期刊搶鮮｜Translation Studies第16卷第2期（2023）
Translation Studies
Volume 16, Issue 2 (2023)
注：中文摘要為機器翻譯，于2023年6月18日調(diào)用DeepL翻譯引擎，未介入譯后編輯，譯文僅供參考。
Articles
Translating constraints
Kobus Marais
Abstract
This article considers the work that goes into the emergence of social-cultural reality. It uses the notion of constraints to think about the non-physical domain of ideas, which are usually studied in the humanities. Constraints on the release of energy are required in order to perform work, which means that work and constraints stand in a circular relation to one another. The article delves into “the absential” as a constraint, in other words, the ways in which that which does not exist or that which could have existed constrains the emergence of social cultural reality. It argues that creativity is linked to the imposition of constraints, and hence argues that it is constraints that get translated in processes of translation, whether interlingual, intralingual or intersemiotic. The article considers the interplay between reality and its adjacent possible for thinking about the role of translation in the emergence of society-culture.
本文考慮了社會文化現(xiàn)實的出現(xiàn)所涉及的工作。它使用約束的概念來思考思想的非物理領(lǐng)域，這通常是在人文學科中研究的。為了進行工作，需要對能量的釋放進行約束，這意味著工作和約束彼此之間是一種循環(huán)關(guān)系。文章深入探討了作為制約因素的 "缺席"，換句話說，不存在的東西或可能存在的東西是如何制約社會文化現(xiàn)實的出現(xiàn)的。文章認為，創(chuàng)造力與約束的強加有關(guān)，因此認為在翻譯過程中，無論是語際、語內(nèi)還是語間，得到翻譯的都是約束。文章認為現(xiàn)實與其相鄰的可能之間的相互作用，是對翻譯在社會-文化的出現(xiàn)中的作用的思考。
Keywords: Machine translation, computer programming, reverse engineering, brain as computer, cognitive science, emergent properties
關(guān)鍵詞：機器翻譯、計算機編程、逆向工程、作為計算機的大腦、認知科學、新興屬性
Implications of computer code translation for translation studies
James St. André
Abstract
This article explores the intersection of the translation of machine code and translation of natural languages. Starting with the deep-seated metaphor the brain is a computer, this study demonstrates the extent to which computer science, cognitive science, linguistics and translation are intertwined. The parallels between difficulties of translating computer code and natural languages point to the failure to find a workable interlingua and the importance of complexity studies and emergent properties for both fields. Thus translation studies would do well to examine more carefully the extent to which a computational understanding of the brain has shaped basic concepts and approaches to translation. At the same time, homologies between the market for translation of computer languages and natural languages and the need in programming to be more sensitive to the needs of non-English speakers suggests that translation studies has much to offer to computer science.
本文探討了機器代碼的翻譯和自然語言的翻譯之間的交集。從 "大腦是一臺計算機 "這一根深蒂固的隱喻開始，這項研究表明了計算機科學、認知科學、語言學和翻譯相互交織的程度。翻譯計算機代碼和自然語言的困難之間的相似之處指出了未能找到一個可行的跨語言，以及復雜性研究和突發(fā)屬性對這兩個領(lǐng)域的重要性。因此，翻譯研究最好能更仔細地研究對大腦的計算性理解在多大程度上塑造了翻譯的基本概念和方法。同時，計算機語言和自然語言的翻譯市場之間的同源性，以及編程中對非英語使用者的需求更加敏感的需要，表明翻譯研究對計算機科學有很多貢獻。
Keywords: Work, constraint, absential, adjacent possible, modal possibility
關(guān)鍵詞：工作、約束、缺席、相鄰的可能、模式的可能
Translation as meaning negotiator
Sergey Tyulenev
Abstract
The article engages with the meaning-making function of translation. Three case studies demonstrate how translation performs its work of counteracting semiotic-semantic entropy. The first two cases show that translation can combat this entropy by rendering the less familiar with the more familiar by oscillating between its terminological and impressionistic types. These two cases observe translation between music as a semiotic domain and biochemistry, on the one hand, and language, on the other. The third case study looks at how translation negotiates meaning between language and painting. In all these cases, translation performs its negentropic work, but it does so via more or less complex negotiations of meaning.本文討論了翻譯的意義制造功能。三個案例研究表明，翻譯是如何完成其對抗符號學-語義學熵的工作的。前兩個案例表明，翻譯可以通過在術(shù)語和印象類型之間的搖擺，將不太熟悉的東西變成比較熟悉的東西來對抗這種熵。這兩個案例一方面觀察了作為符號學領(lǐng)域的音樂和生物化學之間的翻譯，另一方面也觀察了語言。第三個案例研究探討了翻譯如何在語言和繪畫之間協(xié)商意義。在所有這些案例中，翻譯完成了它的負熵工作，但它是通過或多或少復雜的意義協(xié)商來完成的。
Keywords: Translation, meaning, semiotic, music, fungi, painting
關(guān)鍵詞：翻譯、意義、符號學、音樂、風趣、繪畫
From painting to novel: Claude Simon’s Triptych
Zarja Vr?i?
