07 Lesson 2 - Crash Course Composition Part 1 - Sizing 101

我上小學的時候，父母給買的臺式電視機，When I was in elementary school, My parents bought a very old television that looked kind of like this. It was a very boxy television. 每周都會出去租電影看，And and it was a weekly thing would go out and rent movies to watch. 我記得當初看的影視有《怪物史萊克》《Madagascar》。And I remember watching things like Shrek and Madagascar. 此后，開始出售DVD我不太想解釋已經(jīng)淡出人們生活的DVD是什么。Back then, they sold DVDs and I really hope I don't have to explain what a DVD is. shut off the press living in 20 40.但是DVD是一張插入比如PS4X盒子和藍光類似的視頻播放器的光盤， But a DVD is just a disk that you pop into a video player and it shows up on your screen like a PS4 Xbox or like a blue-Ray player.?

P7 - 00:37DVD兩種版本。?

But anyways, these DVDs came out in two versions.你可以得到其中一個全屏或?qū)捚粒?You can get either full screen, or you could get a wide screen. 你可以從標題去分辨全屏和寬屏。You'll be able to tell which one they sold, because you can watch it. here full screen, wide screen. 當時父母和我了解英文很少，但是靠著每周租借DVD我們英文水平長足的進步。My parents knew very little English and I knew even less. But we soon learned that by renting DVDs every week that when you purchase something that was wide screen, it would show up on the little TV kind of like this, with these big-giant-black borders here and here.如果買的寬屏的，小電視展示出來，很粗的電視邊框。 therefore my family. And I quickly learned instead of picking the wide screen DVDs, we would pick the full screen DVDs.于是我們選了把寬屏替換成全屏，小電視清晰的展示清楚人物面龐，不被上下粗框遮擋。 And now you can see photos face or shrek's space and a much more beautiful wide version, which is clearly a more satisfying experience. As now I can see the glory of shrek face with no black bars.?

P7 - 01:33但是為什么不再買全屏的了呢？?

However, looking back, I will never buy a full screen DVD ever again. 現(xiàn)在走進電視賣場看不到小時候用的盒子式的電視，Nowadays when you walk into a TV store, you don't see any more boxes TVS. 取而代之，琳瑯滿目的是超寬屏的電視。But now you see these super wide screen TVS. 這就是寬屏DVD名字起源。Aha, that's where the name where wide screen DVD it came from.?

P7 - 01:56小時候的以為？?

當我是孩子的時候，寬屏很可怕。when I was a kid. I thought wide screen was awful. 全屏才是獲益匪淺的。That full-screen was where I could get the most benifit for my buck 因為我不喜歡上下的框框。because I hated seeing those black bars. 但是現(xiàn)在我意識到需要買的還是寬屏。But now I realize what I should have actually done was I needed to get a wider screen.?

P7 - 02:10為什么買寬屏而不是全屏？?

因為全屏等于畫幅中重點被縮小尺寸了。Because with full screen, they are actually cutting off half the movie. Like if I was watching it on my tiny TV, it would look like this. And I'm missing literally. All of these are proportions.小TV外貌小而且破舊，但是完成了工作任務。 But hey, you know, like our little TV, it was junky but it did its job. 那個年代有個電視的誕生已經(jīng)算是完美體驗了。But if we got a much older movie, like from the era that are little junky Tv actually came from then it would've been perfect.?

P7 - 02:31全屏的比率。?

Because you see the full screen is actually a ratio.全屏橫寬比是4:3或者1.3321，這是影院和影視中最早的測量方法。 It is known as the 4 to 3, also known as 1.3321. This is the earliest measurement used in cinema and film.你在無聲影視中見過，因為那是攝影的標準。 And you'll definitely see it in silent films because it was a standard for photography.?

P7 - 02:50當時攝影技術(shù)的標準。?

回到影院年代對攝影技術(shù)的標準，Cinemas back then used photography technology to make Cinema technology.本質(zhì)上影院是模擬攝影。 So essentially cinema was mimicking photography. ?

P7 - 02:56舉例子 登月之旅。?

This is a shot from a trip to the moon in 1902. 你可以在1902年的《登月之旅》看到拍攝4乘以3的大小。And you can see that the size is a perfect 4 by 3換算成1.33的橫寬比。 So here it would be 4 and this would be 3. as a number, it would be considered 1.33 right there. You see, I wrote it down for you. ?

