate conditions.

在我們開始設(shè)計(jì)我們的建筑、城市, 用化石燃料降溫、升溫之前, 建筑的方案和材料 已經(jīng)凝結(jié)了百年的智慧, 良好適應(yīng)著當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂驐l件。

【48】So thick walls with tiny openings or well-placed windows high up in the building that kind of move air from the bottom up and out or outside shutters.

厚墻壁和小通風(fēng)口, 或整齊排列在樓房高處的窗戶, 那樣的設(shè)計(jì)讓空氣 可以從上到下再流出, 或在外循環(huán)。

【49】Shady and verdant internal courtyards with fountains or outside walls that are whitewashed every spring to reflect the hot summer heat, the heat of the hot summers.

樹林陰翳的小院子, 安裝著噴泉 或者每年刷白的外墻, 反射著夏日的高溫, 酷暑的熱浪。

【50】So compare these to our concrete, steel and glass buildings that are air conditioned and that have sealed windows that basically make our cities into heat traps compounding instead of solving the problem.

相較這些,我們的水泥、 鋼鐵和玻璃建成的樓房有著空調(diào) 和密封的窗戶, 實(shí)際上這會(huì)讓我們的城市被熱量包圍, 使熱量疊加,而不是解決問題。

【51】So, what we really need to do is we need to radically rethink and redesign our urban environments away from the logic of modernity, away from the logic of carbon modernity.

所以,我們真正要做的事 是徹底重新思考和設(shè)計(jì) 我們的城市環(huán)境, 遠(yuǎn)離現(xiàn)代性的邏輯, 遠(yuǎn)離現(xiàn)代的碳排放邏輯。

【52】Carbon is there from the get go, from the materials that we use for the types of construction, from the way we use the buildings, we heat and cool them, the way we eat, the way we consume, the way we move around in our urban environments.

碳從一開始就在那, 就來自于我們的各種建造材料, 來自我們使用建筑、 讓它升溫降溫的方式, 我們吃東西、我們消耗的方式, 我們?cè)诔鞘协h(huán)境中的交通方式。

【53】So we need to redesign our cities beyond energy efficiency and cutting carbon emissions.

因此我們需要重新設(shè)計(jì)我們的城市, 不僅僅關(guān)注能源效率和減少碳排放。

【54】We need an urban design revolution, a total paradigm shift that probably needs to be led not by architects anymore, but landscape architects that know more about thermodynamics and soil and the importance of soils for biodiversity

我們需要一場(chǎng)城市規(guī)劃的革命 和理念的徹底轉(zhuǎn)變, 或許不再被建筑師引領(lǐng), 而是地形建筑師, 他們更了解熱力學(xué)和土壤, 以及土壤對(duì)于生物多樣性的重要性,

【55】and all these things that can really bring about a real paradigm shift, a revolution in design, a new type of urbanity that actually is a different metabolic animal.

這些做法的確可以帶來理念的轉(zhuǎn)變、 設(shè)計(jì)的革命 和城市的新形態(tài), 使其變成一種新的新陳代謝的動(dòng)物。

【56】Our cities of the future will be different metabolic systems.

我們未來的城市 會(huì)有截然不同的代謝系統(tǒng)。

【57】And we don't really know yet what this is going to look like, but I think it's going to be great, and it's just the beginning.

我們并不一定要知道 它會(huì)是什么樣, 但我認(rèn)為它會(huì)非常棒, 而且這只是個(gè)開始。

【58】But what we do know is that we really, really urgently need to build resilience to our current climate conditions at urban scale.

我們所知道的是我們真的 真的迫切需要為我們現(xiàn)在的氣候條件 創(chuàng)造城市規(guī)模的彈性。

【59】There are materials and technologies that are currently being developed that will help, but the main thing, the first and foremost and most important thing for bringing down heat in cities is bringing nature into the urban fabric.

我們有正在研發(fā)的材料 和科技來幫助我們, 但降低城市高溫的 主要、首先和最重要的任務(wù) 是把自然帶到我們城市規(guī)劃中。

【60】And this means a radical increase of trees, of tree coverage, of biodiversity and of water in the surfaces of our cities so that we can bring down the heat.

這意味著我們需要樹木、植被覆蓋、 生物多樣性和城市表面水的劇增, 讓我們可以降低高溫。

【61】So this is the time, this is the decade, and this means that cities have to really think the interconnections and interdependencies between different urban systems, and they have to think of resources very carefully and build backup systems and redundancies, flexibility and diversity.

就是現(xiàn)在,就是這個(gè)年代, 這代表城市需要認(rèn)真考慮 不同都市系統(tǒng)之間的聯(lián)系和依賴, 他們也需要認(rèn)真考量資源, 建造備用系統(tǒng), 和冗余、靈活性及多樣性。

【62】And think about sustainability and equity, because this is how we build resilience in our cities.

還要考慮到可持續(xù)性和公平, 因?yàn)檫@才是我們 在城市中創(chuàng)造彈性的方式。

【63】And cities are already doing it and they're changing.

城市已經(jīng)開始了行動(dòng), 并帶來了改變。

【64】And we're very much learning from each other because for the first time, the last few decades, cities belong in powerful urban networks so we're kind of talking with each other and learning from each other.

