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思考題

1. 嘗試在不懂專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的情況下理解文章
2. 實(shí)用表達(dá)整理

Bacterial cunning

A bacterium that tricks the immune system into nurturing it

一種誘使免疫系統(tǒng)滋養(yǎng)它的細(xì)菌

The discovery may usher in new approaches to treating infections

這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會(huì)開(kāi)創(chuàng)治療感染的新方法

• bacterial a.細(xì)菌的

bacterium n.（單）細(xì)菌

bacteria n.（復(fù)）細(xì)菌

• datum-data 數(shù)據(jù)

aquarium-aquaria 水族館

gymnasium-gymnasia 健身房

• cunning n. 狡猾，狡黠 a.狡猾的，狡詐的
• trick sb. into doing sth. 誘騙某人做某事

The agent ticked the researcher into stealing confidential files.

那個(gè)特工誘騙研究員偷取機(jī)密文件。

• immune a. 有免疫力的

immune system n. 免疫系統(tǒng)

• nurture vt. 培養(yǎng)，滋養(yǎng)
• usher sth. in/ usher in sth. 開(kāi)創(chuàng)，開(kāi)啟（某事）

The immune system has many weapons with which to counter hostile incomers.

免疫系統(tǒng)有許多可以用來(lái)對(duì)抗敵對(duì)外來(lái)者的武器。

• counter vt. 抵制，抵抗
• hostile a. 敵對(duì)的，不友善的
• incomer n. 外來(lái)者

But what works against one may not be effective against another.

但是對(duì)其中一個(gè)入侵者有效的東西可能對(duì)其他入侵者無(wú)效。

An interloper can take advantage of this (by misdirecting the system into thinking) it is fighting an enemy that it is not.

闖入者可以利用這一點(diǎn)，誤導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)使其認(rèn)為它正在與另一種敵人作戰(zhàn)。

• interloper n. 闖入者
• interaction n. 互動(dòng)

international a. 國(guó)際的

• misdirect vt. 誤導(dǎo)

This buys time for that interloper to become entrenched. That is sneaky.

這為闖入者爭(zhēng)取了時(shí)間，使其能扎根進(jìn)免疫系統(tǒng)。 那是一個(gè)鬼鬼祟祟的動(dòng)作。

• buy time 爭(zhēng)取，拖延時(shí)間
• entrenched a. 根深蒂固的
• sneaky a. 鬼鬼祟祟的

Sneakier still, though, is the approach (just discovered (by Ruslan Medzhitov of Yale University).

然而，更鬼鬼祟祟的是耶魯大學(xué)的Ruslan Medzhitov剛剛發(fā)現(xiàn)的方法。

• still ad. （加強(qiáng)比較級(jí)）更加

Dan found biology difficult, and physics harder still.

丹覺(jué)得生物很難，物理更難。

As he and his colleagues report in Immunity, they have found a bacterium that induces its host’s immune system to release compounds on which it can then feed.

正如他和他的同事在Immunity雜志上發(fā)表的那樣，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種細(xì)菌，它可以誘發(fā)宿主的免疫系統(tǒng)釋放出一種可以供它們“食用”的化合物。

• induce vt. 誘發(fā)，誘使

induce vomiting/coma 誘發(fā)嘔吐/昏迷

• host n. 宿主
• parasite n. 寄生生物
• compound n. 化合物

段落大意：

引子：

簡(jiǎn)介騙子細(xì)菌的“狡詐”之處，并引出耶魯大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)最新研究。

Mammalian immune systems have two modes of attack.

哺乳動(dòng)物免疫系統(tǒng)有兩種攻擊方式。

• mammalian a. 哺乳動(dòng)物的

mammal n. 哺乳動(dòng)物

Type-1 is used against bacteria and viruses; type-2 against multicellular parasites such as worms.

1型用于對(duì)抗細(xì)菌和病毒； 2型對(duì)抗多細(xì)胞寄生蟲(chóng)，如蠕蟲(chóng)。

• multicellular a. 多細(xì)胞的
• unicellular a. 單細(xì)胞的
• parasite n. 寄生生物

parasitic a. 寄生的

• worms n. 寄生蟲(chóng)

Some invading bacteria, however, provoke a type-2 response when type-1 would be appropriate. Dr Medzhitov decided to take a closer look.

然而，一些入侵細(xì)菌會(huì)引發(fā) 2 型反應(yīng)，原本1型才合適。 Medzhitov博士決定進(jìn)一步觀察。

段落大意：

哺乳動(dòng)物免疫系統(tǒng)有兩種攻擊機(jī)制，但有些細(xì)菌卻可以誘導(dǎo)出本應(yīng)攻擊寄生蟲(chóng)的機(jī)制。

He and his colleagues studied the behaviour of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium which causes stubborn infections (in people (with cystic fibrosis).

Medzhitov博士和他的同事研究了綠膿桿菌的行為，這種細(xì)菌會(huì)導(dǎo)致囊腫性纖維化患者產(chǎn)生非常棘手的感染。

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa n. 綠膿桿菌
• stubborn a. 難對(duì)付的
• cystic fibrosis n. 囊腫性纖維化
• -osis 疾病

neurosis n. 神經(jīng)癥

silicosis n. 硅肺

They suspected it was leading the body to mount an ineffective type-2 response against it and wanted to know how it was doing this.

