到這里我們簡(jiǎn)單梳理了古希臘人的四大族群，但有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題需要我們搞清楚，就是關(guān)于“多利安人入侵”和“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回歸”。這個(gè)問題是理解古風(fēng)時(shí)期之前的希臘歷史和本期視頻的關(guān)鍵。我主要想講兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。首先，很多資料當(dāng)中會(huì)將這兩個(gè)概念混著使用，但它們是兩件事。其次，“多利安人入侵”是否真的發(fā)生過是存疑的。

Here we have briefly sorted out the four major groups of ancient Greeks, but there is a key issue that we need to clarify, and that is about the "Dorian invasion" and the "return of the descendants of Heracles". This issue is the key to understanding Greek history before the Archaic period and this video. I want to make two key points. First, many sources use these two concepts together, but they are two different things. Secondly, it is doubtful that the "Dorian invasion" actually took place.

?

第一點(diǎn)，“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回歸”是一種文學(xué)表述。我們可以從兩個(gè)方面來看這個(gè)問題。首先就是故事的形成。通過前面的講述我們可以明顯地看到赫拉克勒斯的故事和多利安人的故事發(fā)生了嫁接，這可能是在希臘部族的遷徙過程當(dāng)中形成的。而這一點(diǎn)并不是希臘文化所獨(dú)有的。在其他的民族當(dāng)中，神話和傳說隨著部族的遷徙而發(fā)生融合的事情不僅經(jīng)常發(fā)生，而且這是民族敘事形成的一個(gè)很重要的機(jī)制。

First, the "return of the descendants of Heracles" is a literary expression. We can understand this point in two aspects. The first thing is the formation of the story. It is obvious from the preceding that the story of Heracles and the story of the Dorians merged, probably during the migration of the Greek tribes. And this is not unique to Greek culture. Among other peoples, the fusion of myths and legends with tribal migrations not only happens frequently, but it is a very important mechanism for the formation of national narratives.

?

其次是故事的作用。“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回歸”在神話中的表述為赫拉克勒斯的后代返回了祖先的土地，自己的家園，并恢復(fù)了他們的合法遺產(chǎn)。這種表述主張了赫拉克勒斯家族或多利安人對(duì)伯羅奔尼撒統(tǒng)治的合法性，尤其是對(duì)于希臘世界里眾多的多利安國王們來說，這尤為重要。比如著名的斯巴達(dá)國王列奧尼達(dá)一世就是斯巴達(dá)阿基亞德王室的成員，這個(gè)家族可以追溯到赫拉克勒斯的后裔阿里斯托德穆斯的長子歐律斯特涅斯。亞歷山大大帝是馬其頓阿爾吉德王室的成員，也稱泰米尼德王室，這個(gè)家族可以追溯到赫拉克勒斯的后裔，伯羅奔尼撒阿爾戈斯的國王泰米努斯。阿爾吉德來自于阿爾戈斯，泰米尼德來自于泰米努斯。這里我們可以看到神話的另一個(gè)重要作用，為現(xiàn)實(shí)政治服務(wù)。

The second is the role of the story. The " Return of the Heracleidae" is expressed in the myth as the descendants of Heracles returning to their ancestral land, their homeland, and restoring their rightful heritage. This expression asserts the legitimacy of the rule of the House of Heracles or the Dorians over Peloponnese, which was especially important for the numerous Dorian kings in the Greek world. For example, the famous Spartan king Leonidas I was a member of the royal family of the Agiad of Sparta, a family that dates back to Eurysthenes, the eldest son of Aristodemus, a descendant of Heracles. Alexander the Great was a member of the royal family of the Argead of Macedonia, also known as the Temenid, a family that can be traced back to Temenus, the king of Argos in the Peloponnese, a descendant of Heracles. Argead is from Argos and Temenid is from Temenus. Here we can see another important role of mythology, which serves politics.

?