P7 - 03:15學院派1.37橫寬比率。?

Next was the academy ratio or 1.37.因為影視錄制聲音需要空間，所以橫寬邊緣縮小了。 Now this was because movies actually have sound and leading to record sound. It actually would take up space in the film physically, which is why the edges shrunk just a bit. ?

P7 - 03:31因為影視聲音調(diào)節(jié)橫寬比率例子。?

最好的例子是1941年的《公民凱恩》。The best example is citizen Kane of 1941. 稍微寬點或短點。And you can see now it's just ever so slightly wider or ever so slightly shorter. 現(xiàn)在1.37替代1.33幾乎沒什么變化，And it's now instead of 1.33, it is 1.37, barely a change.但是這種新標準從1932到1952持續(xù)20年之久， But this was the new standard. This lasted from 1932 to 1952, 因為在20世紀50年代家庭影院非常流行了。家里電視替代了影院，影院顧客流失導致生意越來越差。because in the 1950s at home television was extremely popular. A lot of people have televisions in their home now, and movies were running out of business and losing customers. ?

P7 - 03:59寬屏立體電影來源。?

So to make the movies more enticing. So they decided to use a process known as the cinerama, where they will use three simultaneous directors to showcase a movie in a very wide format. 這種3放影棚展示出來的寬屏，橫寬比率是2.59和之前的1.33或1.37比寬很多。This aspect ratio was 2.59. Quite the leap from the original box like format, and a lot bigger and a lot wider than 1.33 or 1.37. ?

P7 - 04:28寬屏立體的改良版。?

繼Cinerama之后20世紀福特公司推出如何用一個投影替代三個點合成變形鏡頭做出2.35橫寬比率Cinemascope為新的命名。Then almost right after cinerama, 20th century fox figured out how to use only one projector instead of three, and used an anamorphic lens for the first time, resulting in a 2.35 aspect ratio. It's a little bit shorter than cinerama, because they don't have three cameras anymore. And this one was called cinemascope. ?

P7 - 04:49兩個寬屏立體的對比。?

Yeah, I know. Very original name. 但是有些公司決定做到2.76橫寬比更大一些的影視。But during this time, some companies decided they could go even wider than cinerama and cinemascope. And they shot in 2.76. A classic example is BEN HUR. Look at why this scene is. It's so much wider than you'll see in like the movies today.那段時間大家都在嘗試不同的橫寬比，或長或短。 So during this time, everybody was trying out different kinds of aspect ratios, some a little bit longer and some a little bit shorter. 那時候最具代表性的還是2.76，2.59，2.35三個典型。But at the time, the most iconic was 2.76, which is this one. 2.59, which is cinerama, and 2.35, which is cinemascope. ?

P7 - 05:32其它橫寬比率。?

The other ratios kind of died out a bit, because typically with technology restrictions. 因為影院想提供給電視不能帶來的體驗。And remember the reason why it became so wide screen is because movies wanted to offer an experience that TV simply could not offer. 全憑的電視機43大小。So televisions during this time were still the standard box size of 43. This was known as full screen, which hey looks a lot like my old TV. 賣電視當時還同時銷售VHS，因為影視需要被縮小到電視大小，要校正到不失去重要的元素。So selling movies back then when they were still being sold on VHS or something, they were forced to cut off a large portion of the movie and would need to go back into the movie and pan around a little bit so that they don't lose a really important part of the screen. ?

P7 - 06:15舉例子。?

For example, 如果你把影視中的縮影到電視大小，這樣失去了屏幕中角色小男孩。if you were to be showing off this scene right here and you wanted to portray it on to the full screen down here, then you're losing out the little boy.所以你需要做的回去把展示的屏幕從飛機出鏡移動到小男孩出鏡。 So what you have to do is you have to go back into that shot and actually pan it so that it actually cuts to the little boy, which is a lot of work.?

P7 - 06:33為了解決這問題。?

So to fix this problem. 為了簡化流程，選擇寬屏在電視放映，就出現(xiàn)上下黑框，但是人們誤以為是影視被剪輯了，沒有給到自己花錢買到的價值。They decided to sell wide screen format where they were at these giant thick black bars to the movie. But the problem is that just like with my family and I thought when people saw the black bars, they thought that the movie was getting cut off, that it was too small. So they felt like they were losing money or that it was a rip off.?