Abstract
The concept of transposition from one artistic medium to another is situated at the intersection of several different disciplines such as adaptation studies, translation studies, intermedia studies, and comparative literature. An example of a less common transposition, painting-to-novel intermedia translation, is examined in Claude Simon’s novel Triptych. The role of intermedia translation in this Nouveau Roman novel is described through the hermeneutical and dialogical lenses, two approaches already fruitfully applied in translation studies. This article argues that, first, the transfer of painting to novel in Triptych is an example of intermedia translation and that it may be studied by using translation studies approaches; second, that only by recognizing the use of intermedia translation in Simon’s work one is able to fully understand his artistic practice; and third, that, in turn, translation studies can benefit from expanding its traditional scope by taking into account non-interlingual transfers such as intermedia translation.從一種藝術(shù)媒介到另一種藝術(shù)媒介的轉(zhuǎn)換概念位于幾個不同學科的交叉點，如改編研究、翻譯研究、中間媒介研究和比較文學?？藙诘?西蒙的小說《三聯(lián)畫》（Triptych）中研究了一個不太常見的轉(zhuǎn)換的例子，即繪畫到小說的中間媒介翻譯。中間翻譯在這部新羅馬小說中的作用是通過詮釋學和對話學的視角來描述的，這兩種方法已經(jīng)在翻譯研究中得到了富有成效的應用。本文認為，首先，Triptych中繪畫向小說的轉(zhuǎn)移是中介翻譯的一個例子，可以用翻譯研究的方法來研究；其次，只有認識到西蒙作品中中介翻譯的使用，才能充分理解他的藝術(shù)實踐；第三，反過來，翻譯研究可以通過考慮中介翻譯等非語言間的轉(zhuǎn)移，從擴大其傳統(tǒng)范圍中受益。
Keywords: Intermedia translation, Claude Simon, Nouveau Roman, Triptych, Francis Bacon
關(guān)鍵詞：跨媒體翻譯、Claude Simon、Nouveau Roman、三聯(lián)畫、Francis Bacon
On the cross-disciplinary conundrum: The conceptualization of translation in translation and journalism studies
Roberto A. Valdeón
Abstract
This article discusses the difficulties that the divergent conceptualizations of translation in journalism and translation studies pose to conduct inter-disciplinary research into the role of translation practices in journalistic production. It is divided into four sections that review four concepts, namely domestication (in connection with localization), transediting, gatekeeping and convergence. The first two have been widely discussed in translation studies in relation to a variety of genres, while the latter have been central to journalism studies research. The article also discusses the usefulness of these four concepts for the study of journalistic translation practices from the perspective of both translation and journalism studies.