第二點(diǎn)，它可能代表著真實(shí)歷史當(dāng)中的人口遷徙。雖然“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回歸”里面充滿了文學(xué)表述，但不能因此而將其完全視為神話。神話是有其現(xiàn)實(shí)依據(jù)的。

Second, it may represent the migration of people in real history. Although "Return of the Heracleidae" is full of literary representations, it should not be regarded as a myth. The myth has a basis in reality.

?

第三點(diǎn)，“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回歸”和“多利安人入侵”是兩件事。這兩個(gè)詞一個(gè)是古希臘的文學(xué)表述，一個(gè)是現(xiàn)代的歷史概念。泰米努斯的這次征服在希臘文學(xué)中被表述為“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回歸”。這一事件被希羅多德所記載。但是荷馬或赫西俄德卻沒有提到過赫拉克勒斯的后裔或他們的入侵。由此可見這個(gè)敘事出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間比較晚。

Third, the "Return of the Heracleidae" and the "Dorian invasion" are two different things. The two terms are an ancient Greek literary expression and a modern historical concept. The conquest of Temenus is expressed in Greek literature as "Return of the Heracleidae". This event is recorded by Herodotus. But there is no mention of the descendants of Heracles or their invasion by Homer or Hesiod. This shows the late appearance of this narrative.

?

荷馬與赫西俄德可能是同時(shí)代的人，生活于約公元前八世紀(jì)；希羅多德生活于約公元前五世紀(jì)（約公元前484年至約公元前425年）。

Homer and Hesiod probably lived at the same time, around the eighth century B.C.; Herodotus lived around the fifth century B.C. (c. 484 B.C. to c. 425 B.C.).

?

而“多利安人入侵”是學(xué)者們?cè)诤髞韺?duì)古希臘歷史的研究中發(fā)明的概念，這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)于十九世紀(jì)，它用來解釋和希臘文化的不連續(xù)性（或者說斷層）有關(guān)的現(xiàn)象。這個(gè)文化斷層發(fā)生在邁錫尼文明結(jié)束到古風(fēng)時(shí)代開始之間的約三百年，被稱為“黑暗時(shí)代”。

The term "Dorian invasion" is a concept devised by scholars in their historical studies of ancient Greece, and it emerged in the nineteenth century to explain phenomena related to the discontinuity of Greek culture. This discontinuity occurred about three hundred years between the end of the Mycenaean civilization and the beginning of Archaic Greece, and is known as the "Dark Ages".

?

這個(gè)所謂的“黑暗時(shí)代”更多的是指沒有書寫系統(tǒng)和沒有留下文字記錄，關(guān)于當(dāng)時(shí)的人們是否真的生活十分困苦說法不一。至于當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)發(fā)展是否停滯了，答案是否定的。黑暗時(shí)代的文化成果是很豐富的，古風(fēng)時(shí)代和古典時(shí)代正是脫胎于黑暗時(shí)代。這個(gè)我后面會(huì)說到。

This so-called "Dark Ages" refers more to the absence of a writing system and the absence of written records, and there are different opinions on whether people were living in great hardship at that time. As to whether the development of society at that time was stagnant, the answer is no. The cultural achievements of the Dark Ages were very rich, and the Archaic and Classical Ages were born out of the Dark Ages. I will talk about this later.

?

想要搞清楚這個(gè)問題我們需要知道一段歐洲考古學(xué)的往事。這段故事可以幫助我們更好地理解古希臘歷史以及研究古希臘歷史的歷史。

To figure out this matter we need to know the story of European archaeology. This story can help us better understand the history of ancient Greece and the history of the study of ancient Greek history.

?

十九世紀(jì)，在考古學(xué)領(lǐng)域發(fā)生了兩件轟動(dòng)歐洲的大事。1802年至1843年，以羅林森為代表的學(xué)者們破譯了貝希斯敦銘文。隨著楔形文字被破譯，美索不達(dá)米亞文明有文字記載的歷史可以追溯至約公元前3500年。1822年至1824年，以商博良為代表的學(xué)者們破譯了羅塞塔石碑。隨著埃及象形文字被破譯，古埃及文明有文字記載的歷史可以追溯至公元前3200年。這兩件事咱們之前都有提到過。

In the nineteenth century, two major events occurred in the field of archaeology that stirred Europe. Between 1802 and 1843, scholars, represented by Henry Rawlinson, deciphered the Behistun Inscription. With the decipherment of the Cuneiform script, the written history of Mesopotamian civilization can be traced back to about 3500 BCE. Between 1822 and 1824, scholars, represented by Jean-Fran?ois Champollion, deciphered the Rosetta Stone. With the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics, the written history of ancient Egyptian civilization can be traced back to 3200 BCE. We have mentioned both of these events before.

