學(xué)習(xí)提示

本文選自大西洋報(bào)，內(nèi)容歸大西洋報(bào)所有；外刊翻譯理解部分歸本人所有。

重點(diǎn)詞匯和句式本人已經(jīng)加粗，需要解釋的部分也在該段落結(jié)束后特別注明。

本文非常適合拿來(lái)做閱讀理解。

比如把標(biāo)題去掉，出一個(gè)主旨題或者問(wèn)作者為什么不認(rèn)為技術(shù)可以中立的原因等等。

Technology makes us more human

When techno-optimists use ChatGPT, they see?Star Trek: a future in which opportunities for personal fulfillment are as large as the universe itself.

當(dāng)技術(shù)樂(lè)觀主義者使用 ChatGPT 時(shí)，他們看到了《星際迷航》：在這個(gè)未來(lái)，個(gè)人實(shí)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)就像宇宙本身一樣大。

ChatGPT, a new AI system that sounds so human in conversations that it could host its own podcast, is a test of temperament. Reading between its instantly generated, flawlessly grammatical lines, people see wildly different visions of the future.

ChatGPT 是一個(gè)新的人工智能系統(tǒng)，它在對(duì)話中聽(tīng)起來(lái)非常人性化，可以主持自己的播客，是對(duì)氣質(zhì)的一種考驗(yàn)。從它即時(shí)生成的、無(wú)懈可擊的語(yǔ)法字里行間，人們看到了截然不同的未來(lái)愿景。

For some, ChatGPT promises to revolutionize the way we search for information, draft articles, write software code, and create business plans. When they use ChatGPT, they see?Star Trek: a future in which opportunities for personal fulfillment are as large as the universe itself.

對(duì)一些人來(lái)說(shuō)，ChatGPT 有望徹底改變我們搜索信息、起草文章、編寫軟件代碼和創(chuàng)建商業(yè)計(jì)劃的方式。當(dāng)他們使用 ChatGPT 時(shí)，他們看到的是《星際迷航》：在這個(gè)未來(lái)，個(gè)人成就的機(jī)會(huì)與宇宙本身一樣大。

Others see only massive job displacement and a profound loss of agency, as we hand off creative processes that were once the domain of humans to machines. When they use ChatGPT, they see?Black Mirror: a future in which technological innovation primarily exists to annoy, humiliate, terrify, and, most of all, dehumanize humanity.

其他人只看到了大量的工作轉(zhuǎn)移和深刻的代理權(quán)喪失，因?yàn)槲覀儼言?jīng)屬于人類的創(chuàng)造性過(guò)程交給了機(jī)器。當(dāng)他們使用 ChatGPT 時(shí)，他們看到的是黑鏡：在這個(gè)未來(lái)，技術(shù)創(chuàng)新主要是為了煩擾、羞辱、恐嚇，最重要的是，使人類失去人性。

I’m firmly in the?Star Trek?camp, because although I fully acknowledge that the tech industry is imperfect, and always in need of thoughtful, responsive leadership, I still believe that improvement through technology is how humanity most effectively makes progress.

我堅(jiān)定地站在《星際迷航》陣營(yíng)中，因?yàn)楸M管我完全承認(rèn)科技行業(yè)是不完美的，而且總是需要深思熟慮、反應(yīng)迅速的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，但我仍然相信，通過(guò)技術(shù)改進(jìn)是人類最有效的進(jìn)步方式。

That’s why I switched from a planned career in academia to one in Silicon Valley in the first place. In the early 1990s, I saw how software, globally distributed on the internet, was creating new opportunities to empower people at scale, and that’s ultimately what led me to co-found LinkedIn. I wanted to use technology to help individuals improve their economic opportunities over the course of their entire career, and thus have more chances to pursue meaning in their lives.

