【干貨之王】可能是唯一需要聽的一節(jié)語法課（直播錄像）
一、詞性???
- 可數(shù)名詞不單寫 a n./ the n.+定語
代詞
復(fù)數(shù)
*read book（x）→read a/the/one's book(s)
- 名詞在句首一般是主語 n. asdgfsdfksj 謂語
A of B, A是核心詞
- 怎么樣了
l v. this apple.
動(dòng)詞看不懂→我（怎么樣了，靈活變動(dòng)）這個(gè)蘋果
- 及物動(dòng)詞 vt. 必須直接加賓語
I use（x）→this book that l use
- 不及物動(dòng)詞 vi. 不能加賓語
沒有被動(dòng)
發(fā)生：happen/occur/take place→sth happen/occur
增長：rise→sth rise
*特殊情況：Look at/ agree with/ deal with=vt.
- 用于形容名詞
- 形容詞大部分是前置
- 連詞加句子 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子
并列兩句完整句子: and, or, but, so
However, thus, therefore, furthermor，都是副詞
Addkjahdsui, however, 句子.（x）→連詞
- 關(guān)系連詞 也不能單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一句話
*問句中上述詞屬于關(guān)系副詞
If you can beat me.（x）
- 介詞短語的作用
1.修飾名詞
l play soccer in my school.(定語)
2.修飾動(dòng)詞
l play soccer in my school.(定語)
By doing
- 常用介詞：
In 在...范圍，實(shí)在范圍，虛在范圍：school/ environment
On 在上面：impact/ effect on n.
For 介詞（為了）
連詞（因?yàn)椋┖竺婕泳渥?=because
Of 對(duì)于：A of b of c, A是核心詞
強(qiáng)調(diào)屬性：Book of history & Book in history
Be of= have= be adj.
This book is of importance.
This book is important.
This book has importance.
With 和/用
To →
Over +n. 超過
抽象名詞 對(duì)于=to/of
Sb think over sth.
Across 遍布，跨越
Around 遍布
V.+around
go/walk around 走來走去
lie around 騙來騙去
About 關(guān)于
About +跟數(shù)字有關(guān)的詞 大約
Bwtween A and B
Bwtween +名詞復(fù)數(shù)：Bwtween books 一堆書兩兩之間
At “在”
- 修飾 動(dòng)詞/形容詞/副詞
a. 一個(gè) 泛指，我今天看了篇論文, a paper
the. 就是讓你去理解到底是“哪一個(gè)”, the book is good.
Population in our country is large.(x)
The population in our country is large. (√)
The population is large. （？）
The 翻譯成“這個(gè)”
考試求穩(wěn) 用代詞替代the：our/ your book > the book
任何代詞在閱讀中 你需要去找指代→寫作文用了代詞，讀者能不能get到這個(gè)代詞代替誰
This./ lt. 主語 代替上一句話
- A +n. of 一堆
1. A of B 核心是A
*例外：A lot of books
2.A number of
The number of number+可數(shù)名詞
An amount of
The amount of amount+不可數(shù)名詞 amount=A great deal of
3.A large sum of 形容錢
二、句型
l love you.
l am happy.
l am in school
- 主 asdadasd定語 asdasdad 謂賓
定語=adj. 修飾名詞
狀語=adv. 修飾動(dòng)詞
句子做主語，謂語用單數(shù)
That these books are good is interesting.
- how/what/ where 引導(dǎo)
What you eat is an apple.
How you play soccer hurts you.
How to play soccer is a question.→how to do：固定搭配
- that 引導(dǎo) that不充當(dāng)任何成分，不代之任何成分
That you play tennis is interesting.
- 賓語從句that不要省略
1.寫作中 賓語從句that不要省略，寫that提醒自己后面還有一個(gè)完整句子
l think that you like to play soccer.
2.閱讀中 要小心that可能省略
l think you like to play soccer.
- 套娃: l think that （主語從句）.
l think that That these books are good is interesting.
- 本質(zhì)框架：關(guān)系連詞+分句，主句（主謂賓）.
Although l think that That these books are good is interesting，主句.
- 本質(zhì)：修飾動(dòng)詞
- 主句（主謂賓），關(guān)系連詞+分句.
- 狀語從句的常用關(guān)系連詞
While 1.分句有進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般是“當(dāng)”
2.沒有進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般是“盡管”=although
Although/ though/ while
afhkaofha, though ashfasfase.
(但是)
As 1.介詞：作為+n.
2.連詞：句子
當(dāng)/隨著
因?yàn)?/span> 主句（一個(gè)現(xiàn)象）, as asduhaksdjasd.