P7 - 06:55然而20世紀90年代前后不同。?

when in reality it was actually the other way around. Eventually around the 1990s, 電視機轉(zhuǎn)變成寬屏格式，是1.78或經(jīng)典的16乘9比率，也是1920乘以1080的格式。television began a transformation into what is known as the wide screen format. It is a 1.78 or the classic 16 by 9 ratio, which is also the 1920 by 1080. Yeah,?

P7 - 07:14?

這樣你藝術(shù)和數(shù)學一箭雙雕。 I know this art class was just a fraction class in disguise. Ha ha! You're learning both art and math. Two for the price of one.?

P7 - 07:27用16乘以9的原因？?

介于全屏和寬屏格式的中間。 But actually, the reason that screens are 16 by 9 is because that is the average between the fullscreen format and the wide screen format. 不管你看哪一個電影，4乘以3的還是2.35巨屏的，并沒有太多的裁剪。It's just that no matter which film you watch, whether it's the 4 by 3 or the super wide 2.35, there isn't that much of a cut off.很少的黑框。 And you see a lot less black bars.?

P7 - 07:44幾乎16乘9是個標準。?

And so almost everything now holds 16 by 9 as a standard. 比如油管頻道，計算機顯示器，我錄制課程也是按照16乘以9標準錄制的。YouTube videos are 16 by 9. Computer monitors are 16 by 9. This very class is 16 by 9. In fact, when I record my screen, I have to make sure that I keep it 16 by 9.?

P7 - 08:02影視比16乘9寬一點。?

Movies nowadays to make sure that they still feel a little bit longer and more cool than your average YouTube video To make you feel a little more grand, 影視是1.85的標準。用下數(shù)學16乘以9換算成1.78，所以影視比普通視頻稍微長一點。 they have a standard of 1.85. And in case you forgot your fractions, super quick, 16 by 9 will be a 1.78. So a cinema being 1.85 is a little bit longer. But you'll still notice that today when you go to the movie theaters, some movies are still longer than others, 因為我們?nèi)缃穸际撬囆g(shù)要求的選擇，已經(jīng)不囿于技術(shù)限制了。because we are really no longer bound by technology. The length of our screen in the final product is an artistic choice. ?

P7 - 08:34舉例說明藝術(shù)性選擇。?

比如Christopher Nolan導演的《星際穿越》是70毫米2.39超長的電影。Directors like Christopher Nolan. He likes the super long 70 millimeter film. Look also using a 2.39. 實際上在他的影視，喜歡不同比率之間切換的用。In fact, in his movies, he actually likes to jump around between different aspect ratios. 但是更多喜歡互道超長比率影視，But he always loves to go back to the super long aspect ratio. 給觀眾感覺很長很壯觀。You can see that the shots are always extra wide and feel kind of extra grand. ?

P7 - 08:59另一個導演作品舉例說明。?

比如導演Wes Anderson喜歡學院派回到1.37比率。 You get directors like wes Anderson, who wanted to go all the way back and film his movie in the academy ratio, which if you remember is 1.37 incredibly short. 比如他導演的《Budapest酒店》作品，和《黑暗騎士》并排放在一起會看到明顯的不同。for his movie, the grand Budapest hotel. When you put it side by side next to the dark knight, you can see some pretty big differences and。?

P7 - 09:25《正義聯(lián)盟》經(jīng)典例子。?

actually a great example is a movie that kind of recently came out when I recorded this, which is the exact Snyder cut of the justice league movie. 后來被Zack Snyder重新編導的。So essentially, for those of you guys who don't know the justice league movie was remade by Zack Snyder. So the original is this one, and the second one by Zack Snyder will call it zs was this one.改編的是4乘以3比率，原版是經(jīng)典的寬屏。 And he shot it in a 4 by 3 ratio, whereas the original was your more stereotypical wide screen format.?

P7 - 09:53總結(jié)趨勢方向。?

流行趨勢是16乘以9或者1.78，或者是1.82或2.39之間的尺寸，2.39方向是當下發(fā)展趨勢。 Typically the ones that you know most today, however, it's going to be you're 16 by 9 or 1.78 for most screens. Then it will be a mixture between 1.85 or 2.39 for movies. Some movies go for 1.85, but right now we're seeing a trend that goes more towards 2.39 kind of length. ?

