大部分外語(yǔ)考試中，但凡有涉及到閱讀，不出意外都會(huì)有細(xì)節(jié)閱讀題。所以，在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試中也沒(méi)有例外，閱讀占試卷總分35%，而細(xì)節(jié)閱讀題型的占比是整個(gè)閱讀題題型的2/3.那么針對(duì)這重要題型，我們要怎么著手呢？本文閱讀題型的整體概況，題材體裁，出題特點(diǎn)，答題邏輯和答案特點(diǎn)五個(gè)部分對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)閱讀作出分析，同時(shí)會(huì)引用歷年真題給出一個(gè)例證，仔細(xì)學(xué)習(xí)后希望能給大家對(duì)此類題型帶來(lái)全新的理解和更好的把握。

一、整體概況

細(xì)節(jié)閱讀題一共2篇，字?jǐn)?shù)大概都在350左右，分段每套試卷都略有不同，不過(guò)大多在5段以上。想必是考慮到人類的閱讀習(xí)慣，為了避免超長(zhǎng)段落的出現(xiàn)，方便大家進(jìn)行閱讀。

每篇閱讀包括5個(gè)小題，一共10個(gè)小題，占了總分的20％，所以每一個(gè)小題都是雙倍分值，710分滿分的話，這一個(gè)小題就占了14.2分。所以，細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行閱讀的分值占比和聽(tīng)力里的短文訓(xùn)練聽(tīng)力是一致的，換句話說(shuō)，四個(gè)題型設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中，聽(tīng)力和閱讀各占了35％，加在一起就是70％，這其中，單是短文聽(tīng)力和細(xì)節(jié)閱讀就占了70%中的40％，所以聽(tīng)力和閱讀哪個(gè)都不能輕易放棄！而聽(tīng)力和閱讀中，各自的關(guān)鍵就在于短文聽(tīng)力和細(xì)節(jié)閱讀。

二、體裁題材

在體裁和題材方面，文章多為論述文，主題為不同領(lǐng)域的研究和調(diào)查。

考查分析近兩年的題目，涉及的是老年夫妻婚姻研究、叫錯(cuò)名字原因分析調(diào)查、女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力研究、各國(guó)身高調(diào)查、涂鴉的社會(huì)實(shí)驗(yàn)、線上抑郁癥研究和貓的研究方法等等，基本是一些比較實(shí)事的話題相關(guān)的調(diào)查或者研究。

一般學(xué)生看到調(diào)查或者研究類型的文章往往很容易露怯，甚至恐懼，因?yàn)楹ε聲?huì)有大量的數(shù)據(jù)和論述內(nèi)容，由此帶來(lái)的就是大量的不熟悉的詞匯和語(yǔ)法。其實(shí)大可不必，因?yàn)橛捎谖恼绿攸c(diǎn)，這種文章的答題點(diǎn)反而更好把握。

學(xué)術(shù)性文章的特點(diǎn)：

1.首段一般為主題段，概括文章內(nèi)容主旨

2.每段的首句就是該段的主題句，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)該段的方向和內(nèi)容

3.行文語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，很少歧義和委婉，在選擇的時(shí)候不容易出現(xiàn)模糊選項(xiàng)

基于這些特質(zhì)，導(dǎo)致文章思路和內(nèi)容很好把握，有利于尋找答案。相反，我們都喜歡讀的有意思的文學(xué)、創(chuàng)作文章更難理解，更容易被誤讀，出現(xiàn)誤導(dǎo)選項(xiàng)。

三、出題特點(diǎn)

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試中，細(xì)節(jié)閱讀的出題主要都是對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的考核，也不乏對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推理的題類型，算是比較中規(guī)中矩。（比方說(shuō)猜測(cè)詞義，比方說(shuō)主旨題，比方說(shuō)單句釋義和否定提問(wèn)等等）

1. 先說(shuō)細(xì)節(jié)題，一般都是以特殊疑問(wèn)詞what或why等引導(dǎo)出的。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式一般都是：

What does…suggest to…/What is…advice

What is the reason for…

Why…

What account for…

What is important/essential/crucial/necessary…

What can conclude…

How…/In what way…

所以總結(jié)起來(lái)無(wú)非問(wèn)的就是：

什么原因，做了什么行為，目的是，結(jié)果是，建議是，怎樣的方式，什么樣的影響等

2. 再說(shuō)推理題。一般可以涉及到what + learn, say, think, imply, infer, suggest等基本上就是對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推理的。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式一般都是：

What can/do we learn from…

What do…find/say about…

What do…imply…

總結(jié)起來(lái)問(wèn)的就是了解、認(rèn)為、考慮了什么或者干脆暗示了什么。而答案一般并沒(méi)有在原文進(jìn)行直接影響體現(xiàn)，而是采取了一些其他的委婉表達(dá)方式。

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以19年6月的真題舉例：

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46. What can we learn about marriage vows from the passage?

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47. What did Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham find about elderly husbands?

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48. What does Karraker say about women who fall ill?

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49. Why is it more difficult for men to take care of their sick spouses according to Karraker?

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50. What does Karraker think is also important?

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這里面有三個(gè)推理題和兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)題，兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)（47和49）分別問(wèn)的是結(jié)果和原因。

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四、答題程序

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四級(jí)的細(xì)節(jié)閱讀題設(shè)題是有著嚴(yán)格的順序的，除了極少出現(xiàn)的總結(jié)題可能會(huì)涉及到一些前文的內(nèi)容，其他絕大部分題型都是嚴(yán)格遵守著行文順序出的（這一規(guī)律聽(tīng)力題同樣適用）?；谶@樣的命題規(guī)律，解題的難度大大降低；但是一旦偶有遺忘，忽視了這樣的規(guī)則，也真的會(huì)造成誤解，導(dǎo)致不必要的失分。

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舉個(gè)例子，看一下17年12月的一套真題。

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Nobody really knows how big Lagos is. What's indisputable is that it's growing very quickly. Between now and 2050, the urban population of Africa could triple. Yet cities in sub-Saharan Africa are not getting richer the way cities in the rest of the world have. Most urban Africans live in slums （貧民窟）; migrants are often not much better off than they were in the countryside. Why?

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The immediate problem is poverty. Most of Africa is urbanizing at a lower level of income than other regions of the world did. That means there's little money around for investment that would make cities livable and more productive. Without upgrades and new capacity, bridges, roads and power systems are unable to cope with expanding populations. With the exception of South Africa, the only light rail metro system in sub-Saharan Africa is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Traffic jam leads to expense and unpredictability, things that keep investors away.

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In other parts of the world, increasing agricultural productivity and industrialization went together. More productive farmers meant there was a surplus that could feed cities; in turn, that created a pool of labor for factories. But African cities are different. They are too often built around consuming natural resources. Government is concentrated in capitals, so is the money. Most urban Africans work for a small minority of the rich, who tend to be involved in either cronyish （有裙帶關(guān)系的） businesses or politics. Since African agriculture is still broadly unproductive, food is imported, consuming a portion of revenue.

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46. What do we learn from the passage about cities in sub-Saharan Africa?

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A. They have more slums than other cities in the world.

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B. They are growing fast without becoming richer.

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C. They are as modernized as many cities elsewhere.

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D. They attract migrants who want to be better off.

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47. What does the author imply about urbanization in other parts of the world?

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A. It benefited from the contribution of immigrants.

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B. It started when people's income was relatively high.

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C. It benefited from the accelerated rise in productivity.

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D. It started with the improvement of peopled livelihood.

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48. Why is sub-Saharan Africa unappealing to investors?