這就是為什么我當(dāng)初從計(jì)劃中的學(xué)術(shù)界轉(zhuǎn)到了硅谷的職業(yè)。在 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代初，我看到了在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上全球分布的軟件是如何創(chuàng)造新的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)大規(guī)模地賦予人們權(quán)力的，這也是最終導(dǎo)致我共同創(chuàng)立 LinkedIn 的原因。我想利用技術(shù)來(lái)幫助個(gè)人在整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯中改善他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)，從而有更多的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)追求他們生活的意義。

Techno-humanism?is typically conflated with?transhumanism, referring to the idea that we are on a path to incorporating so much technology into our lives that eventually we will evolve into an entirely new species of post-humans or superhumans.

技術(shù)人文主義通常與超人文主義混為一談，指的是我們正走在一條將大量技術(shù)融入我們生活的道路上，最終我們將進(jìn)化成一種全新的后人類或超人類物種。

I interpret techno-humanism in a slightly different way. What defines humanity is not just our unusual level of intelligence, but also how we capitalize on that intelligence by developing technologies that amplify and complement our mental, physical, and social capacities. If we merely lived up to our scientific classification—_Homo sapiens_—and just sat around thinking all day, we’d be much different creatures than we actually are. A more accurate name for us is?Homo techne: humans as toolmakers and tool users. The story of humanity is the story of technology.

我對(duì)技術(shù)-人文主義的解釋略有不同。定義人類的不僅僅是我們不尋常的智力水平，還有我們?nèi)绾瓮ㄟ^(guò)開(kāi)發(fā)技術(shù)，放大和補(bǔ)充我們的精神、身體和社會(huì)能力，來(lái)利用這種智力。如果我們只是活在我們的科學(xué)分類中--智人--并且只是整天坐在那里思考，我們將是與我們實(shí)際情況大不相同的生物。對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)更準(zhǔn)確的名字是Homo techne：人類是工具制造者和工具使用者。人類的故事就是技術(shù)的故事。

Technology is the thing that makes us?us. Through the tools we create, we become neither less human nor superhuman, nor post-human. We become more human.

技術(shù)是使我們成為 "我們 "的東西。通過(guò)我們創(chuàng)造的工具，我們既不會(huì)變得不那么像人，也不會(huì)變成超人，更不會(huì)變成后人類。我們變得更加人性化。

This doesn’t mean that all technological innovations automatically produce good outcomes—far from it. New technologies can create new problems or exacerbate old ones, such as when AI systems end up reproducing biases (against racial minorities, for instance) that exist in their training data. We in the tech industry should be vigilant in our efforts to mitigate and correct such problems.

這并不意味著所有的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新都會(huì)自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生好的結(jié)果--遠(yuǎn)非如此。新技術(shù)可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生新的問(wèn)題或加劇舊的問(wèn)題，例如，當(dāng)人工智能系統(tǒng)最終重現(xiàn)其訓(xùn)練數(shù)據(jù)中存在的偏見(jiàn)（例如，針對(duì)少數(shù)民族的偏見(jiàn)）。我們科技行業(yè)應(yīng)保持警惕，努力減輕和糾正此類問(wèn)題。

Nor would I ever suggest that technologies are neutral, equally capable of being used for good or bad. The values, assumptions, and aspirations we build into the technologies we create shape how they can be used, and thus what kinds of outcomes they can produce. That’s why techno-humanism should strive for outcomes that broadly benefit humanity.

我也不會(huì)建議技術(shù)是中立的，同樣能夠被用來(lái)做好事或做壞事。我們創(chuàng)造的技術(shù)中所包含的價(jià)值觀、假設(shè)和愿望，決定了它們?nèi)绾伪皇褂?，從而決定了它們能產(chǎn)生什么樣的結(jié)果。這就是為什么技術(shù)人文主義應(yīng)該努力爭(zhēng)取使人類廣泛受益的結(jié)果。

At the same time, a techno-humanist perspective also orients to the future, dynamism, and change. This means it inevitably clashes with desires for security, predictability, and the familiar. In moments of accelerating innovation—like the one we’re living through right now, as robotics, virtual reality, synthetic biology, and especially AI all evolve quickly—the urge to entrench the status quo against the uncertain terrain of new realities accelerates too.

