有一種物質(zhì)，在生活中常見(jiàn)但大家不認(rèn)識(shí)；

有一種物質(zhì)，用途廣泛，從防腐劑到抗衰品；

有一種物質(zhì)，大家迷戀它的香味，卻不知道它的用途；

……

這種物質(zhì)就是迷迭香酸。

迷迭香酸大家可能極少能聽(tīng)到，但是迷迭香大家很熟悉呀，打開(kāi)廚王爭(zhēng)霸賽，小草樣的東西卻是各位大廚爭(zhēng)搶的對(duì)象。

從迷迭香中提取出的一款酚酸類(lèi)物質(zhì)就被冠名“迷迭香酸”[1]，迷迭香風(fēng)靡中外，迷人的草本香味卻成了掩蓋迷迭香酸廣泛應(yīng)用價(jià)值的“面紗”。

圖注：“佩之香浸入肌體，聞?wù)呙詰俨荒苋?，故曰迷迭香?！薄苤?/p>

中世紀(jì)時(shí)期，迷迭香被用作婚禮的裝飾品，作為愛(ài)情的象征，迷迭香被佩戴在新人的頭上、手上，甚至在著名凄美情歌《斯卡布羅集市》里也有反復(fù)吟唱迷迭香（rosemary）。

圖注：用迷迭香裝飾的婚服

雖然迷迭香為啥被愛(ài)情“盯上”我們不得而知，但是迷迭香酸卻真的能幫人白頭到老——抗衰延壽。

在針對(duì)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)，用迷迭香酸處理的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)平均壽命能延長(zhǎng)63%，而且這些壽命延長(zhǎng)的線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)繁殖能力不打折扣，即使在晚年也活動(dòng)如常[2]。

圖注：在這項(xiàng)研究中采用了60μM、120μM和180μM三種迷迭香酸干預(yù)濃度，濃度越高，線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的壽命越長(zhǎng)

除了能延長(zhǎng)健康線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的壽命，迷迭香酸還能延長(zhǎng)其他生物的壽命，如患有“漸凍癥”小鼠等[3]。

雖然還沒(méi)有相關(guān)的人體臨床試驗(yàn)，但是在體外培養(yǎng)人類(lèi)細(xì)胞時(shí)如果加上適量的迷迭香酸，能延長(zhǎng)這些細(xì)胞的生存期，并減緩端粒磨損[4]。

圖注：迷迭香酸能維持并延長(zhǎng)人類(lèi)成纖維細(xì)胞的存活

既然其他生物和人類(lèi)細(xì)胞都能延長(zhǎng)壽命，那我們大膽猜測(cè)一下，迷迭香酸會(huì)不會(huì)也能延長(zhǎng)由細(xì)胞組成的人類(lèi)的壽命？

當(dāng)然，要延長(zhǎng)生存期也要保證健康度，擁有有長(zhǎng)度也有質(zhì)量的晚年才是真正意識(shí)上的“延壽”，雖然沒(méi)有延長(zhǎng)人類(lèi)壽命的人體臨床試驗(yàn)，但是已經(jīng)有研究證明，迷迭香酸能改善人的年齡相關(guān)疾病，為人類(lèi)提供“健康晚年”。

早在十五六世紀(jì)的歐洲，名著《哈姆雷特》中就將迷迭香稱(chēng)為“記憶之草”，認(rèn)為它具有改善記憶的能力。

事實(shí)證明，幾百年前的文學(xué)家可能有一雙比我們更“科學(xué)”的眼睛，沒(méi)錯(cuò)，作為迷迭香里的重要生物活性物質(zhì)，迷迭香酸的確能在神經(jīng)保護(hù)方面發(fā)揮重要作用。

首先，迷迭香酸能防治神經(jīng)退行帶來(lái)的各種疾?。喊⑵澓ＤY、帕金森等。

2020年的一項(xiàng)人體臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)，每天服用含有500mg迷迭香酸的香蜂花提取物，可能有助于預(yù)防老年癡呆的惡化[5]，同時(shí)，通過(guò)研究人們陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，迷迭香酸的神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能原理也很多。

圖注：富含迷迭香酸的植物提取物對(duì)愛(ài)自嗨，阿茲海默癥患者精神狀態(tài)的影響

它能減少神經(jīng)元中異常蛋白質(zhì)（包括淀粉樣蛋白、磷酸化的tau蛋白[6]和α-突觸核蛋白[7]）的積累，并能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)多種信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)抗氧化基因表達(dá)[8]，抑制海馬體等神經(jīng)組織炎癥[6]，多管齊下預(yù)防和緩解神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)生。

其次，迷迭香酸還能改善焦慮抑郁等消極情緒。通過(guò)其強(qiáng)大的抗氧化和抗炎特性，已經(jīng)有人體臨床驗(yàn)證了迷迭香酸的抗抑郁焦慮能力[9-10]。

在緩解神經(jīng)退行以及不良情緒的同時(shí)，迷迭香酸還附贈(zèng)“緩解神經(jīng)性疼痛”[11]、“提高學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力”[12]等加成buff，全面呵護(hù)神經(jīng)組織，不愧是神話(huà)故事里的“記憶之草”。

