26『CARN』

CARN comes from a Latin word meaning "flesh" or "meat." Carnation originally meant "the color of flesh," which was once the only color of the flower we call the carnation. In Christian countries, Lent is the period when the faithful traditionally give up something they love, often meat. The days leading up to Lent are known as the carnival season.

CARN來自拉丁語，意為“肉”?？的塑白畛醯囊馑际恰叭獾念伾?，這曾經(jīng)是我們稱之為康乃馨的花的唯一顏色。在基督教國(guó)家，大齋節(jié)是信徒依據(jù)傳統(tǒng)放棄他們喜愛東西的時(shí)期，通常是肉。大齋節(jié)之前的日子被稱為狂歡節(jié)。

carnage ? [?kɑ?rn?d?]

n.大屠殺

Great destruction of life (as in a battle); slaughter.

生命的巨大破壞(如在戰(zhàn)斗中);屠宰

Countries around the world appealed to all sides of the conflict to stop the carnage of the war in Bosnia.

世界各國(guó)呼吁沖突各方停止波斯尼亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的大屠殺。

This word was taken over straight from French (a Latin-based language), and has mostly referred to large-scale killing in wartime. But carnage needn't refer only to slaughter on the battlefield. With tens of thousands of people dying each year in automobile accidents, it's appropriate to speak of carnage on the nation's highways. And those concerned about the effects of the violence we see constantly on TV and movie screens may refer to that as carnage as well.

這個(gè)詞直接從法語(一種基于拉丁語的語言)中被取代，主要指戰(zhàn)時(shí)的大規(guī)模殺戮。但屠殺不必只指戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的屠殺。由于每年有數(shù)以萬計(jì)的人死于車禍，因此談?wù)撁绹?guó)高速公路上的大屠殺是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹Ｄ切?dān)心我們?cè)陔娨暫碗娪捌聊簧辖?jīng)?？吹降谋┝π袨榈挠绊懙娜丝赡芤矔?huì)將其稱為大屠殺。

carnal ? [?kɑ?rnl]

Adj.(正式用語)<律>肉欲的,肉體的,性欲的;淫蕩的;耽于感官之樂的;非精神的,世俗的,塵世的

Having to do with bodily pleasures.

與身體愉悅有關(guān)的。

The news stories about students on Spring Break tend to focus on the carnal pleasures associated with the annual ritual.

關(guān)于春假學(xué)生的新聞報(bào)道往往集中在與一年一度的儀式相關(guān)的身體享受上。

In Christianity in past centuries, carnal was often used as the opposite of spiritual, describing what are sometimes called "the pleasures of the flesh." Thus, gluttony-the consumption of excessive food and drink-was a deadly carnal sin, whereas the holiest monks and hermits might eat hardly anything and never touch wine. Today carnal has a somewhat old-fashioned sound; when we use it, we generally mean simply "sexual."

在過去的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里，在基督教中，肉體經(jīng)常被用作精神的反面，用來描述有時(shí)被稱為“肉體的快樂”。因此，暴食——過量食用食物和飲料是一種致命的肉體罪，而最神圣的僧侶和隱士可能幾乎不吃任何東西，也從不碰酒。今天，肉欲有點(diǎn)過時(shí)；當(dāng)我們使用它時(shí)，我們通常只指“性”。

incarnate ? [?n?kɑ?rn?t , ??nkɑ?rne?t]

adj.人體化的;化身的;擬人化的

vt.將(概念或品質(zhì))具體化;使人格化;擬人化

Given bodily or actual form; especially, having human body.

身體的或?qū)嶋H的；特別是具有人體的。

For the rest of his life, he would regard his childhood nanny as goodness incarnate.

在他的余生中，他會(huì)把童年的保姆視為善良的化身。

reincarnation ? [?ri??nkɑ?r?ne??n]

n.轉(zhuǎn)世說;(靈魂的)轉(zhuǎn)世化身,化身

(1) Rebirth in new bodies or forms of life. (2) Someone who has been born again with a new body after death.