?

隨著這兩種文字被破譯，歐洲人意識(shí)到東方文明的歷史要比自己文明的歷史長得多。而這時(shí)號(hào)稱“歐洲文明之源”的古希臘文明的歷史最遠(yuǎn)可以追溯到什么時(shí)候呢，約公元前800年。要知道，在當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲文明的發(fā)展水平是要高于世界其他地區(qū)的，這就給當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲人帶來了很大的精神壓力。

With the decipherment of these two scripts, Europeans realized that the history of Eastern civilization was much longer than their own. At this time, the ancient Greek civilization, which is known as the "source of European civilization", dates back to about 800 B.C. You know, at that time European civilization was to be more developed than the rest of the world, and this matter makes Europeans very anxious.

?

而想要擺脫這種壓力他們就需要在考古學(xué)上面有所突破。學(xué)者們將注意力集中到了古希臘傳說上面，因?yàn)樵诠?00年之前有關(guān)于古希臘的記載就只有神話和傳說了，而這之中最家喻戶曉的就要數(shù)荷馬的《伊利亞特》。如果可以找到傳說中的特洛伊和邁錫尼的遺址，古希臘的歷史就可以往前追溯了。

And to get rid of this pressure they need to make a breakthrough in archaeology. Scholars have focused their attention on ancient Greek legends since the only records of ancient Greece before 800 B.C. are myths and legends, of which the most famous is Homer's Iliad. If the legendary ruins of Troy and Mycenae can be found, the history of ancient Greece can be traced back further.

?

并且公元前800年這個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)還意味著一件事，這個(gè)時(shí)侯的古希臘已經(jīng)是鐵器時(shí)代了，它缺少青銅時(shí)代這一個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。

The year 800 B.C. also means that ancient Greece was already in the Iron Age at this time, and it lacked a key period, the Bronze Age.

?

事實(shí)上，十九世紀(jì)的兩次關(guān)于古希臘的重要考古活動(dòng)，1870年至1890年施里曼對(duì)于特洛伊和邁錫尼遺址的發(fā)掘和1900年前后埃文斯對(duì)于米諾斯遺址的發(fā)掘，就是奔著這個(gè)方向去的。這個(gè)方向是怎么定的，大家現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該清楚了。關(guān)于這兩次考古發(fā)掘的內(nèi)容大家可以參考我之前的一期視頻，《愛琴美術(shù)》。

The two major archaeological excavations of the nineteenth century concerning ancient Greece, the excavations of Troy and Mycenae by Heinrich Schliemann from 1870 to 1890 and the excavations of Minos by Arthur Evans around 1900, went in this direction. How this direction was set should now be clear to everyone. For more information about these two archaeological excavations, you can refer to my previous video, "Art of the Ancient Aegean".

?

邁錫尼文明的發(fā)現(xiàn)將希臘本土文明的歷史向前推進(jìn)至公元前1750年左右，米諾斯文明的發(fā)現(xiàn)將愛琴文明的歷史向前推進(jìn)至公元前3500年左右。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)將愛琴及希臘大陸地區(qū)青銅時(shí)代文明的空白填補(bǔ)了。接下來的問題是，它們和古希臘是什么關(guān)系。也就是說，米諾斯文明，邁錫尼文明和古希臘文明，它們究竟是不同的三個(gè)文明還是同一個(gè)文明的不同時(shí)期。這個(gè)問題我沒找到確定的答案。很多資料都是在講古希臘的時(shí)候捎帶著提一嘴米諾斯文明和邁錫尼文明，而一旦涉及到三者的關(guān)系都是語焉不詳，怎么說的都有。其實(shí)這個(gè)問題不是古希臘所獨(dú)有的，我們以后還會(huì)遇到。