本文討論了新聞學和翻譯研究中不同的翻譯概念給對翻譯實踐在新聞生產(chǎn)中的作用進行跨學科研究所帶來的困難。文章分為四個部分，回顧了四個概念，即本土化（與本地化相關(guān)）、翻譯、把關(guān)和銜接。前兩者在翻譯研究中被廣泛討論，與各種體裁有關(guān)，而后者則是新聞研究的核心。文章還從翻譯和新聞研究的角度討論了這四個概念對新聞翻譯實踐研究的作用。
Keywords: Journalistic translation, domestication, transediting, gatekeeping, convergence
關(guān)鍵詞：新聞翻譯、本土化、轉(zhuǎn)編、把關(guān)、融合
Integrating museum studies into translation studies: towards a reconceptualization of the source text as sensory experience in museum audio description and the notion of experiential equivalence
Marina Manfredi & Chiara Bartolini
Abstract
This article focuses on museum audio description (AD) as a modality of intersemiotic translation (IT) primarily addressed to people with visual impairments. Still at an early stage of development in terms of both academic research and professional practices, museum AD lies at the crossroads of a variety of disciplines, such as translation studies (TS) and museum studies (MS). The aim of this contribution is to suggest a reconceptualization of traditional notions in TS (source text and equivalence) in the context of museum AD and encompassing the translational phenomenon per se. Theoretical considerations from MS and specific guidelines for museum AD practices will offer cross-disciplinary insights to redefine such concepts and reflect upon translation as a semiosic process in which meanings are created, rather than transferred. This article suggests the coincidence in AD of source and target texts as sensory experience and puts forth the concept of experiential equivalence.
本文重點討論博物館語音描述（AD）作為一種主要針對視力障礙者的跨文化翻譯（IT）模式。在學術(shù)研究和專業(yè)實踐方面，博物館AD仍處于早期發(fā)展階段，處于各種學科的交叉點，如翻譯研究（TS）和博物館研究（MS）。本報告的目的是建議在博物館AD的背景下對TS的傳統(tǒng)概念（源文本和對等性）進行重新概念化，并包括翻譯現(xiàn)象本身。來自MS的理論考慮和博物館AD實踐的具體指導方針將提供跨學科的見解，以重新定義這些概念，并反思翻譯作為一個語義學過程，其中意義被創(chuàng)造，而不是轉(zhuǎn)移。本文提出了在AD中源文本和目標文本作為感官體驗的重合，并提出了體驗性等值的概念。
Keywords: Intersemiotic translation, museum audio description, museum studies, source text, equivalence
關(guān)鍵詞：間歇性翻譯、博物館語音描述、博物館研究、源文本、等值性
Re-interpreting interpreting
Franz P?chhacker
Abstract
In the face of newly emerging practices and shifting conceptual boundaries in translation and interpreting studies, the article engages with two recent theoretical proposals aiming at a reconceptualization of translation from the perspectives of semiotics and accessibility studies. The biosemiotic theory by Kobus Marais based on Peircean semiotics and Gian Maria Greco’s universalist conception of accessibility grounded in human rights are explored with reference to interpreting, and their theoretical, terminological, professional and academic implications are discussed. In addition, a conceptual mapping of various forms of media access services, including speech-to-text interpreting, serves as a basis for discussing ongoing redefinition efforts in the context of international standardization, highlighting the complex interplay of different stakeholders, including scholars, service providers, service users, and regulators.
面對筆譯和口譯研究中新出現(xiàn)的實踐和不斷變化的概念界限，文章討論了兩個最新的理論建議，旨在從符號學和無障礙研究的角度對翻譯進行重新概念化。Kobus Marais基于Peircean符號學的生物流行病學理論和Gian Maria Greco以人權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)的無障礙環(huán)境的普遍性概念，在口譯方面進行了探討，并討論了其理論、術(shù)語、專業(yè)和學術(shù)意義。此外，在討論國際標準化背景下正在進行的重新定義工作時，以各種形式的媒體訪問服務（包括語音翻譯）的概念圖為基礎(chǔ)，突出了不同利益相關(guān)者（包括學者、服務提供商、服務使用者和監(jiān)管者）的復雜相互作用。
Keywords: Interpreting, semiotics, media accessibility, audiovisual translation, speech-to-text interpreting
關(guān)鍵詞： 口譯、符號學、媒體可及性、視聽翻譯、語言文字翻譯
Reconceptualizing translation and translators in the digital age: YouTube comment translation on China’s Bilibili
Binghan Zheng, Jinquan Yu, Boya Zhang & Chunli Shen
Abstract
A new participatory ecology of translation facilitated by digital technologies has significant implications for understanding translation and translators. This article examines YouTube comment translation on Bilibili in China to reconceptualize translation and translators by taking the Will Smith-Chris Rock confrontation at the Oscars 2022 and the assassination of Shinzo Abe as two illustrative case studies. It demonstrates that Chinese netizens participate in civic engagement and translate verbal and written YouTube comments into a multimodal text with various technological tools. Based on the emergent properties of YouTube comment translation, we argue that translation can be reconceptualized as an assemblage of multimodal resources that reconstitute and extend the original meanings of the source text. We also propose to expand the concept of translators to encompass both human and non-human translators, challenging the anthropocentric bias in translator studies. Finally, a post-humanist approach is suggested to reconceptualize translation and translators in the digital age.