(1) 在新的身體或生命形式中重生。(2) 一個(gè)在死后以新身體重生的人。

Even as a child he struck everyone as a reincarnation of his grandfather, not in his features but in his manner and personality.

即使在他還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，他給每個(gè)人的印象都是他祖父的轉(zhuǎn)世，不是因?yàn)樗娜菝玻且驗(yàn)樗呐e止和性格。

27『CRED』

CRED comes from credere, the Latin verb meaning "to believe" or "to entrust." We have a good credit rating when institutions trust in our ability to repay a loan, and we carry credentials so that others will believe that we are who we say we are.

CRED來源于credere，這個(gè)拉丁語動(dòng)詞的意思是“相信”或“委托”。當(dāng)機(jī)構(gòu)信任我們償還貸款的能力時(shí)，我們的信用評(píng)級(jí)就很好，而且我們持有證書，這樣別人就會(huì)相信我們就是我們所說的人。

credence ? [?kri?dns]

n.可信性;真實(shí)性;信任;信念

Mental acceptance of something as true or real; belief.

對(duì)真實(shí)事物的心理接受；相信

He scoffed and said no one still gives any credence to the story of the Loch Ness monster.

他嘲笑道，沒有人相信尼斯湖水怪的故事。

Credence is close in meaning to belief, but there are differences. Unlike belief, credence is seldom used in connection with faith in a religion or philosophy. Instead credence is often used in reference to reports, rumors, and opinions. And, unlike belief, it tends to be used with the words give, lack, lend, and gain. So a new piece of evidence may lend credence to the alibi of a criminal suspect. Claims that a political candidate can become the next President gain credence only after the candidate wins a few primaries. And although stories about Elvis sightings persist, they lack credence for most people.

信念(credence)在意義上接近于belief，但也有不同之處。與belief不同，credence很少與宗教或哲學(xué)信仰聯(lián)系在一起。相反，credence經(jīng)常被用來指報(bào)道、謠言和觀點(diǎn)。而且，與belief不同，它往往與給予、缺乏、借出和獲得等詞連用。因此，新的證據(jù)可能為犯罪嫌疑人的不在場(chǎng)證明提供了證據(jù)(credence)。只有在候選人贏得幾次初選后，政治候選人才能成為下一任總統(tǒng)的說法才獲得信任(credence)。盡管有關(guān)貓王目擊事件的報(bào)道仍然存在，但大多數(shù)人都不相信(credence)。

credible ? [?kred?bl]

adj.可信的;可靠的;(因看似可能成功而)可接受的

(1) Able to be believed; reasonable to trust or believe. (2) Good enough to be effective.

(1) 能夠被相信的；有理由相信。(2) 好到足以發(fā)揮作用。

Because of her past criminal record, the defense lawyers knew she wouldn't be a credible witness.

由于她過去的犯罪記錄，辯護(hù)律師知道她不會(huì)是一個(gè)可信的證人。

Credible evidence is evidence that's likely to be believed. A credible plan is one that might actually work, and a credible excuse is one your parents might actually believe. And just as credible means "believable," the noun credibility means "believability." But we no longer use incredible to mean the literal opposite of credible, just as we no longer use unbelievable as the literal opposite of believable.?

可信的證據(jù)是很可能被相信的證據(jù)。一個(gè)可信的計(jì)劃是一個(gè)實(shí)際可行的計(jì)劃，而可信的借口是你父母可能會(huì)相信的。正如可信意味著“可信”一樣，名詞可信度意味著“可信度”。但我們不再用不可思議來表示可信的反義詞，就像我們不再用難以置信來表示可信的反義詞一樣。

credulity ? [kr??du?l?ti]

n.輕信

Readiness and willingness to believe on the basis of little evidence.

準(zhǔn)備好并愿意在證據(jù)不足的基礎(chǔ)上相信。

Thrillers and action movies only succeed if they don't strain our credulity too much.

驚悚片和動(dòng)作片只有在不讓我們過于輕信的情況下才會(huì)成功。

A particularly far-fetched story may be said to strain credulity, stretch credulity, put demands on our credulity, or make claims on our credulity. The related adjective is credulous. F. Scott Fitzgerald once defined advertising as "making dubious promises to a credulous public."