正如 as sb/sth v. （句首/插入語）
As as
as adj. as 形容詞修飾名詞，找之修飾的名詞
翻譯：第一個(gè)as忽略，第二個(gè)as“正如”
本質(zhì)就是形容詞
l like this book that is red and this car.
1.沒有逗號(hào)，限定(n.) that=which
l like this book that is red.
先行詞作賓語
that/ which 可以省略
l like this book he read.
This book he read is good.
2.加逗號(hào)，非限定(n./句子)
看到定語從句 一定要去想修飾哪個(gè)詞
想用來形容前面一句話，必須加逗號(hào)，用which
I like to read this book, which makes me happy.
I like to read these books, which makes me happy.
3.介詞+定語從句 +完整句子
只能用which
此定語從句不會(huì)修飾前面一句話的，一般是名詞
l like this book in which there are words.
l like this book in which l like.(x)
翻譯
1）介詞本身意思理解了
2）把which 替代成修飾詞
l like this book on which there is an apple. 我喜歡這本書，在它上面，有一個(gè)蘋果。
l know a lot of friends among which there are many doctors. 我認(rèn)識(shí)很多朋友，在他們之間，有很多醫(yī)生。
4.Where 和 when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句
作狀語
Where 修飾地點(diǎn)，任何可以用in 來去描述的范圍
When 修飾時(shí)間
在這個(gè)...里
l like the atmosphere/(situation) in your school where(=in which) l can learn many things.
我喜歡這個(gè)氛圍，在這個(gè)氛圍里，我可以學(xué)到很多事情。
帶介詞的定語從句（Where）修飾名詞，作狀語 →where+完整句子.
l like the atmosphere in your school where l can learn many things.
套娃本質(zhì)，無限循環(huán)
l know a lot of friends among whom if l have many books, l will give them.
l know a lot of friends among whom if l have, if l am in Taiyuan, many books, l will give them.
“專有名詞”+后面定語從句
l like WTO 20 years ago, which is an organization.
- Which不會(huì)用于狀語從句，只有where/when需要區(qū)分狀語從句和定語從句。
l can go to shanghai where l have many books. 定語從句
l can go to shanghai, where l have many books. 狀語從句
翻譯：l like December, when l can play soccer.
定語從句：我喜歡12月，在12月里，我能踢足球。
狀語從句：只有當(dāng)我能踢足球時(shí)，我才喜歡12月。
- 寫作邏輯：我喜歡星期天，在星期天我可以踢足球。
讀到有主謂賓→非謂語動(dòng)詞，本質(zhì)：也是動(dòng)詞，但凡是動(dòng)詞你就要去想誰發(fā)出的動(dòng)詞。
1.沒有逗號(hào)
l like this book making me happy.
2.有逗號(hào)的
l like this book, making me happy. (三合一)
邏輯思維鏈：making→be+Ving（進(jìn)行時(shí)一定加be動(dòng)詞）→無be動(dòng)詞，不是進(jìn)行時(shí)→不是謂語→非謂語→是非謂語→book缺謂語
This book making me happy(x)
This book making me happy is good.（√）
寫作時(shí)，確保非謂語動(dòng)詞是主語發(fā)出的
Looking from a broad perspective, there is a trend. (x)
Looking from a broad perspective, we can see a trend. (√)
Looking from a broad perspective, l know this is good. (√)
Ving + 賓語 +謂語(單數(shù))+賓語.
Ving + 賓語(從句套娃) (作主語) + 謂語(單數(shù)) + 賓語(從句套娃).
Thinking that you are good is good.
lt is adj. for sb to do sth.
It is portable for me to use my laptop. ( lt代替后面動(dòng)詞, x)
It is convenient for me to use my laptop. (√)
閱讀中思維模式：是方便的，我用我的筆記本電腦。
lt is adj. that ...
It is important that we should read books.
閱讀中思維模式：是很重要的，我們應(yīng)該讀書。
& It plays computer.
閱讀中：去前文找it的指代，形式主語后面一般不加動(dòng)詞，肯定不是形式主語。
It seems important that you are right.（感官動(dòng)詞→系動(dòng)詞→be動(dòng)詞）
1. 本質(zhì)：解釋名詞內(nèi)容 只能用that
2. 同位語與定語從句的區(qū)別
定語從句→修飾
I like this piece of news that is fresh. 我喜歡這幾則新聞，他們是新鮮的。
I like this school that
school沒有內(nèi)容，不能用同位語；
任何名詞都可以被修飾，都可以用定語從句；
同位語→解釋
I like this piece of news that l can read books. 我喜歡這幾則新聞，他們的內(nèi)容是我可以讀這些書。
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們擔(dān)心一件事，事情的內(nèi)容是他們生病了。
I like this idea/opinion/new/story that
同位語用于解釋名詞本身內(nèi)容是什么
3. 同位語從句，是句子，就可以套娃，永動(dòng)機(jī)
I like this piece of news that when l was a kid, l could play soccer.
