正文翻譯

UK has more than 1,000 livestock mega-farms, investigation reveals
-Newly published figures show for first time how US-style factory farms have spread across British countryside

調(diào)查顯示，英國(guó)有1000多個(gè)大型畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)
——最新公布的數(shù)據(jù)首次顯示了美式工廠化農(nóng)場(chǎng)是如何在英國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村蔓延的

(Chickens crammed in a factory farm; there are four poultry farms in the UK registered for more than 1 million birds.)

（工廠化的養(yǎng)雞場(chǎng)里擠滿了雞；在英國(guó)有四個(gè)家禽農(nóng)場(chǎng)登記了超過(guò)100萬(wàn)只家禽。）
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There are more than 1,000 US-style mega-farms in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, including some holding as many as a million animals, according to a new investigation.

根據(jù)一項(xiàng)新的調(diào)查，在英格蘭、威爾士和北愛(ài)爾蘭有超過(guò)1000個(gè)美國(guó)式的大型農(nóng)場(chǎng)，其中一些農(nóng)場(chǎng)飼養(yǎng)了多達(dá)100萬(wàn)只畜禽。

In the US, mega-farms are defined as those that hold more than 125,000 birds reared for meat, or 82,000 egg-laying hens, 2,500 pigs, 700 dairy cows or 1,000 beef cattle. These are labelled by US officials as a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO).

在美國(guó)，超大型農(nóng)場(chǎng)被定義為“擁有超過(guò)12.5萬(wàn)只肉禽、8.2萬(wàn)只蛋雞、2500頭豬、700頭奶?；?000頭肉牛的農(nóng)場(chǎng)”。這些被美國(guó)官員稱為“集中式畜禽飼養(yǎng)運(yùn)營(yíng)”。

By 2021, the number of farms in the UK that met the US definition of a CAFO, or mega-farm, was 1,099, according to research.?

研究顯示，到2021年，英國(guó)符合美國(guó)“集中式畜禽飼養(yǎng)運(yùn)營(yíng)”定義的農(nóng)場(chǎng)數(shù)量為1099家。

This figure is known to be an underestimate owing to the omission of Scottish data, which was unavailable because of a cyber-attack in 2020.

據(jù)悉，這一數(shù)據(jù)被低估了，因?yàn)樘K格蘭的數(shù)據(jù)在2020年因網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊而無(wú)法獲取。

The march of these US-style mega-farms in the UK was revealed in a Guardian investigation in 2017, but up-to-date data has been published this week in a book, Sixty Harvests Left: How to Reach a Nature-Friendly Future, by Philip Lymbery, chief executive of Compassion in World Farming (CIWF).

《衛(wèi)報(bào)》2017年的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查揭示了這些美國(guó)式超級(jí)農(nóng)場(chǎng)在英國(guó)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，但最新數(shù)據(jù)已在本周出版的《剩下的60個(gè)收獲：如何實(shí)現(xiàn)自然友好型的未來(lái)》一書中發(fā)表，該書由世界農(nóng)業(yè)同情組織首席執(zhí)行官菲利普·利姆貝里撰寫。

In England alone, the number of mega-farms increased from 818 in 2016 to 944 in 2020. Of these, 745 house poultry and 199 are for pigs. There are four poultry farms in the UK registered for 1 million birds, with the largest holding up to 1.4 million. For pigs, the biggest three farms hold more than 20,000 pigs.

僅在英國(guó)，超級(jí)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的數(shù)量就從2016年的818個(gè)增加到了2020年的944個(gè)。其中家禽農(nóng)場(chǎng)745個(gè)，生豬農(nóng)場(chǎng)199個(gè)。在英國(guó)有四個(gè)家禽農(nóng)場(chǎng)登記了100萬(wàn)只家禽，其中最大的農(nóng)場(chǎng)有140萬(wàn)只。在生豬方面，最大的三個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)擁有超過(guò)2萬(wàn)頭豬。

There are also at least 19 dairies that meet the criteria of a “mega-dairy”. Cows held in intensive dairies are “zero-grazed”, which means they are not allowed out into fields and are permanently housed inside sheds. The largest one in the UK appears to hold 2,000 animals.

