原文標(biāo)題：
Urban redevelopment II

Dumplings and skewers

Japanese cities are being retrofitted for an ageing population

城市重建II

餃子和烤串

日本城市重新規(guī)劃以應(yīng)對人口老齡化

The coastal city of Toyama is a global exemplar of “compact living

沿海的富山市是全球“緊湊生活”的典范

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TOYAMA NESTLES between a deep blue bay and snow-topped peaks, some 250km northwest of Tokyo.?

富山位于東京西北約250公里的深藍(lán)色海灣和積雪覆蓋的山峰之間。

In many ways, it is a quintessential regional Japanese city: its residents are greying, its industry is stable but sclerotic, its cuisine is exquisite.?

在許多方面，它是日本地區(qū)性城市的典型代表：城市居民老齡化，工業(yè)穩(wěn)定但僵化，美食很精致。

American firebombs targeting its steel mills wiped out 99% of Toyama’s centre during the second world war.?

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，美國燃燒彈炸毀了富山的鋼鐵廠及99%的市中心區(qū)域。

Afterwards, the city was rapidly rebuilt and sprawled as its population grew. But that was then.?

后來，隨著人口的增長，這座城市迅速重建擴(kuò)大。但已時(shí)過境遷。

Since the 1990s the city of 414,000 (and falling) has been battling the ills of an ageing population: ballooning bills, falling tax revenues and an out-of-date urban plan.

自20世紀(jì)90年代以來，這座人口41.4萬的城市一直在與人口老齡化的弊病作斗爭：不斷增加的財(cái)政支出、不斷下降的稅收、陳舊的城市規(guī)劃。

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Yet Toyama has battled much better than most—even managing a modest revival.
然而，富山比大多數(shù)城市做的好得多--盡管這是一場溫和的城市復(fù)興。

On a new central plaza stands the crown jewel of the renewed Toyama: a cultural complex designed by Kuma Kengo, a star architect, containing an extensive library and a glass art museum.
在一個(gè)新的中心廣場上，矗立著新富山的皇冠明珠：一個(gè)由著名建筑師隈研吾設(shè)計(jì)的文化建筑群，建筑群包括一個(gè)圖書館和玻璃藝術(shù)館。

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The city has adopted what urban planners call a “compact city” policy.?

富山市采取了城市規(guī)劃者的“緊湊型城市”政策。

Recognising that sprawl is expensive to build, maintain and service, planners try to make cities smaller, denser and less car-reliant.?

規(guī)劃者們意識到城市無序蔓延、維護(hù)和服務(wù)成本高昂等問題，他們努力使城市變得更袖珍、更密集、更少依賴汽車。

These aims, long pursued in Europe, are relatively new to Japan.?

這些是歐洲長期追求的目標(biāo)，但對日本來說是一個(gè)相對新奇的概念。

The World Bank calls Toyama “a global role model” for compact cities.

世界銀行稱富山是緊湊城市的“全球榜樣”。

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Planners there have pursued what they call a “dumpling and skewer” structure, in which denser hubs (the dumplings) are linked by public transport (the skewers).?

富山規(guī)劃人員一直在追求所謂的“餃子和烤串”結(jié)構(gòu)：密集的活動(dòng)中心（餃子）由公共交通（烤串）連接起來。

Making it work required first winning over lots of recalcitrant locals.?

要使這種結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)揮作用，首先需要贏得當(dāng)?shù)仡B固居民們的支持。

Mori Masashi, who was Toyama’s mayor from 2002 to 2021 and spearheaded the transformation, held hundreds of town hall discussions of the plan.?

2002年至2021擔(dān)任富山市市長的森町正司率先進(jìn)行了這項(xiàng)改革，他就改革舉行了數(shù)百次市政廳會(huì)議。

He also travelled widely to learn from cities as far afield as Amsterdam and Portland.

他還遠(yuǎn)赴阿姆斯特丹和波特蘭等城市學(xué)習(xí)。

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Thoughtful design helped. The new light rail has carriages that align flush with station platforms, eliminating the steps that can trip up elderly riders.?

周到的暖心設(shè)計(jì)非常有益。新輕軌的車廂與車站站臺齊平，去掉了可能絆倒老年乘客的臺階。

Lest youngsters feel left out, the city also built a skatepark, a rarity in Japan. Such projects made canny use of the city’s existing resources.?

為了不讓年輕人感到被冷落，富山還建造了一個(gè)滑雪場，這在日本很罕見。這些工程充分利用了該市現(xiàn)有的資源。

Old rail tracks were repurposed for the new light rail, a move that reduced costs by 75%, according to the World Bank.?

根據(jù)世界銀行的數(shù)據(jù)，舊鐵軌被改裝以供新輕軌使用，這一舉措減少了75%的重建費(fèi)用。

While the government handled construction, it farmed the rail network out to an expert private firm. It also offered subsidies to entice people to move into the dumplings.

施工方面，政府將鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)外包給了一家專業(yè)的私企。政府還提供補(bǔ)貼，來吸引居民搬進(jìn)活動(dòng)中心。

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The policy, though no panacea for the demographic squeeze, changed Toyama’s trajectory.?

這項(xiàng)政策雖然不是解決人口減少的靈丹妙藥，但改變了富山的發(fā)展軌跡。

The city arrested the outflow of people from its centre: net migration into the downtown area was negative before 2008 but has since been growing.?

富山市阻止了市中心人口外流：2008年之前，搬到市區(qū)的凈移民為負(fù)數(shù)，但2008年后凈移民一直在增長。

The new developments have made property more attractive.

城市的新發(fā)展使房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)更具吸引力。

Land prices in the city centre had been declining by around 2% a year until 2012; in the decade since, they have grown by an average of 2% per year, with gains in some areas reaching as high as 6%.?