I like this piece of news that when l was a kid, l could play soccer which was popular at that time when everyone liked to exercise, making people healthy in China, where were many apples that were green.
★主干是I like this piece of news，其余都是解釋部分。
本質(zhì)：there be +n. 整體是一個(gè)完整的句子
There are doing that. (x)
There are apples. (√，完整句)
There are apples are red. (x，雜糅→定語從句/非謂語/介詞短語/同位語)
There is no +n. 沒有
be變形
There was/were/have been/had been n.
There might be
There is going to be n.
There exist n.
lt is adj. for sb to do sth. 形式主語
1. It is that . 強(qiáng)調(diào)句，非下劃線部分去掉后為完整句子
There are many schools.創(chuàng)造強(qiáng)調(diào)語境→ It is my school that has this computer.
完整句子意味著強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以為狀語從句分句
When l was a kid, l could play soccer. 狀語從句
It is when l was a kid that l could play soccer. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
It is when l think that you are smart that l could play soccer. 套娃
2. Do +動(dòng)詞原形 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
I do/did like this book.
完全倒裝
本質(zhì)：賓謂主 ← 主謂賓
1. l love you.
2. Happy am l. ← l am happy.
happy打頭→形容詞不能當(dāng)主語→謂語用am→主語是l
3. ln school am l ← l am in school.
Among many books is this book. ← This book is among many books.
among打頭→介詞短語不能當(dāng)主語→謂語用is→主語是this book；強(qiáng)調(diào)很多書里我的書最好，打頭先寫出來；
否定副詞打頭 后面句子半倒裝
本質(zhì)：謂主賓 ← 主謂賓
Rarely have l finished this. ← l have rarely finished this.
Rarely could l finish this. ← l could rarely finish this.
我很少完成這件事，不會(huì)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般都是完成時(shí)。
否定副詞
Only/ rarely/ seldom/ hardly/ nor/ merely/ barely/ not only/ neither/ scarcely
With 介詞短語 不能當(dāng)主句
With djkahouhedjalnflanfjeaeafln, 主謂賓.
With n. 用/和
With A doing/done sth, 伴隨著
核心/難點(diǎn)在A，伴隨著A做一些事情/A被做，主謂賓
With this book that is red in China where you can play computers that are interesting making me happy, l will buy it.
With this book of history in China making me happy, l will buy it.
Without +n. 作狀語 在沒有...的情況下
狀語 修飾動(dòng)詞 后置
l can read this book without a computer.
l can read this book without a computer that jansoausdhawk.
可以是任何東西任何形式，可以用逗號(hào)隔開——也可以用破折號(hào)隔開
最常見插入語形式
l like WTO, the/an organization(n.比被修飾的詞范圍大) that was established in 1900(定語從句/非謂語動(dòng)詞，修飾名詞).
l like WTO, n.
WTO和n.都是名詞，屬于同一類，本質(zhì)一樣
n.是同位語，用于解釋W(xué)TO是什么。
同位語與名詞本質(zhì)一樣，需要區(qū)別于并列。
l like Huawei, a company that xxx.
三、時(shí)態(tài)
一般過去時(shí) 強(qiáng)調(diào)做這個(gè)動(dòng)作；在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間，某個(gè)人在做這個(gè)動(dòng)作。
l played soccer.
完成時(shí) 在語境中用這個(gè)影響去說明其他事情，為上下文做鋪墊；我已經(jīng)做了這個(gè)事情，（所以其他事情）...
l have played soccer. So l can not play games with you today.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一定會(huì)發(fā)生
這些原因不一定會(huì)導(dǎo)致這些情況；不能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
There are some reasons that lead to this situation in the picture.
There are some reasons that might lead to this situation in the picture.
在過去，這些原因已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致情況發(fā)生；用led。
There are some reasons that led to this situation in the picture.
過去完成時(shí) 在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，從開始到結(jié)束
l l l
唐 清 今
因?yàn)樘瞥l(fā)布的政策，所以清朝不用發(fā)布政策，同時(shí)這個(gè)政策從唐到清過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)從開始到結(jié)束，用過去完成時(shí)。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去的影響，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在
唐朝給我們留下了很多文化遺產(chǎn)，這些文化遺產(chǎn)至今影響深遠(yuǎn)，所以我們現(xiàn)在的文化十分豐富。
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 從過去到現(xiàn)在，一直在做某件事
Have been doing 一直
【MY 整理于2023/2/25】