一個(gè)特別牽強(qiáng)的故事可以說是扭曲了輕信，拉伸了輕信，對(duì)我們的輕信提出了要求，或者對(duì)我們的可信度提出了要求。相關(guān)的形容詞是輕信的。菲茲拉杰德曾將廣告定義為“向輕信的公眾做出可疑的承諾”。

credo ? [?kri?do?]

n.信條

(1) A statement of the basic beliefs of a religious faith. (2) A set of guiding principles or beliefs.

(1) 宗教信仰的基本信仰的陳述。(2) 一套指導(dǎo)原則或信念。

She claims she made her money on Wall Street just by following the old credo "Buy low, sell high."

她聲稱，她在華爾街賺錢，只是遵循“低買高賣”的老信條

Credo comes straight from the Latin word meaning "I believe," and is the first word of many religious credos, or creeds, such as the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed. But the word can be applied to any guiding principle or set of principles.

信條直接來自拉丁語，意思是“我相信”，是許多宗教信條或信條的第一個(gè)詞，如使徒信條和尼西亞信條。但這個(gè)詞可以用于任何指導(dǎo)原則或一套原則。

28『FID』

FID comes from fides, the Latin word for "faith" or "trust." Fidelity is another word for "faithfulness." Confidence is having faith in someone or something. An infidel is someone who lacks a particular kind of religious faith. And the once-popular dog's name Fido is Latin for "I trust."

FID來自fides，拉丁語中“信仰”或“信任”的意思。Fidelity是“忠誠(chéng)”的另一個(gè)詞。信心是對(duì)某人或某物的信任。異教徒是指缺乏某種宗教信仰的人。曾經(jīng)流行的狗名Fido是拉丁語“我信任”的意思。

affidavit ? [??f??de?v?t]

v.宣誓書;附誓書面證詞

A sworn statement made in writing.

書面宣誓聲明。

The whole family had signed affidavits stating that they believed the will to be valid.

全家人都簽署了宣誓書，表示他們相信遺囑是有效的。

In Latin, affidavit means "he (she) has sworn an oath," and an affidavit is always a sworn written document. If it contains a lie, the person making it may be prosecuted. Affidavits are often used in court when it isn't possible for someone to appear in person. Police officers must usually file an affidavit with a judge to get a search warrant. Affidavits (unlike similar signed statements called depositions) are usually made without an opposing lawyer being present and able to ask questions.

在拉丁語中，宣誓書的意思是“他(她)已經(jīng)宣誓”，而宣誓書始終是一份宣誓的書面文件。如果它包含謊言，那么制造者可能會(huì)被起訴。當(dāng)某人無法親自出庭時(shí)，法庭上通常使用宣誓書。警察通常必須向法官提交宣誓書，以獲得搜查令。宣誓書(不像類似的簽字聲明，稱為證詞)通常在沒有對(duì)方律師在場(chǎng)且能夠提問的情況下作出。

diffident ? [?d?f?d?nt]

adj.缺乏自信的;膽怯的;羞怯的

Lacking confidence; timid, cautious.

缺乏信心的；膽小、謹(jǐn)慎。

He always found it a struggle to get his most diffident students to speak in front of the class.

他總是覺得讓最缺乏自信的學(xué)生在課堂上發(fā)言很困難。

Diffident means lacking faith in oneself-in other words, the opposite of confident. Distrust in your abilities or opinions usually makes you hesitate to speak or act. Patients who feel diffident around their doctors, for example, don't dare ask them many questions. A helpful friend tries to instill confidence in place of diffidence.

Diffident意味著對(duì)自己缺乏信心，換句話說，與自信相反。對(duì)自己的能力或觀點(diǎn)的不信任通常會(huì)讓你在說話或行動(dòng)上猶豫不決。例如，在醫(yī)生身邊感到膽怯的患者不敢問他們很多問題。一個(gè)樂于助人的朋友試圖用自信來代替膽怯。

fiduciary ? [f??dju???ri]

adj.基于信用的;信托的;信用的;(尤指)受委托的，受信托的

n.(尤指財(cái)產(chǎn))受信托人(或公司)

(1) Having to do with a confidence or trust. (2) Held in trust for another.