三國(guó)時(shí)期我國(guó)就有了關(guān)于迷迭香的記載，當(dāng)時(shí)的人們把迷迭香塞進(jìn)香囊佩戴在身上。但是僅僅用作熏香實(shí)在是委屈了迷迭香，迷迭香酸“氣鼓鼓”：還不如把我涂在皮膚上，讓我給你“好看”。

紫外線(xiàn)會(huì)對(duì)我們的皮膚造成較大的傷害，如氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥、細(xì)胞凋亡、老化等，而迷迭香酸剛好是對(duì)紫外線(xiàn)造成損傷的“絕地防守”。

迷迭香酸能提高皮膚中超氧化物歧化酶、過(guò)氧化氫酶、血紅素加氧酶-1及其轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Nrf2的表達(dá)和活性[13]，通過(guò)調(diào)動(dòng)這些抗氧化途徑，迷迭香酸能有效降低皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞中的活性氧（ROS）和羰基化蛋白質(zhì)的水平[14]，同時(shí)抑制炎性相關(guān)因子和通路的表達(dá)[15]，提升細(xì)胞活力，防止細(xì)胞凋亡和皮膚衰老。

圖注：迷迭香酸能應(yīng)對(duì)的皮膚狀況：紫外線(xiàn)損傷（上），痤瘡（左下）和衰老（右下）

除了抵御紫外線(xiàn)帶來(lái)的傷害，迷迭香酸還能通過(guò)抑制細(xì)菌的增殖來(lái)治療痤瘡[16]，通過(guò)抑制彈性蛋白酶和膠原酶來(lái)保持皮膚的彈性[17]。內(nèi)防老化，外防損傷，迷迭香酸現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用在一些護(hù)膚品牌的爽膚水等產(chǎn)品中。

除了對(duì)神經(jīng)和皮膚的保護(hù)作用，迷迭香酸還有更廣泛的能力，當(dāng)你想到什么疾病，迷迭香酸好像都能舉手高呼“我我我，我可以！”。比如緩解糖尿病[18]，促進(jìn)骨形成[19]，抗腸道病毒[20]，抗擊和預(yù)防多種癌癥[21]，保肝護(hù)腎[22]，提升精子質(zhì)量[23]等。

但是現(xiàn)在對(duì)迷迭香酸的應(yīng)用卻沒(méi)那么廣泛。人們看到了迷迭香酸的強(qiáng)大抗氧化能力，于是迷迭香酸在酸奶等食品產(chǎn)品中上崗成為了一種……防腐劑。保健品里幾乎看不到它的身影，個(gè)護(hù)美妝中也少得可憐。

圖注：添加了迷迭香酸的爽膚水

迷迭香酸遭遇可憐境遇的原因可能有二，一是植物多酚這個(gè)賽道里的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者太多（如槲皮素、木樨草素等），迷迭香酸博而不精，很難出彩；二是它的溶解性和滲透性差[24]，用了吸收不了，迷迭香酸的作用效果自然大打折扣。

為此，研究者們正在尋找各種不同的遞送載體，給迷迭香酸加裝一個(gè)好吸收的“包裝”，不就可以提升它的生物利用度了？

納米顆粒、固體脂質(zhì)納米顆粒（SLN）和磷脂復(fù)合物等幾種載體能加強(qiáng)迷迭香酸的口服吸收[21]，納米結(jié)構(gòu)脂質(zhì)載體、吐溫80、納米囊泡等能促進(jìn)迷迭香酸的皮膚吸收[25-27]。

值得欣慰的是，雖然迷迭香酸的應(yīng)用技術(shù)和轉(zhuǎn)化尚不成熟，但是已經(jīng)有多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)證明了它對(duì)人類(lèi)的安全性。每天服用500mg迷迭香酸不會(huì)對(duì)人體造成任何不良影響[5]，但不到15mg的額外口服補(bǔ)充就能緩解抑郁患者的癥狀[10]。

每克烘干的迷迭香里有21.13±0.56mg的迷迭香酸[10]，做菜的時(shí)候放一小截迷迭香一起煮，不僅能增香提味，說(shuō)不定還能收獲各種健康增益。

當(dāng)然，不喜歡迷迭香的味道也沒(méi)事，多種植物中都含有豐富的迷迭香酸，羅勒、丹參、薄荷、牛至等我們常見(jiàn)的食物香料中都有，含量不低[28]。從做飯到泡水，從牛排到沙拉，總有一款適合想要抗衰的你。

————///————

像迷迭香酸這樣的“收集狂”，一直在累積著自己的功能和屬性，就差把生物醫(yī)藥全領(lǐng)域都點(diǎn)亮，雖然現(xiàn)在它的應(yīng)用還少，但是我們期待它厚積薄發(fā)的一天。

—— TIMEPIE ——

這里是只做最硬核續(xù)命學(xué)研究的時(shí)光派，專(zhuān)注“長(zhǎng)壽科技”科普。日以繼夜翻閱文獻(xiàn)撰稿只為給你帶來(lái)最新、最全前沿抗衰資訊，歡迎評(píng)論區(qū)留下你的觀(guān)點(diǎn)和疑惑；日更動(dòng)力源自你的關(guān)注與分享，抗衰路上與你并肩同行！

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