此外，至少有19家奶牛場(chǎng)符合“超級(jí)奶牛場(chǎng)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在集約化奶牛場(chǎng)飼養(yǎng)的奶牛是“零放牧”的，這意味著它們不被允許到田野里去，而是被永久地安置在牛棚里。英國(guó)最大的一個(gè)奶牛農(nóng)場(chǎng)似乎養(yǎng)了2000只牲畜。
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In addition, nine mega-farms hold 1,000 or more beef cattle. US-style beef feedlots, where cattle are fattened up before slaughter, were first identified as existing in the UK in a Guardian investigation in 2018.

此外，9個(gè)大型農(nóng)場(chǎng)擁有1000頭以上的肉牛。2018年《衛(wèi)報(bào)》的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查首次發(fā)現(xiàn)，在英國(guó)存在美國(guó)式的牛肉飼養(yǎng)場(chǎng)，牛會(huì)在屠宰前被養(yǎng)肥。

Industrial farming maximises production while keeping costs to a minimum to produce cheap meat and dairy – the UK slaughters 1 billion chickens, 10 million pigs and 2.6 million cattle a year – and the majority of UK farmed animals are kept in intensive units.

工業(yè)化養(yǎng)殖使產(chǎn)量最大化，同時(shí)將成本降至最低，以生產(chǎn)廉價(jià)的肉類和奶制品——英國(guó)每年屠宰10億只雞、1000萬(wàn)頭豬和260萬(wàn)頭?！矣?guó)大多數(shù)農(nóng)場(chǎng)飼養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物都是集中飼養(yǎng)的。

However, there are concerns that intensive farming is driving climate change, water and air pollution, biodiversity loss and negatively affecting local communities, including introducing potential health risks associated with ammonia pollution. Intensive livestock farming has also been blamed for increasing disease risk.

然而，人們擔(dān)心集約化農(nóng)業(yè)正在推動(dòng)氣候變化、水和空氣污染、生物多樣性喪失，并對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，包括引入與氨污染相關(guān)的潛在健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。集約化的畜牧業(yè)也被認(rèn)為是增加疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的原因。

In Europe, the Dutch government recently introduced plans to radically reduce livestock numbers to curb excessive nitrogen from intensive farming.

在歐洲，荷蘭政府最近推出了大幅減少牲畜數(shù)量的計(jì)劃，以遏制集約化養(yǎng)殖帶來(lái)的氮過(guò)量問(wèn)題。
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Animal welfare activists say animals in mega-farms are denied the ability to express natural behaviours. Keeping animals in “crowded, largely barren conditions” and using fast-growing chicken breeds and farrowing crates for pigs “calls into question our claims to be a nation of animal lovers”, said Philip Lymbery, chief executive of Compassion in World Farming.

動(dòng)物福利活動(dòng)家說(shuō)，大型農(nóng)場(chǎng)的動(dòng)物被剝奪了表達(dá)自然行為的能力。世界農(nóng)場(chǎng)同情組織的首席執(zhí)行官菲利普·利姆伯里說(shuō)，把動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)在“擁擠、基本上貧瘠的環(huán)境中”，并使用快速生長(zhǎng)的雞品種和豬的產(chǎn)仔限位欄，“使我們自稱是一個(gè)熱愛(ài)動(dòng)物的國(guó)家的說(shuō)法受到了質(zhì)疑”。

Lizzie Wilson from the National Pig Association said big does not necessarily equal bad: “Larger scale farms are often able to provide more resources, such as more stock people, a dedicated vet … that actually facilitate good animal welfare.”