(1) 與信心或信任有關(guān)。(2) 為他人托管。

Pension-fund managers have a fiduciary responsibility to invest the pension's funds for the sole benefit of those who will receive the pensions.

養(yǎng)老基金經(jīng)理有信托責(zé)任將養(yǎng)老金的資金投資于那些將領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金的人的唯一利益。

A fiduciary relationship is one in which one person places faith in another. Stockbrokers and real-estate agents have fiduciary duties to their clients, which means they must act in their clients’ best financial interests. Members of a company's board of directors have a fiduciary responsibility to protect the financial interests of the company's shareholders. There are legal requirements for those with fiduciary responsibility, and they can be sued for breach of fiduciary duty if they fail.

信托關(guān)系是一個(gè)人信任另一個(gè)人的關(guān)系。股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人和房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人對(duì)客戶負(fù)有信托責(zé)任，這意味著他們必須以客戶的最佳財(cái)務(wù)利益為出發(fā)點(diǎn)。公司董事會(huì)成員負(fù)有保護(hù)公司股東財(cái)務(wù)利益的信托責(zé)任。對(duì)負(fù)有信托責(zé)任的人有法律要求，如果他們未能履行信托責(zé)任，他們可能會(huì)被起訴。

perfidy ? [?p??rf?di]

n.背信;背叛

Faithlessness, disloyalty, or treachery.

忠誠(chéng)、不忠或背信棄義。

While working for the CIA he was lured into becoming a double agent, and it seems he paid a high price for his perfidy.

在中情局工作期間，他被引誘成為雙重間諜，似乎他為自己的背信棄義付出了高昂的代價(jià)。

29『CURR/CURS』

CURR/CURS comes from currere, the Latin verb meaning "to run." Although words based on this root don't tend to suggest speed, the sense of movement remains. Current, for instance, refers to running water in a stream or river, or electrons running through a wire, and an excursion is a trip from one place to another.

CURR/CURS來源于currere，一個(gè)拉丁語動(dòng)詞，意思是“奔跑”。雖然基于這個(gè)詞根的單詞不傾向于暗示速度，但運(yùn)動(dòng)的感覺仍然存在。例如，電流指的是溪流或河流中的流水，或是穿過電線的電子，而短途旅行就是從一個(gè)地方到另一個(gè)地方的旅行。

concurrent ? [k?n?k??r?nt]

adj.同時(shí)發(fā)生的;并存的;同意的，一致的;協(xié)調(diào)的;合作的;共同(或同時(shí))起作用的;<律>有相等權(quán)力的，同時(shí)(實(shí)施)的;<數(shù)>共點(diǎn)的，會(huì)合的

n.共存物;同時(shí)發(fā)生的事情;競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者

Happening or operating at the same time.

同時(shí)發(fā)生或運(yùn)行的。

The killer was sentenced to serve three concurrent life terms in prison.

兇手被判處三個(gè)同時(shí)終身監(jiān)禁。

Things that are concurrent usually not only happen at the same time but also are similar to each other. So, for example, multitasking computers are capable of performing concurrent tasks. When we take more than one medication at a time, we run the risks involved with concurrent drug use. And at any multiplex theater several movies are running concurrently.

concurrent的事情通常不僅同時(shí)發(fā)生，而且彼此相似。例如，多任務(wù)計(jì)算機(jī)能夠執(zhí)行并發(fā)任務(wù)。當(dāng)我們一次服用超過一種藥物時(shí)，我們會(huì)面臨同時(shí)使用藥物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在任何一家多功能影院，都有幾部電影同時(shí)上映。

cursory ? [?k??rs?ri]

adj.粗略的;倉(cāng)促的

Hastily and often carelessly done.

草率地，經(jīng)常不小心地做。

Having spent the weekend going to parties, she had only given the chapter a cursory reading before class on Monday.