P7 - 10:10被淘汰的取向。?

原來4乘以3逐漸被淘汰掉。And then lastly, you have the 4 by 3 full screen that is slowly dying out.?

P7 - 10:17結(jié)合當下，下一步展望。?

We finished history class in math class. Wow.現(xiàn)在豎屏手機發(fā)展起來了。But nowadays there is a new ratio of the vertical ratio of the phone. 這是下一個探索的前沿。This is the next frontier that we have to tackle. 幸運的是，手機也是16乘以9比例研發(fā)的。Thankfully, those are also now typically built for 16 by 9, 豎屏橫屏手機像是隨身攜帶的顯示器。because you just flip it around and you carry a mini monitor. How convenient.?

P7 - 10:44新興社交媒體對視頻大小要求。?

But with new social media platforms like instant gram or a tick talk,可以看到很多豎屏的，視頻和游戲都是豎屏設(shè)計的。 or seeing a lot more content that's completely vertical, for example, games like candy crush or pokemon go are designed to be, well, a vertical and 。

P7 - 10:55未知尚待研究的領(lǐng)域VR。?

don't even get me started on VR like, I don't even know what the aspect ratio of that would be. That increases our possibility by so much as the person who's watching this in 2040. Maybe you guys have already figured out by then. ?

P7 - 11:12理解發(fā)展史明白為什么現(xiàn)在寬屏。?

But what I need you to realize is that there is a reason for why our screens are made the way they are today. This is the reason why movies are wide. And it's not because some god of movies came down and said it is the law. Your ratio must be 1.85,經(jīng)過漫長的技術(shù)和認知突破演變而來的不成文的規(guī)律。 but rather it was through the restrictions of technology and improvements in technology experience that made our screens the way they are today. ?

P7 - 11:40傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)不在我們研究范圍內(nèi)。?

And notice I only talked about screens. I didn't even begin to cover traditional media or canvases are out of the wazoo in terms of different shapes and sizes.因為概念藝術(shù)用于影視娛樂界。 Since concept art is used for entertainment on the big screen. 我不認為屏幕一時半會會被淘汰掉。And I don't think screens are going to go away anytime soon. We'll save that talk to the future. 我們只是研究到目前的發(fā)展史。We'll just do what history lesson for today. We're not going to talk about traditional campuses. ?

P7 - 12:04職業(yè)要求的常識。?

So now that we've discussed the reason why screens look the way they do, what does that have to do with composition? Like Airi, Why did you just walk us through an entire history class about fractions? Well, I hope it's obvious, 取決于你給誰設(shè)計的，你的屏幕或畫布的比率就不同。but depending on what you're designing for, your composition aspect ratio or your canvas should be the appropriate aspect ratio as well. 如果你給影視繪制插畫比率是超長的。If you're designing for a movie, then you're going to be using a pretty long canvas.給游戲視頻做插畫用16乘以9或1920乘以1080比率的。 If you're designing an illustration or splash art for a video game on the PC, then you're gonna wanna use a 16 by 9 or 1920 by 1080 ratio. 隨著智能手機娛樂游戲的開發(fā)，提供豎屏的設(shè)計版圖。And now that mobile phone games and entertainment is rapidly growing. If you're designing for a vertical game, your art should be turned in. Obviously, a vertical format. There's exceptions to each of these rules, of course, but that's the basic gist of it. 我不希望誰拿出豎屏的插畫給到影視設(shè)計總監(jiān)。I hope that makes sense because I don't want anyone to turn in a vertical painting to their art director for a feature film movie. 因為總監(jiān)認為這是基本的常識，應該知道的。Because if they do, clearly they did not take this class. And oftentimes your art director will expect you to simply know this. So when you work for a film or a movie or a game, make sure that you yourself turn in the right aspect ratio.否則一次做不成功，還被打回來修改，很尷尬。 Otherwise they'll just come back to you and ask you to change it, which might be a little bit embarrassing, because you didn't know what it was. So now let's dive into this concept a little further, because we've only scratched the very surface of composition. And yes, boiler alert, there is more fractions, but don't worry. Don't worry. Don't worry. It only gets more fun from here, I promise.