由數(shù)字技術(shù)推動的新的參與式翻譯生態(tài)對理解翻譯和譯者具有重大意義。本文研究了中國Bilibili上的YouTube評論翻譯，以2022年奧斯卡頒獎典禮上威爾-史密斯和克里斯-洛克的對峙以及安倍晉三被暗殺事件為例，對翻譯和譯者進行了重新概念化。它表明，中國網(wǎng)民參與公民參與，并通過各種技術(shù)工具將口頭和書面的YouTube評論翻譯成多模態(tài)文本?；赮ouTube評論翻譯的新興屬性，我們認為翻譯可以被重新概念化為多模態(tài)資源的組合，重新構(gòu)成和擴展源文本的原始含義。我們還建議擴大譯者的概念，使之包括人類和非人類譯者，挑戰(zhàn)譯者研究中的人類中心主義偏見。最后，建議采用后人文主義的方法來重新認識數(shù)字時代的翻譯和譯者。
Keywords: Concepts of translation and translators, YouTube comment translation, civic engagement, digital age, China’s Bilibili, post-humanism
關(guān)鍵詞：翻譯和譯者的概念，YouTube評論翻譯，公民參與，數(shù)字時代，中國的Bilibili，后人文主義
The conceptualisation of translation in translation studies: a response
Yves Gambier
Abstract
“Translation” yesterday (in the 1980s and 1990s) was defined in a certain context. Today, in a more globalized and digitalized world, the concept is changing, becoming more fluid while scholars in TS are becoming more nomadic (in their affiliations, and between disciplines). To avoid as much as possible a terminological inflation in TS and a monolithic and static concept of translation, we must consider the socio-cultural context in which we try not only to define our object of investigation but also to clarify the purpose of our definition(s), considering the wide range of translators and interpreters with different status and working with different e-tools. In addition, a historical perspective is needed: two paradigms are changing, sometimes overlapping. Thus, the feeling of confusion.
昨天（20世紀80年代和90年代）的 "翻譯 "是在某種背景下定義的。今天，在一個更加全球化和數(shù)字化的世界里，這個概念正在發(fā)生變化，變得更加流動，而TS的學者們也變得更加游牧（在他們的隸屬關(guān)系和學科之間）。為了盡可能避免TS領(lǐng)域的術(shù)語膨脹和翻譯概念的單一化和靜態(tài)化，我們必須考慮社會文化背景，在這種背景下，我們不僅要努力定義我們的調(diào)查對象，而且要明確我們定義的目的，考慮具有不同地位和使用不同電子工具的廣泛的翻譯和口譯人員。此外，還需要一個歷史的視角：兩種范式在不斷變化，有時是重疊的。因此，感覺很混亂。
Keywords: Cross-disciplinarity, digitisation, English as a lingua franca, translation as a polymorphic concept, Translation Studies
關(guān)鍵詞：跨學科、數(shù)字化、作為通用語言的英語、作為多態(tài)概念的翻譯、翻譯研究
特別說明：本文僅用于學術(shù)交流，如有侵權(quán)請后臺聯(lián)系小編刪除。- END -