在周末去參加派對(duì)后，她只在周一上課前粗略閱讀了這一章。

Unlike the other words in this section, cursory always implies speed. But it also stresses a lack of attention to detail. Cursory observations are generally shallow or superficial because of their speed. And when citizens complain about a cursory police investigation of a crime, they're distressed by its lack of thoroughness, not its speed.

與本節(jié)中的其他單詞不同，粗略總是意味著速度。但它也強(qiáng)調(diào)了缺乏對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)注。由于速度的原因，粗略的觀察通常是膚淺的。當(dāng)市民抱怨警方對(duì)犯罪的草率調(diào)查時(shí)，他們會(huì)為其缺乏徹底性而不是速度而感到苦惱。

discursive ? [d?s?k??rs?v]

adj.東拉西扯的;離題的;不著邊際的

Passing from one topic to another.

從一個(gè)話題轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)話題。

Some days he allowed himself to write long discursive essays in his diary instead of his usual simple reporting of the day’s events.

有些日子，他允許自己在日記中寫長(zhǎng)篇隨筆，而不是像往常一樣簡(jiǎn)單地報(bào)道當(dāng)天的事件。

The Latin verb discurrere meant "to run about," and from this word We get our word discursive, which often means rambling about over a wide range of topics. A discursive writing style generally isn't encouraged by writing teachers. But some of the great 19th-century writers, such as Charles Lamb and Thomas de Quincy, show that the discursive essay, especially when gracefully written and somewhat personal in tone, can be a pleasure to read. And the man often called the inventor of the essay, the great Michel de Montaigne, might touch on dozens of different topics in the course of a long discursive essay.

拉丁語動(dòng)詞discurrere的意思是“到處跑”，從這個(gè)詞我們得到了discursive一詞，它通常意味著在廣泛的話題上漫無邊際。寫作老師通常不鼓勵(lì)采用話語式寫作風(fēng)格。但一些19世紀(jì)的偉大作家，如查爾斯·蘭姆和托馬斯·德·昆西，表明一篇散文，尤其是在文筆優(yōu)美、語氣有點(diǎn)個(gè)人化的情況下，讀起來會(huì)很愉快。這位經(jīng)常被稱為散文發(fā)明者的，偉大的米歇爾·德·蒙田，在一篇長(zhǎng)篇大論的文章中可能會(huì)觸及數(shù)十個(gè)不同的話題。

precursor ? [pri?k??rs?r]

n.前身;先驅(qū);先鋒

One that goes before and indicates the coming of another.

先行的人，預(yù)示著另一個(gè)人的到來。

Scientists are trying to identify special geological activity that may be a precursor to an earthquake, which will help them predict the quake's size, time, and location.

科學(xué)家們正在試圖確定可能是地震前兆的特殊地質(zhì)活動(dòng)，這將有助于他們預(yù)測(cè)地震的規(guī)模、時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。

With its prefix pre-, meaning "before," a precursor is literally a "forerunner," and in fact forerunner first appeared as the translation of the Latin praecursor. But the two words function a little differently today. A forerunner may simply come before another thing, but a precursor generally paves the way for something. So, for example, the Office of Strategic Services in World War II was the immediate precursor of today's Central Intelligence Agency, while the blues music of the 1930s and 1940s was only one of the precursors of the rock and roll of today.

前綴pre-，意思是“之前”，precursor字面意思是“先行者”，事實(shí)上precursors最初是作為拉丁語praecursor的翻譯出現(xiàn)的。但今天這兩個(gè)詞的功能有點(diǎn)不同。forerunner可能只是先于另一件事，但precursor通常會(huì)為某件事鋪平道路。例如，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中的戰(zhàn)略服務(wù)辦公室是當(dāng)今中央情報(bào)局的前身，而20世紀(jì)30年代和40年代的藍(lán)調(diào)音樂只是當(dāng)今搖滾樂的前身之一。

30『PED』

PED comes from the Latin word for "foot." A pedal is pushed by the foot; a pedicure is a treatment of the feet, toes, and toenails; and a pedestal is what a statue stands on-in a sense, its foot.