我們?cè)诨ハ鄬W(xué)習(xí), 因?yàn)樵谶^去的幾十年里, 城市首次加入了強(qiáng)大的都市網(wǎng)絡(luò), 借此我們彼此交流,互相學(xué)習(xí)。

【65】Networks like Resilient Cities Network and C40 are really supporting cities.

像韌性城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)（Resilient Cities Network）和 C40 這樣的系統(tǒng)的的確確在支持著城市。

【66】And I'm going to give you a finish by giving you a few examples of what cities have done, and of course, I'm going to start from Athens.

我將以幾個(gè)城市已經(jīng) 采取的措施的例子來結(jié)尾。 當(dāng)然,我會(huì)從雅典開始。

【67】So in Athens, we have this incredible Roman aqueduct, a brilliant, ancient masterpiece of design and engineering that runs for 20 kilometers underground, totally invisible, and still today moves enormous amounts of water from the hills outside of Athens to the center of Athens.

在雅典,我們有令人驚嘆的羅馬溝渠, 那是一個(gè)在設(shè)計(jì)和工程方面 無與倫比的古代偉大之作, 在地下延伸 20 公里,完全隱形, 到現(xiàn)在仍然將巨大量的水, 從雅典城外的山運(yùn)送到城市中心。

【68】The water is great, too, it's perfect for irrigation, you don't need to do anything to it.

這些水也很不錯(cuò), 它們非常適合灌溉, 不需要你做任何事情。

【69】And for decades now, we've been just throwing it into the sewage and then to the sea.

幾十年來, 我們只是把它排進(jìn)污水管, 再排進(jìn)海洋。

【70】So now this urban aqueduct, this ancient monument, is going to be used to build resilience and lower heat by supporting urban nature for the modern city of Athens.

現(xiàn)在,這個(gè)城市水渠和古時(shí)豐碑, 將會(huì)被用來建造韌性,降低溫度, 通過支持現(xiàn)代雅典城的都市本質(zhì)。

【71】Another great example is Medellín, in Colombia.

另一個(gè)很好的例子是 哥倫比亞的麥德林市。

【72】Medellín, they created 36 green corridors, a dense network of trees and flower beds that has lowered temperatures four degrees Celsius in the city, and it does a lot of other things, ecosystemic services, like captures pollution and noise pollution and water and soil erosion.

在麥德林,人們 建造了 36 個(gè)綠色走廊, 一個(gè)高密度的樹木花朵植被系統(tǒng)。 它們使城市溫度降低了 4 攝氏度, 還做了許多其他事情, 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù),如捕捉污染、 噪聲污染、水源和土壤污染。

【73】So all these things have really important ecosystemic services.

這些都是極為重要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。

【74】You probably know, Seoul in South Korea, they dismantled a highway that was ten lanes long and it had four lanes on top expressway, to restore a stream underneath

你應(yīng)該知道了,在韓國首爾, 拆除了十條車道寬的高速公路, 留了四車道, 就為了恢復(fù)底下的水流。

【75】and [they] created this blue corridor and green corridor, 3.6 miles long, a continuous space for wildlife and people to walk and bicycle, that not only lowers temperatures,

他們還建造了 3.6 英里的 藍(lán)色走廊和綠色走廊, 一個(gè)給野生動(dòng)物的生存、 人們行走或騎車的長久空間, 作用不僅僅是降低溫度。

【76】they've measured that it goes up to 5.9 degrees Celsius, that it lowers temperatures in that area, But also it protects the city from flooding.

根據(jù)他們的測(cè)量,這樣的走廊 使該地區(qū)溫度降溫高達(dá) 5.9 攝氏度, 同時(shí),它保護(hù)著城市免受洪水災(zāi)害。

【77】And, of course, it attracts thousands of visitors every day, has created a lot of jobs and has supported business development more than any other part of Seoul.

當(dāng)然了,它每天還吸引著 成千上萬的游客, 創(chuàng)造了許多就業(yè), 比首爾其他任何地方 更支持企業(yè)發(fā)展。

【78】Paris is using the water of the Seine to give free cooling to buildings around the river.

巴黎在用塞納河的水 來免費(fèi)降低河邊建筑的溫度。

【79】And finally, I'll finish with Melbourne in Australia because they have created an incredible strategy that's called Nature in the City Strategy, where they've analyzed and think

最后,我想講講澳大利亞的墨爾本, 因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)明了一個(gè)絕妙的策略, 叫做城市中的自然策略 （Nature in the City Strategy）, 他們已經(jīng)分析并思考

【80】how to bring together all of the levels of the ecosystem from the soil and the fungi underneath to the plants and the animals and the birds and the insects and the frogs and put into place all these actions that will ensure that the urban environment, that their kids will grow up, will be richer and much healthier.

如何將各層級(jí)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)整合在一起 從地下土壤和真菌, 到動(dòng)植物、鳥類、昆蟲 和青蛙, 開展所有這樣的措施, 來保障他們孩子成長中的城市環(huán)境 變得越來越豐富, 越來越健康。

【81】So, what keeps me really excited about this work, working to help cities cool down and work against climate change, is also that I feel that I'm really helping create much more wonderful cities to live in.

這項(xiàng)幫助城市降溫、 應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的工作令我激動(dòng)的是 我也感到我真的在幫助 創(chuàng)造更多給人們居住的美好城市。

【82】So just think about this, cranking up the air conditioning is just not going to cut it.

想想吧, 打開空調(diào) 并不能消減它的數(shù)量。

【83】Thank you.

謝謝。