他們懷疑它會(huì)導(dǎo)致身體產(chǎn)生對(duì)它無(wú)效的 2 型反應(yīng)，并想知道它是如何做到的。

• mount vt. 發(fā)動(dòng)（戰(zhàn)役、活動(dòng)）

mount an attack/a campaign 發(fā)起進(jìn)攻/運(yùn)動(dòng)

段落大意：

研究動(dòng)機(jī)：

研究人員懷疑綠膿桿菌誘使免疫系統(tǒng)針對(duì)寄生蟲(chóng)的攻擊機(jī)制。

(To explore the matter), they grew laboratory cultures of the sorts of epithelial cells that line human airways and monitored their gene-expression profiles when exposed to LasB, a toxic enzyme (produced by the bacterium).

為了探索這個(gè)問(wèn)題，他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室培養(yǎng)了人類(lèi)呼吸道上皮細(xì)胞，并監(jiān)測(cè)它們暴露在LasB（一種由細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的有毒酶）時(shí)的基因表達(dá)譜。

• culture n. 培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞，培養(yǎng)菌
• epithelial cell n. 上皮細(xì)胞

epithelium n. 上皮組織

• line vt. （在內(nèi)部）形成一層
• airways n. 氣管
• gene expression n. 基因表達(dá)
• profile n. 數(shù)據(jù)圖表

gene-expression profile 基因表達(dá)譜

• toxic a. 有毒的
• enzyme n. 酶

They found that LasB activated signalling pathways which drove the epithelial cells to make a protein (called amphiregulin). This forms the basis of a thick mucus that excels at ensnaring parasitic worms.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn) LasB 激活了信號(hào)通路，驅(qū)動(dòng)上皮細(xì)胞制造一種叫做雙調(diào)蛋白的蛋白質(zhì)。這種蛋白形成了擅長(zhǎng)捕獲寄生蟲(chóng)的濃稠粘液的基礎(chǔ)。

• signalling pathway n. 信號(hào)通路
• amphiregulin n. 雙調(diào)蛋白
• mucus n. 粘液
• excels at doing sth. 擅長(zhǎng)某事
• ensnare vt. 捕獲
• snare n. 圈套

It also recruits immune cells (called eosinophils), which are adept at attacking multicellular parasites.

這個(gè)過(guò)程中還出現(xiàn)了一種被稱(chēng)為嗜曙紅細(xì)胞的免疫細(xì)胞，這些細(xì)胞擅長(zhǎng)攻擊多細(xì)胞寄生蟲(chóng)。

• eosinophil n. 嗜曙紅細(xì)胞
• be adept at dong sth. 擅長(zhǎng)做某事

=excel at doing sth.

段落大意：

研究方式介紹：

實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象：上皮細(xì)胞、LasB

實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)：綠膿桿菌誘發(fā)上皮細(xì)胞寄生蟲(chóng)攻擊機(jī)制的具體原理

A type-2 error

2型錯(cuò)誤

That finding alone is interesting, because it helps explain why cystic-fibrosis patients (with bacterial infections) often develop copious mucus (in their lungs), even though this does nothing to counter the bacteria.

這一發(fā)現(xiàn)本身就很有趣，因?yàn)樗兄诮忉尀槭裁椿加屑?xì)菌感染的囊性纖維化患者經(jīng)常在肺部產(chǎn)生大量粘液，盡管這對(duì)對(duì)抗細(xì)菌沒(méi)有任何幫助。

• copious a. 大量的

More intriguing, though, was what happened when the researchers tried growing P. aeruginosa (on samples of this mucus).

然而，更有趣的是當(dāng)研究人員嘗試在粘液樣本上培養(yǎng)綠膿桿菌時(shí)發(fā)生的事情。

• sample n. （科學(xué)試驗(yàn)的）樣本

So long as LasB was present, the bacteria did not merely thrive, but actually consumed the mucus.

只要LasB存在，細(xì)菌就不僅會(huì)茁壯成長(zhǎng)，而且實(shí)際上會(huì)消耗這些粘液。

Not only is P. aeruginosa tricking the immune system into an inappropriate response, it is also feeding on the result.

綠膿桿菌不僅誘使免疫系統(tǒng)做出錯(cuò)誤的反應(yīng)，而且還以反應(yīng)的結(jié)果（即粘液）為食。

And to make things worse still, Dr Medzhitov also discovered that all this immune manipulation makes the surrounding tissues prone to allergy.

更糟糕的是，Medzhitov 博士還發(fā)現(xiàn)，所有這些免疫操縱會(huì)使周?chē)M織更容易遭受過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。

• manipulation n. 操縱、控制

manipulate vt. 操縱、控制

• tissue n. 組織
• be prone to sth. 容易遭受某事的
• allergy n. 過(guò)敏反應(yīng)

段落大意：

實(shí)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)：

1. 只要LasB在，綠膿桿菌還會(huì)對(duì)粘液大快朵頤。
2. 綠膿桿菌的誘導(dǎo)機(jī)制還能導(dǎo)致周邊組織更易有過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。

Allergic reactions are, essentially, exaggerated and inappropriate type-2 immune responses.