但來(lái)自全國(guó)養(yǎng)豬協(xié)會(huì)的莉齊·威爾遜說(shuō)，大并不一定等于壞：“規(guī)模更大的農(nóng)場(chǎng)往往能夠提供更多的資源，比如更多的牲畜飼養(yǎng)員，一個(gè)專門的獸醫(yī)……這實(shí)際上有利于良好的動(dòng)物福利。”

The British Poultry Council’s chief executive, Richard Griffiths, said all production systems in the UK included good welfare: “Systems perceived as ‘higher welfare’ are more resource intensive with lower efficiency and productivity, with an accompanying impact on the environment and the cost of production.”

英國(guó)家禽協(xié)會(huì)首席執(zhí)行官理查德·格里菲斯說(shuō)，英國(guó)所有的生產(chǎn)體系都包含良好的福利：“被認(rèn)為‘高福利’的體系更依賴資源，效率和生產(chǎn)率更低，對(duì)環(huán)境和生產(chǎn)成本也會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響。”

A spokesperson for the National Farmers’ unx said: “No matter what sector or size of the farm, or whether indoor or outdoor, animal health and welfare is a continued priority for all British farmers, as they know that the public hugely values the high standards of animal health and welfare that farmers work to.”

全國(guó)農(nóng)民聯(lián)盟的一名發(fā)言人說(shuō)：“無(wú)論農(nóng)場(chǎng)的領(lǐng)域或規(guī)模如何，無(wú)論是室內(nèi)還是室外，動(dòng)物健康和福利都是所有英國(guó)農(nóng)民的優(yōu)先考慮事項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樗麄冎拦姺浅Ｖ匾曓r(nóng)民為之工作的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)動(dòng)物健康和福利?！?/p>

A spokesperson for the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) said the vast majority of beef and dairy cattle in the UK were “grazing outdoors throughout the year for as long as the weather conditions permit”.

農(nóng)業(yè)和園藝發(fā)展局的一位發(fā)言人說(shuō)，英國(guó)絕大多數(shù)的肉牛和奶牛“只要天氣條件允許，全年都在戶外放牧”。

As UK farming changes, there are calls for reform. The Scrap Factory Farming campaign is taking a case to the European court of human rights, alleging that the government is failing to protect the public from climate change and the threat of future pandemics from factory farming.

隨著英國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)的變化，改革呼聲不斷。廢除工廠化養(yǎng)殖運(yùn)動(dòng)正在向歐洲人權(quán)法庭提起訴訟，聲稱政府未能保護(hù)公眾免受氣候變化和工廠化養(yǎng)殖未來(lái)大流行的威脅。

“Let’s stop denying that factory farming is inherently cruel and a major driver of wildlife decline and climate change,” Lymbery told the Guardian.

“讓我們停止否認(rèn)工廠化養(yǎng)殖本質(zhì)上是殘忍的，是野生動(dòng)物減少和氣候變化的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)因素，”利伯里告訴《衛(wèi)報(bào)》。

A spokesperson for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs said all farms, regardless of size, had to comply with UK law on animal health and welfare, planning, veterinary medicines and environmental legislation.

英國(guó)環(huán)境、食品和農(nóng)村事務(wù)部的一位發(fā)言人說(shuō)，所有農(nóng)場(chǎng)，無(wú)論大小，都必須遵守英國(guó)有關(guān)動(dòng)物健康和福利、規(guī)劃、獸藥和環(huán)境立法的法律。

“The Animal Welfare Act 2006 also makes it an offence either to cause any captive animal unnecessary suffering or to fail to provide the welfare needs of the animal – and we will not hesitate to take action against those who fail to meet these standards.”

“《2006年動(dòng)物福利法》也規(guī)定，對(duì)任何被囚禁的動(dòng)物造成不必要的痛苦或未能提供動(dòng)物福利需求都是一種犯罪——我們將毫不猶豫地對(duì)那些未能達(dá)到這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人采取行動(dòng)?！?/p>