passage3

注解：標(biāo)題為紅色，翻譯為藍(lán)色，分析為綠色。

????????When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game游戲，獵物(根據(jù)語境，選這個意思), and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

????????That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries(漁場,是fishery的復(fù)數(shù)形式)? around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved(變成一半，是half的改f為ved，變成“減半”的意思) again since then.

????????Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels船只 can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated浸透，飽滿 with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited帶魚餌的 hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.

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1.記憶vessel這個單詞,vessel(人或動物的）血管，（植物的）導(dǎo)管；船，艦；容器，器皿),記憶法諧音“尾蛇”，尾蛇長長的一條，就像(人或動物的）血管的血管一樣，就像植物的導(dǎo)管一樣，它在水里游起來就跟船只一樣，它盤起來的時候就像盛放東西的容器一樣。

2.saturate浸透，飽滿。在原文是指，使魚能在捕魚網(wǎng)上更加飽滿，言外之意就是在漁網(wǎng)上捕撈到更多的魚。

3.bait誘餌，魚餌，拼音記憶“擺它”，擺好它，因為它就是個擺設(shè)，作為誘餌用的。

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????????Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.

一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

本文是一篇關(guān)于海洋生物變化趨勢的文章。

文章第一段用地球上大型動物滅絕來類比海洋生物也面臨著同樣的現(xiàn)狀。

第二、三段則通過學(xué)者的研究數(shù)據(jù)來具體說明了這一現(xiàn)狀。

第四段在總結(jié)前面論述的基礎(chǔ)上，為海洋漁業(yè)管理給出了一些自己的建議。

31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that ________.

[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment

[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared

[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today

[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones

31．文中提到大型史前動物的滅絕是為了說明________。

[A] 大型動物容易受到環(huán)境變化的影響

[B] 當(dāng)大型動物消失時，小物種幸存下來了

[C] 如今大型海洋動物可能面臨同樣的威脅

[D] 生長緩慢的魚類比生長快的魚類壽命長

32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.

[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%

[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago

[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount

[D] the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old

32．從邁爾斯博士和沃爾姆博士的論文我們可以推知 。

[A] 一些老漁場中大型捕食動物的物種資源已經(jīng)減少了 90%

[B] 現(xiàn)在漁場的數(shù)量只有 15 年前的一半

[C] 新漁場的捕捉量只占原來的 20%

[D] 新漁場中大型捕食動物的數(shù)量比老漁場減少的更快

33. By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that ________.

[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly

[B] then catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded

[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss

[D] the data collected so far are out of date

33．沃爾姆博士說“這些數(shù)據(jù)是保守的”(第三段第一行)，他的意思是________。

[A] 捕魚技術(shù)已經(jīng)得到快速發(fā)展

[B] 實際捕撈規(guī)模比記錄的要小

[C] 海洋生物量已遭受了更大的損失

[D] 目前收集的數(shù)據(jù)過時了

34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.

[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time

[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass

[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level

[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation

34．邁爾斯博士與其他研究者們認(rèn)為 。

[A] 人們應(yīng)該尋找一個能夠在更長時間內(nèi)起作用的數(shù)量基線

[B] 漁場應(yīng)該將產(chǎn)量保持在生物量的 50%以下

[C] 海洋生物量應(yīng)該恢復(fù)到原來的水平

[D] 人們應(yīng)該根據(jù)變化的形勢調(diào)整捕撈數(shù)量的基線

35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.

[A] management efficiency

[B] biomass level

[C] catch-size limits

[D] technological application

35．作者似乎主要關(guān)心大部分漁場的_____。

[A] 管理效率

[B] 生物量水平

[C] 捕撈規(guī)模限制

[D] 技術(shù)應(yīng)用

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯

1. game n. 獵物，野禽，野味

2. fishery n. 漁業(yè)，水產(chǎn)業(yè)；漁場

3. biomass n. (單位面積或體積內(nèi))生物的數(shù)量

4. halve v. 平分，減少到一半

5. vessel n. 船；容器；血管；導(dǎo)管

6. predator n. 食肉動物；剝削者

7. prey n. 被掠食者，犧牲者

8. sonar n. 聲納，聲波定位儀

9. longline n. 多鉤長線

10. saturate??v. 使飽和，浸透，使充滿

11. trap n. 圈套，陷阱 v. 設(shè)圈套，設(shè)陷阱

12. stock n. 貯備物，備用物，供應(yīng)物

13. baseline n. 基礎(chǔ)，起點；基線，壘線

14. yield n. 產(chǎn)量，收益

15. crop v. 收獲；修剪；種植

三、閱讀答案：C A C D B

四、全文翻譯：?

????????當(dāng)史前人類到達(dá)世界的新區(qū)域時，奇怪的事情發(fā)生在大型動物身上：它們突然滅絕了。較小的物種幸存下來。大型的、生長緩慢的動物很容易成為獵物，并被迅速獵殺直至滅絕?，F(xiàn)在類似的情況可能正在海洋中發(fā)生。

????????人們很多年前就已經(jīng)知曉海洋被過度捕撈這個事實。而諸如蘭森姆·邁爾斯和鮑里斯·沃爾姆這樣的研究者所說明的也僅僅是情形變化有多快。他們研究了全世界半個世紀(jì)里漁場的數(shù)據(jù)。他們的方法不是試圖確切估計在特定海域中魚類的生物量(活生物物種的數(shù)量)，而是隨著時間推移這些生物量的變化。根據(jù)他們在《自然》雜志上發(fā)表的最新論文，一個新的漁場在被開發(fā)后的 15 年中大型捕食動物的生物量平均減少了 80%。在一些長期捕魚的地區(qū)，在那基數(shù)之上又減少了一半。

????????沃爾姆博士承認(rèn)這些數(shù)據(jù)是保守的。原因之一是捕魚技術(shù)已經(jīng)有所突破。今天的船只可以使用 50 年前還沒有的衛(wèi)星和聲波定位儀來尋找獵物。這就意味著更高比例的海洋物種正在被捕撈，因此現(xiàn)在和過去之間的真正差異可能比用捕撈規(guī)模變化所記錄的要更糟糕。早些時候，采用多鉤長線法本應(yīng)該捕到更多的魚。個別的魚可能會捕捉不到，是因為沒有足夠掛餌的鉤子來捕捉它們，這導(dǎo)致了過去對魚類資源量的低估。而且，在使用多鉤長線捕魚的初期，許多魚被鉤往后又被鯊魚奪走。而現(xiàn)在這不再是一個問題，因為附近的鯊魚更少了。

????????邁爾斯博士和沃爾姆博士認(rèn)為他們的工作將提供一個準(zhǔn)確的捕撈數(shù)量基線，它是未來漁業(yè)

管理層必須要考慮的事情。他們認(rèn)為這些數(shù)據(jù)支持了現(xiàn)在海洋生物學(xué)家的一種觀點，即“變化中的基線”。這種觀點認(rèn)為人們還沒發(fā)覺海洋中的巨大變化，因為他們只回顧了過去相當(dāng)短的一段時期的情況。而這很重要，因為理論認(rèn)為當(dāng)目標(biāo)物種的生物量達(dá)到原始基數(shù)的 50%左右時，從漁場中能夠獲得最大的可持續(xù)產(chǎn)量。大部分漁場都遠(yuǎn)沒達(dá)到這個水平，這對于漁業(yè)而言是很不利的。