You are most likely to stay mentally sharp in old age if:

?1. You remain healthy.

?2. You live in a favorable environment. (You are educated and?

have a stimulating occupation, an above-average income, and?

an intact family.)

?3. You are involved in intellectually stimulating activities?

(reading, travel, cultural events, continuing education, clubs,?

and professional associations).

?4. You have a flexible personality.

?5. You are married to an intelligent spouse.

?6. You maintain your perceptual processing speed by staying?

active.

?7. You were satisfied with your accomplishments in midlife.

The healthiest, happiest older people are:

1. Optimism, hope, and an interest in the future

?2. Gratitude and forgiveness; an ability to focus on what is good?

in life

?3. Empathy; an ability to share the feelings of others and see the?

world through their eyes

?4. Connection with others; an ability to reach out, to give and?

receive social support.

As a group, older people represent a valuable source of skill,?

knowledge, and energy that we can’t afford to cast aside. As we face?

the challenges of this planet’s uncertain future, we need all the?

help we can get.

=Question 3.11: How do people typically react to death?

-Older people more often fear the circumstances of dying,?

such as pain or helplessness, rather than death itself.?

★★★p152 Effective Parenting:

?1. State specifically what misbehavior you are punishing. Explain why you?

have set limits on this kind of conduct.

?2. Parents should separate disapproval不贊同 of the act from disapproval of?

the child. Instead of saying, “I’m going to punish you because you are?

bad,” say, “I’m upset about what you did.” Also remember that the message “I don’t?

love you right now” can be more painful and damaging than any spanking.

?3. Punishment should never be harsh or injurious. Don’t physically punish a?

child while you are angry. If you do use physical punishment, reserve it for?

situations that pose an immediate danger to younger children; for example,?

when a child runs onto the street.

?4. Spanking and other forms of physical punishment are not particularly?

effective for children younger than age 2. The child will only be confused and?

frightened. Spankings also become less effective after age 5 because they tend?

to humiliate the child and breed引起/繁育 resentment怨恨.

?5. Punishment, such as a scolding責(zé)罵 or taking away privileges, is most effective?

when done immediately. This is especially true for younger children.

You-messages take the form of threats, name-calling, accusing,?

bossing, lecturing, or criticizing. Generally, you-messages tell children?

what’s “wrong” with them.?

-

An I-message tells children what effect their behavior had on you.So use

I-message.