The discovery of the Mycenaean civilization advanced the history of mainland Greek civilization to about 1750 BC, and the discovery of the Minoan civilization advanced the history of Aegean civilization to about 3500 BC. These discoveries filled in the gaps of the Bronze Age civilization in the Aegean and mainland Greece. The next question is how they are related to ancient Greece. That is, whether Minoan civilization, Mycenaean civilization, and ancient Greek civilization are three different civilizations or different periods of the same civilization. I have not found a definite answer to this question. Many sources mention the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations in the context of ancient Greece, but when it comes to the relationship between the three, they are all incoherent and variously described. This issue is not unique to ancient Greece, we will encounter it again in the future.

?

這里我想說一下我的理解。我的解題思路是從語言和文字入手。語言的重要性不言而喻，不同的語言往往就意味著不同的文化和文明。還有一點(diǎn)很重要，有語言的文明不一定有文字，而且不同的語言可能使用相同的文字。

Here I would like to say a few words about my understanding. My idea of solving the problem is to start with language and script. The importance of language cannot be overstated, and different languages often mean different cultures and civilizations. It is also important to note that civilizations with languages do not necessarily have scripts and that different languages may use the same scripts.

?

米諾斯文明使用一種假想的語言，被稱為米諾斯語言，它的書寫系統(tǒng)被稱為線形文字A。這種文字的使用時(shí)間約為公元前1800年至公元前1450年。邁錫尼文明使用邁錫尼希臘語，書寫系統(tǒng)被稱為線形文字B。這種文字的使用時(shí)間約為公元前1400年至公元前1200年。古希臘文明使用古希臘語，書寫系統(tǒng)為希臘字母，希臘字母出現(xiàn)于約公元前九世紀(jì)末或八世紀(jì)初（約公元前800年）。

The Minoan civilization used a hypothetical language known as the Minoan language, and its writing system is known as Linear A. This script was in use from about 1800 B.C. to 1450 B.C. The Mycenaean civilization used Mycenaean Greek with a writing system known as Linear B. This script was in use from about 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C. The ancient Greek civilization used the ancient Greek language and the writing system was the Greek alphabet, which appeared in the late ninth or early eighth century B.C. (about 800 B.C.).

?

線形文字A和線形文字B是有聯(lián)系的，兩種書寫系統(tǒng)共享很多符號(hào)。而線形文字B僅能證明邁錫尼希臘語和古希臘語是有聯(lián)系的以及邁錫尼人和古希臘人是有聯(lián)系的，但是線形文字B和希臘字母是沒有關(guān)系的，它們是兩套完全不同的書寫系統(tǒng)。希臘字母來自于腓尼基字母。到這里我們就能看到在書寫系統(tǒng)方面，邁錫尼文明和古希臘文明有一個(gè)幾百年的，沒有文字的時(shí)期。

Linear A and Linear B are related, and the two writing systems share many symbols. Linear B only proves that Mycenaean Greek and Ancient Greek were related and that the Mycenaeans and Ancient Greeks were related, but Linear B and the Greek alphabet are not related; they are two completely different writing systems. The Greek alphabet is derived from the Phoenician alphabet. Here we can see that in terms of writing systems, the Mycenaean civilization and the ancient Greek civilization had a period of several hundred years, without script.

?

這里我還要補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)信息。線性文字B由英國語言學(xué)家邁克爾·文特里斯在1951年至1953年間破譯。這種文字在邁錫尼文明中被用于行政目的。在一些留存下來的泥板上面人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了用線形文字B書寫的神靈，包括了宙斯，赫拉，波塞冬，阿瑞斯，赫菲斯托斯等。而線形文字A目前還沒有被破譯。

Here I would like to add some more information. Linear B was deciphered by the British linguist Michael Ventris between 1951 and 1953. This script was used for administrative purposes in the Mycenaean civilization. Deities written in Linear B have been found on some surviving clay tablets, including Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hephaestus, and others. Linear A has not yet been deciphered.