2012年前，市中心的土地價(jià)格每年下降約2%；在2012年后的十年中，房價(jià)的平均年增長率為2%，某些地段的增長率高達(dá)6%。

Using increased tax revenue from the revived city centre to support more remote parts of the region is a “basic model for other cities”, says Nitta Hachiro, the governor of the surrounding prefecture, also called Toyama.

周邊的富山縣知事新田八郎說，用復(fù)興后市區(qū)的新增稅收來支援該市偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，這是“其他城市的基本模式”。

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The new urban design may have other long-term benefits.?

新城市規(guī)劃在其他方面可以也有長期效益。

Public transport use among those aged 60 and older has more than trebled.?

60歲及以上老年人的公共交通使用量增加了兩倍多。

Small-scale studies show promising results: old folks who stay active by using their discount transit passes need less nursing care than those who do not.

小型研究得出的結(jié)論很美好：用老年證享坐車優(yōu)惠的老年人保持活動(dòng)，他們比不?；顒?dòng)的老年人需要的護(hù)理更少。

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For those living far from the centre, the benefits are less clear.?

對遠(yuǎn)離市中心的人來說，好處并不那么明顯。

The compact city is a “bubble” which people outside it look on with “cold eyes”, says one 73-year-old shopkeeper in the suburbs.?

一位生活在郊區(qū)的73歲店主說，這座緊湊城市就是一個(gè)“泡沫”，外面的人在冷眼旁觀。

Local governments with ageing, shrinking populations face hard choices about where to keep water and sewers running and where to close schools and clinics.?

隨著人口老齡化及人口數(shù)量萎縮，地方政府面臨著艱難的選擇，比如哪里水管和下水道需要繼續(xù)運(yùn)行，哪里的學(xué)校和診所需要關(guān)閉。

Even as cities strive to become more compact, they may fail to reach the density necessary to keep businesses profitable, says Okata Junichiro, of the University of Tokyo.?But they must try.

東京大學(xué)的岡田純一郎表示，盡管城市在努力變得更加緊湊，但它們也可能無法達(dá)到商業(yè)盈利所需的密度。但他們必須嘗試。

Japanese cities once grew boldly. As the population ages and declines, they must learn to shrink with grace.

日本城市曾野蠻擴(kuò)張。隨著人口老齡化和人口的減少，日本城市必須學(xué)會(huì)優(yōu)雅地收縮。

?（恭喜讀完，本篇英語詞匯827左右，有刪減）

原文出自：2022年12月24日《TE》Asia版塊

精讀筆記來源于：自由英語之路

本文翻譯整理: Irene

本文編輯校對: Irene
僅供個(gè)人英語學(xué)習(xí)交流使用。

【補(bǔ)充資料】（來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)）
富山市(Toyama)位于日本列島的中心、本州的中央北部，面向日本海，與東京、大阪、名古屋三大都市圈的距離相等，具有得天獨(dú)厚的地理環(huán)境。三面環(huán)繞險(xiǎn)山峻嶺、環(huán)抱深水灣的廣闊平原不斷延伸，由“北阿爾卑斯立山”連峰等山岳地帶包圍，形成了以富山市為中心、半徑為50km的統(tǒng)一連貫的地形，生長植物品種之多位居日本本州島第一位。水資源豐富，農(nóng)業(yè)和漁業(yè)都比較發(fā)達(dá)，形成了日本海沿岸一帶屈指可數(shù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集結(jié)工業(yè)帶。由于本地從17世紀(jì)就開始發(fā)展制藥產(chǎn)業(yè)，如今的富山市在日本亦有“藥都”的別名，除了現(xiàn)今在市區(qū)內(nèi)仍有不少傳統(tǒng)的藥店，轄內(nèi)也形成的制藥工業(yè)的聚落，包括富山化學(xué)工業(yè)、日產(chǎn)化學(xué)、富士制藥工業(yè)、富士藥品多家制藥公司都在此設(shè)立工廠。
?
隈研吾，是日本著名建筑師，享有極高的國際聲譽(yù)，建筑融合古典與現(xiàn)代風(fēng)格為一體。曾獲得國際石造建筑獎(jiǎng)、自然木造建筑精神獎(jiǎng)等。著有《十宅論》、《負(fù)建筑》等作品。

緊湊城市 compact city: 針對城市無序蔓延提出來的城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念模式 ，強(qiáng)調(diào)通過 土地資源的混合使 用、密集開發(fā)等策略，提高城市土地的利用效率和城市發(fā)展的品質(zhì)。緊湊城市、精明增長、新城市主義是可持續(xù)發(fā)展代言的當(dāng)代三大營城理念?！熬o湊城市”起源于歐洲，主要是針對當(dāng)時(shí)城市面臨的蔓延式發(fā)展，強(qiáng)調(diào)城市具有邊界、高密度開發(fā)、混合土地利用、功能復(fù)合、步行尺度、社會(huì)及文化的多樣性。

【重點(diǎn)句子】（3 個(gè)）
The city has adopted what urban planners call a “compact city” policy.
富山市采取了城市規(guī)劃者的“緊湊型城市”政策。

The policy, though no panacea for the demographic squeeze, changed Toyama’s trajectory.
這項(xiàng)政策雖然不是解決人口減少的靈丹妙藥，但改變了富山的發(fā)展軌跡。

Japanese cities once grew boldly. As the population ages and declines, they must learn to shrink with grace.
日本城市曾野蠻擴(kuò)張。隨著人口老齡化和人口的減少，日本城市必須學(xué)會(huì)優(yōu)雅地收縮。