同時(shí)，技術(shù)人文主義的觀點(diǎn)也面向未來(lái)，面向活力，面向變化。這意味著它不可避免地與對(duì)安全、可預(yù)測(cè)性和熟悉事物的渴望相沖突。在創(chuàng)新加速的時(shí)刻--就像我們現(xiàn)在所經(jīng)歷的一樣，隨著機(jī)器人、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)、合成生物學(xué)，特別是人工智能的快速發(fā)展，鞏固現(xiàn)狀、對(duì)抗新現(xiàn)實(shí)的不確定地形的沖動(dòng)也在加速。

Just so, New York City’s public-school system has already blocked students and teachers from accessing ChatGPT in its classrooms. Multiple online art communities have banned users from uploading images they created using AI image-generators such as DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion.

就這樣，紐約市的公立學(xué)校系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)阻止了學(xué)生和教師在教室里使用 ChatGPT。多個(gè)在線藝術(shù)社區(qū)已經(jīng)禁止用戶上傳他們使用人工智能圖像生成器（如 DALL-E、Midjourney 和 Stable Diffusion）創(chuàng)作的圖像。

I get it. Learning to write an essay from scratch is a time-honored way to develop critical thinking, organizational skills, and a facility for personal expression. Creating vivid and beautiful imagery one painstaking brushstroke at a time is perhaps the epitome of human creativity.

我明白了。從頭開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)寫文章是培養(yǎng)批判性思維、組織能力和個(gè)人表達(dá)能力的一種歷史悠久的方式。一次次艱苦的筆觸創(chuàng)造出生動(dòng)而美麗的圖像，也許是人類創(chuàng)造力的縮影。

But what if teachers used ChatGPT to instantly personalize lesson plans for each student in their class—wouldn’t that be humanizing in a way that the industrialized approaches of traditional classroom teaching are not? Aren’t tools that allow millions of people to visually express their ideas and communicate with one another in new ways a step forward for humanity?

但是，如果老師們用 ChatGPT 為班上的每個(gè)學(xué)生即時(shí)定制個(gè)性化的課程計(jì)劃，這難道不是傳統(tǒng)課堂教學(xué)的工業(yè)化方法所不具備的人性化的方式嗎？允許數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的人以新的方式直觀地表達(dá)他們的想法和相互交流的工具，難道不是人類的進(jìn)步嗎？

If it’s detrimental to society to simply claim that “technology is neutral” and avoid any responsibility for negative outcomes—and I believe it is—so is rejecting a technology just because it has a capacity to produce negative outcomes along with positive ones.

如果簡(jiǎn)單地聲稱 "技術(shù)是中性的 "并避免對(duì)負(fù)面結(jié)果的任何責(zé)任是對(duì)社會(huì)有害的--我相信是這樣--那么僅僅因?yàn)橐豁?xiàng)技術(shù)有能力產(chǎn)生負(fù)面結(jié)果和正面結(jié)果而拒絕它也是有害的。

Is there a future where the massive proliferation of robots ushers in a new era of human flourishing, not human marginalization? Where AI-driven research helps us safely harness the power of nuclear fusion in time to help avert the worst consequences of climate change? It’s only natural to peer into the dark unknown and ask what could possibly go wrong. It’s equally necessary—and more essentially human—to do so and envision what could possibly go right.

是否有這樣一個(gè)未來(lái)：機(jī)器人的大規(guī)模擴(kuò)散帶來(lái)了一個(gè)人類繁榮而不是人類邊緣化的新時(shí)代？在那里，人工智能驅(qū)動(dòng)的研究幫助我們及時(shí)安全地利用核聚變的力量，以幫助避免氣候變化的最壞后果？窺視黑暗的未知世界并詢問(wèn)可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題是很自然的。同樣有必要--更本質(zhì)的是人類--這樣做并設(shè)想什么可能是正確的。

harness：完美替換 use；apply，意思為 to control something, usually in order to use its power

eg: There is a great deal of interest in harnessing wind and waves as new sources of power. 人們對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)利用風(fēng)和波浪這些新能源非常感興趣。