?

那語言方面的情況如何呢。希臘語的發(fā)展大概經(jīng)歷了以下幾個(gè)時(shí)期，原始希臘語，邁錫尼希臘語，古希臘語（包括伊奧利克希臘語，愛奧尼克希臘語和多利克希臘語），通用希臘語（或稱為“科伊內(nèi)希臘語”），中古希臘語（或稱為“中世紀(jì)希臘語”，“拜占庭希臘語”）和現(xiàn)代希臘語。這里的“古希臘語”是指包括邁錫尼希臘語在內(nèi)的，通用希臘語之前的古希臘語言。

What about the language aspect? The development of the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek language (Proto-Hellenic), Mycenaean Greek, Ancient Greek (including the Aeolic Greek, Ionic Greek, and Doric Greek), Koine Greek, Medieval Greek (or Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek) and Modern Greek. The term "ancient Greek" here refers to the ancient Greek languages that preceded Koine Greek, including Mycenaean Greek.

?

邁錫尼希臘語被認(rèn)為是希臘語的最古老形式，它被使用在希臘大陸和克里特島。希臘語的雛形在邁錫尼文明時(shí)期就已經(jīng)形成，它和古希臘語是有聯(lián)系的?！兑晾麃喬亍分械南ＥD人所使用的語言可能就是邁錫尼希臘語。也就是說，除了最早期的假想的米諾斯語言，希臘語在邁錫尼文明和古希臘文明之間是有聯(lián)系的。他們說著相似的語言卻使用不同的文字。這就涉及到一個(gè)問題，文字的發(fā)展為什么會(huì)中斷。

Mycenaean Greek is considered to be the oldest form of the Greek language, which was used in mainland Greece and Crete. The contours of the Greek language were already formed at this time, and it is related to the ancient Greek language. The language used by the Greeks in the Iliad may have been Mycenaean Greek. That is, except for the earliest hypothetical Minoan language, Greek was linked between the Mycenaean and ancient Greek civilizations. They spoke a similar language but used different scripts. This brings us to the question of why the development of the script was interrupted.

?

原因有很多，我想說三點(diǎn)，不需要文字了，文字被替換了或者是掌握文字的人消失了。造成一個(gè)問題有很多因素，但這些因素的作用機(jī)制往往是很復(fù)雜的。也就是說在真實(shí)的歷史當(dāng)中一個(gè)問題的出現(xiàn)往往是多種因素相互作用的結(jié)果，而每一種因素都可以產(chǎn)生一種假說。就這個(gè)問題而言，可能是三者皆有。

There are many reasons for this, I would like to say three, scripts are no longer needed, scripts have been replaced or the people who mastered them have disappeared. Many factors contribute to the occurrence of an event, but the mechanism of action of these factors is complex. That is, in real history an event often occurs as a result of the interaction of multiple factors, and each of these factors can give rise to a hypothesis. In the case of this question, it could be all three.

?

這個(gè)問題咱們之前在講古埃及的那期視頻的時(shí)候提到過，象形文字的衰落就伴隨著埃及宗教的衰落，神廟祭司的消失和外來文化的沖擊等因素。同樣的，在古代，除非是重要的事情文字不會(huì)被輕易書寫，因?yàn)橥ㄐ懦杀咎吡?。首先，掌握文字的成本很高。其次，線形文字B的保存方式是和楔形文字類似的，也是刻在泥板上的，信息的存儲(chǔ)和交流成本也很高。因此，掌握文字的是占社會(huì)人口少數(shù)的行政人員和神職人員，文字和信息只在社會(huì)上層流動(dòng)，而占多數(shù)的平民是接觸不到文字的。這就造成了文字的發(fā)展極易中斷。事實(shí)上在印刷術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前，由于知識(shí)階層消失而造成文字消失的例子有很多。很多文明就是這樣消失的。