PED來自拉丁語單詞“foot”。踏板由腳推動(dòng)；修腳是對(duì)腳、腳趾和腳趾甲的治療；從某種意義上說，基座就是雕像的腳。

quadruped ? [?kwɑ?druped]

n.四足動(dòng)物

adj.有四足的；四足動(dòng)物的

An animal having four feet.

有四只腳的動(dòng)物。

She always tells her friends that their farm has five kinds of quadrupeds: sheep, goats, cows, horses, and pigs.

她總是告訴她的朋友，他們的農(nóng)場(chǎng)有五種四足動(dòng)物：綿羊、山羊、奶牛、馬和豬。

pedigree ? [?ped?ɡri?]

n.動(dòng)物血統(tǒng)記錄;動(dòng)物純種系譜;家譜;門第;世系;起源

adj.優(yōu)良品種的;純種的

The line of ancestors of a person or animal.

人或動(dòng)物的祖先。

She talks a lot about her pedigree, but never mentions that a couple of her uncles spent time in prison.

她談?wù)摿撕芏嗨难y(tǒng)，但從未提及她的幾個(gè)叔叔在監(jiān)獄里度過的時(shí)光。

impediment ? [?m?ped?m?nt]

n.阻礙;障礙;妨礙;口吃;結(jié)巴

Something that interferes with movement or progress.

妨礙運(yùn)動(dòng)或進(jìn)步的東西。

Her poorly developed verbal ability was the most serious impediment to her advancement.

她發(fā)展不良的語言能力是她進(jìn)步的最嚴(yán)重障礙。

Impediment comes from a Latin verb that meant "to interfere with" or "to get in the way of progress," as if by tripping up the feet of someone walking. In English, impediment still suggests an obstruction or obstacle along a path; for example, a lack of adequate roads and bridges would be called an impediment to economic development. Impediments usually get in the way of something we want. So we may speak of an impediment to communication, marriage, or progress-but something that slows the progress of aging, disease, or decay is rarely called an impediment.

阻礙來自拉丁語動(dòng)詞，意思是“干擾”或“阻礙進(jìn)步”，好像絆倒了行走的人的腳。在英語中，障礙仍然表示道路上的障礙；例如，缺乏足夠的道路和橋梁將被稱為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的障礙。障礙通常會(huì)阻礙我們想要的東西。因此，我們可能會(huì)談到溝通、婚姻或進(jìn)步的障礙，但減緩衰老、疾病或衰退進(jìn)程的東西很少被稱為障礙。

pedestrian ? [p??destri?n]

n.行人;步行者

adj.行人使用的;行人的;缺乏想象的;乏味的;無趣的

Commonplace, ordinary, or unimaginative.

平凡的、平凡的或缺乏想象力的。

While politicians endlessly discussed the great issues facing Russia, the Russians worried about such pedestrian concerns as finding enough food, shelter, and clothing.

當(dāng)政客們沒完沒了地討論俄羅斯面臨的重大問題時(shí)，俄羅斯人卻擔(dān)心諸如尋找足夠的食物、住所和衣服等行人的擔(dān)憂。

Most of us know pedestrian as a noun meaning someone who travels on foot. But the adjective sense of pedestrian as defined here is actually its original meaning. To be pedestrian was to be drab or dull, as if plodding along on foot rather than speeding on horseback or by coach. Pedestrian is often used to describe a colorless or lifeless writing style, but it can also describe politicians, public tastes, personal qualities, or possessions. In comparison with the elaborate stage shows put on by today's rock artists, for instance, most of the stage presentations of 1960s rock stars seem pedestrian.

我們大多數(shù)人都知道步行者是一個(gè)名詞，意思是徒步旅行的人。但這里定義的形容詞“行人”實(shí)際上是它的本意。步行是單調(diào)乏味的，就好像是在步行，而不是在馬背上或乘馬車超速行駛。pedestrian常用來描述一種無色或無生氣的寫作風(fēng)格，但它也可以描述政治家、公眾品味、個(gè)人品質(zhì)或財(cái)產(chǎn)。例如，與當(dāng)今搖滾藝術(shù)家精心制作的舞臺(tái)表演相比，20世紀(jì)60年代搖滾明星的舞臺(tái)表演大多顯得乏味。