?James I (1603-1625) and the Parliament

蘇格蘭的詹姆斯六世在繼承伊麗莎白一世的王位后，成為英國的詹姆斯二世(1603-1625)。他的繼位帶來了兩國的暫時統(tǒng)一。但他的統(tǒng)治也深受宗教沖突的困擾。清教徒在國會中的勢力日益強(qiáng)大，他們認(rèn)為宗 教改革還不夠徹底，呼吁實行更為凈潔的禮拜儀式。詹姆斯初為國王時，他們開始很高興，因為蘇格蘭教會是純粹的新教，民主選舉教會官員，這不同于羅馬天主教和英國國教的做法--國王任命主教，主教挑選其他教會官員。

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James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I and became James I of England (1603-1625). His

succession brought a temporary union of the two countries but his reign, too, was troubled by religious controversy. The Puritans became very powerful in the Parliament, believing that the Reformation had not gone far enough and calling for a pure form of worship. They were happy to have James as king at first because the Scottish Church was a pure Protestant Church with democratically elected officials, in contrst to the practice of the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England whereby kings chose bishops and bishops chose all the other officials.

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當(dāng)詹姆斯在 1604 年拒絕清教徒的所有改革建議時，他們大為震驚，國王說?"沒有主教就沒有國王"。 由于國王的親西班牙外交政策以及他兒子與西班牙的聯(lián)姻，清教徒們越來越懷疑他是個秘密的天主教徒。

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The Puritans were shocked when James refused all their proposals for change in 1604 with the words “ no bishop, no king”. They increasingly suspected him of being a secret Catholic because of his pro-Spanish foreign policy and his son’s Spanish marriage alliance. The Catholics engineered a number of plots.

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清教徒的抗議更為平和，但詹姆斯一世對他們的要求極少同情。另一種《圣經(jīng)》的英譯本(后來被稱為 "詹姆斯國王之《圣經(jīng)》"或"欽定英譯本"，于 1611 年出版)，這是極少的讓步之一。詹姆斯聲稱他會"讓他們服從，否則就把他們趕出英國去"。許多清教徒離開英國去荷蘭。1620 年有一批清教徒，稱為清教徒前輩移民，共 102 人，他們乘坐"五月花"號船從普利茅斯出發(fā)，到美洲創(chuàng)立新普利 茅斯殖民地，這是英國在新大陸建的第一個殖民地。

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The puritan protests were more peaceful, but James had little sympathy with their demands. A new translation of the Bible into English ( know thereafter as the King James or Authorized Version, and was published in 1611) was one of the few concessions. James declared that he 30would “ make them conform or harry them from the land”. Many Puritans had left England for Holland. In 1620 a small group of these Puritans, numbering 201, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed from Plymouth in the Mayflower, and founded New Plymouth in America, Britain’s first settlement in the New World.

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詹姆斯一世堅持相信"君權(quán)神授"。當(dāng)時大多數(shù)歐洲統(tǒng)治者都持此觀點，詹姆斯根本不想要議會，且連 續(xù)七年從未召集過。1621 年召集國會，下議院馬上就重新堅持其政治權(quán)力，這是因為國王不斷要求提高稅收。詹姆斯對與他作對的議會的反應(yīng)就是解散它。結(jié)果是他無法從議會得到撥款。他不得不用各種有損名譽的方法弄錢，如賣官、出售專利權(quán)及強(qiáng)迫貸款等