The decline of hieroglyphics was accompanied by the decline of Egyptian religion, the disappearance of temple priests, and the impact of foreign cultures, as we mentioned in the video on ancient Egypt. Similarly, in ancient times, unless it was an important matter words would not be written easily, because the cost of communication was too high. First, the cost of mastering the script is high. Secondly, Linear B was preserved in a similar way to cuneiform, which was also carved on clay tablets, and the cost of storing and communicating information was also high. Thus, it was the administrators and priests, who made up a minority of the society's population, who mastered the script; words and information flowed only in the upper echelons of society, while the common people, who made up the majority, did not have access to it. This caused the development of scripts to be extremely susceptible to interruption. In fact, before the advent of printing, there were many examples of the disappearance of scripts due to the disappearance of the intellectual class. That is how many civilizations have disappeared.

?

到這里我們僅通過文字消失的可能原因就可以進(jìn)一步推出這一時(shí)期的文明發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。邁錫尼文明的發(fā)展進(jìn)程很可能由于一些因素而中斷，而這些因素通常有三點(diǎn)，外族入侵，內(nèi)部秩序崩潰以及自然災(zāi)害。在這些因素的作用下，可能由于社會(huì)不再需要進(jìn)行行政和祭祀活動(dòng)，或者人們從城市生活退回到了原始部族生活，文字也就不需要了；由于外來文化的沖擊，本土的文字被替換了；由于行政人員和神職人員被替換或死亡，文字也會(huì)消失。

By this point, we can further speculate on the development of civilization in this period simply by the possible causes of the disappearance of scripts. The development process of Mycenaean civilization is likely to be interrupted by several factors, which usually include foreign invasion, breakdown of social order, and natural disasters. As a result of these factors, there may have been no need for scripts as the society no longer needed to perform administrative and ritual activities, or as people retreated from the city life to primitive tribal life; local scripts were replaced due to the impact of foreign cultures; and scripts disappeared as administrators and priests were replaced or died.

?

這是關(guān)于文化斷層的第一點(diǎn)，文字發(fā)展中斷。

This is the first point about cultural discontinuity, the interruption of the development of scripts.

?

關(guān)于文化斷層的第二點(diǎn)是前面提到的青銅時(shí)代晚期崩潰。這是一個(gè)突然的、暴力的破壞，它給東地中海地區(qū)的各大文明都帶來了急劇的經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化衰退，并且很多的城鎮(zhèn)都遭受到暴力毀壞。邁錫尼文明的城市和宮殿被破壞得最為嚴(yán)重，所有的宮殿都沒有幸存下來，它們被大火完全摧毀。

The second point about cultural discontinuity is the Late Bronze Age collapse mentioned earlier. The second point about cultural discontinuity is the Late Bronze Age collapse mentioned earlier. This was a sudden, violent destruction that brought about a sharp economic and cultural decline to all major civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean and the violent destruction of many cities and towns. The cities and palaces of the Mycenaean civilization were the most severely damaged, all of them did not survive, and they were destroyed by fire.

?

第三點(diǎn)，古典希臘時(shí)期前后的語言分布和社會(huì)差異。

The third point is the linguistic distribution and social differences before and after the Classical Greek period.

?

多利安人是古典希臘時(shí)期的四個(gè)主要部族之一，但在這之前很長的一段時(shí)期里關(guān)于多利安人的記載非常少。這里我給大家畫一條線。在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之前，幾乎就沒有關(guān)于多利安人的記載。而在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，他們?cè)谖膶W(xué)和史學(xué)上的記載開始增多。并且雖然存在種種差異，但對(duì)于古希臘人來說他們似乎并沒有將多利安人視為異族。多利安人和其他希臘人共享了同一個(gè)文化系統(tǒng)。

The Dorians were one of the four major tribes of the Classical Greek period, but very little has been written about the Dorians for a long time before that. Let me draw a line for you here. Before the Trojan War, there was almost no record of the Dorians. And after the Trojan War, they began to be documented more in literature and historiography. And despite all the differences, it seems that the ancient Greeks did not see the Dorians as a foreign race. The Dorians and other Greeks shared the same cultural system.

?