過(guò)敏反應(yīng)本質(zhì)上是夸大的和不恰當(dāng)?shù)?2 型免疫反應(yīng)。

• exaggerated a.夸張的

exaggerate vt. 夸大、夸張

The researchers therefore wondered whether the reactions (being created by LasB) could cause lasting allergies to develop.

因此，研究人員想知道 LasB 所觸發(fā)的反應(yīng)是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致持續(xù)的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。

To find out, they sprayed mice [infected with P. aeruginosa] with egg-white protein (often used as an experimental allergen) [on the first and seventh days [of a four-week experiment].

為了找出答案，他們?cè)跒槠?4 周的實(shí)驗(yàn)的第一天和第七天向感染了綠膿桿菌的小鼠噴灑了蛋清蛋白（通常用作實(shí)驗(yàn)性過(guò)敏原）。

• egg white n. 蛋清
• allergen n. 過(guò)敏原

antigen n. 抗原

As a control, they did the same (with some mice) (genetically engineered to lack the ability (to produce amphiregulin) when exposed to LasB.

作為對(duì)照，他們對(duì)一些小鼠也做了同樣的事情，這些小鼠經(jīng)過(guò)基因改造，在暴露于LasB時(shí)缺乏產(chǎn)生雙調(diào)蛋白的能力。

• control n. 參照物
• genetic engineering n. 基因工程

genetically engineered a. 基因改造的；轉(zhuǎn)基因的

段落大意：

進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)：

實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象：兩組感染綠膿桿菌的小白鼠

實(shí)驗(yàn)方式：定期用過(guò)敏原蛋清蛋白噴兩組小白鼠

They theorised that, (in the absence of worms), the inflamed epithelial tissues (in normal mice) might instead identify the egg-white protein as an intruder.

他們提出，在沒(méi)有寄生蟲(chóng)的情況下，正常小鼠發(fā)炎的上皮組織可能會(huì)將蛋清蛋白識(shí)別為入侵者。

• theorise v. 提出理論
• inflamed a. 發(fā)炎的

inflammation n. 炎癥

• intruder n. 闖入者、入侵者

=interloper

This is exactly what happened. When injected with a small amount of egg-white protein (two and three weeks (after the start of the experiment), the normal mice showed a strong allergic response to it.

這正是所發(fā)生的事情。 在實(shí)驗(yàn)開(kāi)始后兩三周注射少量蛋清蛋白后，正常小鼠表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。

In contrast, the amphiregulin-free mice showed little.

相比之下，體內(nèi)不含雙調(diào)蛋白的小鼠幾乎沒(méi)有過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。

• -free a. 無(wú)....的

duty-free a. 免稅的

fat-free a. 脫脂的

段落大意：

對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果：

綠膿桿菌的誘導(dǎo)機(jī)制的確會(huì)加劇過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。

These discoveries, fascinating in and of themselves, also pave the way (for new approaches (to treating infections (in those with cystic fibrosis).

這些發(fā)現(xiàn)本身就很有趣，也為治療囊性纖維化患者感染的新方法鋪平了道路。

• in and of itself 從本質(zhì)上來(lái)講

=in itself

=by its very nature

Moreover, if one bug has thus evolved a way to milk the immune system, the chances are good that others have done so too.

此外，如果一種微生物因此進(jìn)化出一種利用免疫系統(tǒng)的方法，那么其他微生物也很有可能已經(jīng)這樣做了。

• milk vt. 趁機(jī)牟利、撈好處

A few people tried to milk tried to milk the insurance companies.

一些人試圖從保險(xiǎn)公司敲一筆錢(qián)。

Thus alerted, researchers will be on the lookout for similar cases.

因此，被警示到的研究人員將密切關(guān)注類(lèi)似情況。

• lookout n. 瞭望塔
• be on the lookout for sth. 注意、留心某事

We're always on the lookout for new business opportunities.

我們一直在留意，等待新的商機(jī)。

段落大意：

研究意義：

1. 有助于幫助囊腫性纖維化患者治療感染；
2. 警示研究人員關(guān)注其他類(lèi)似的細(xì)菌和病例。

表達(dá)整理：

生物相關(guān)表達(dá)：

bacterium/bacterial, host, parasite/parasitic, mammal/mammalian,?immune?system/response,?worms, gene expression,?multicellular/unicellular, enzyme, mucus, tissue, allergy/allergen, genetic engineering/genetically engineered, inflamed/inflammation

實(shí)用表達(dá)：

trick sb. into doing sth.

misdirect?sb.?into?doing?sth.

usher?sth.?in?

buy?time

worse, harder, sneakier still...

mount?an?attack/a?campaign

excel?at?sth./doing sth.

be adept at sth./doing sth.

be?prone?to?sth.

in?and?of?itself

on the lookout for sth.