可能你還記得咱們前面提到過，生活在伯羅奔尼撒的亞該亞人沒有自己的語言，他們使用多利克希臘語的一支方言。語言學(xué)上的證據(jù)表明東希臘語（愛奧尼克希臘語）曾經(jīng)是伯羅奔尼撒的主要語言，但在后來被多立克希臘語所取代。

As you may remember from what we mentioned earlier, the Achaeans living in the Peloponnese did not have their language and they used a dialect of Doric Greek. Linguistic evidence suggests that Eastern Greek (Ionic Greek) was once the primary language of the Peloponnese, but was replaced by Doric Greek at a later date.

?

再往后到了古典希臘時(shí)期，古希臘語分為了三個(gè)大的組群，分別是由愛奧尼克希臘語和阿提卡希臘語組成的東部組群，由伊奧利克希臘語和阿卡迪亞-塞浦路斯希臘語（“阿卡多塞浦瑞特”希臘語）組成的中部組群，由多利克希臘語，西北多立克希臘語和亞該亞-多利克希臘語組成的西部組群。這里需要大家看一下地圖。西北多立克希臘語是多立克希臘語的一支，亞該亞-多利克希臘語是亞該亞人所使用的多利克希臘語的一種方言。古馬其頓語是古馬其頓人的語言，其使用時(shí)間約從公元前一千年到公元前四世紀(jì)，這種語言通常被歸類為西北多立克希臘語。而且在政治制度上馬其頓和斯巴達(dá)也是有相似之處的，它們都有王室傳統(tǒng)，而且斯巴達(dá)還有兩個(gè)王室，兩個(gè)國王。西部希臘語的分布從希臘西北部地區(qū)向東南方向一直延伸至克里特島。這里我們就可以看到多利安人的語言和族群分布情況是可以在一定程度上和他們的神話與傳說相吻合的。

Later, in the Classical Greek period, the ancient Greek language was divided into three large groups, namely the Eastern group consisting of Ionic Greek and Attic Greek, the Central group consisting of Aeolic Greek and Arcadian-Cypriot Greek (Arcadocypriot Greek), and the Western group consisting of Doric Greek, Northwest Doric Greek, and Achaean Doric Greek. Here you need to look at a map. Northwest Doric Greek is a branch of Doric Greek, and Achaean Doric Greek is a dialect of Doric Greek spoken by the Achaeans. Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians and was spoken from about the first millennium B.C. to the fourth century B.C. The language is usually classified as Northwest Doric Greek. And there are similarities in the political systems of Macedonia and Sparta, both of which had royal traditions, and two royal houses and two kings in Sparta. The distribution of the Western Greek language extends from the northwestern region of Greece southeastward to Crete. Here we can see that the language and ethnic distribution of the Dorians can be matched to some extent by their myths and legends.

?

如果我們像一個(gè)偵探一樣查閱古希臘的資料，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)古風(fēng)時(shí)代之前的希臘歷史，很多“變量”的線索都指向了多利安人。

If we look at ancient Greek sources like a detective, we find that many of the "variables" of Greek history before the Archaic period point to the Dorians.

?

現(xiàn)在我們需要整理一下學(xué)者們對(duì)于多利安人的種種認(rèn)知，主要是語言學(xué)、考古學(xué)和歷史學(xué)這三個(gè)方面。在語言學(xué)方面，對(duì)于古典時(shí)期的語言分布，尤其是以多利克希臘語為主的西部希臘語組群的形成，有學(xué)者認(rèn)為是多利安人在黑暗時(shí)代將多利克方言帶到了希臘。并且古典時(shí)期前后伯羅奔尼撒地區(qū)生活習(xí)俗和社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的差異可能也是由多利安人的遷徙所致。

Now we need to organize the various scholarly perceptions of the Dorians, mainly in the three areas of linguistics, archaeology, and historiography. In linguistic terms, regarding the distribution of languages in the classical period, especially the formation of the Western Greek grouping, dominated by Doric Greek, some scholars believe that the Dorians brought the Doric dialects to Greece during the Dark Ages. And the differences in living customs and social structure in the Peloponnese around the Classical period may also be due to the migration of the Dorians.

?

在考古學(xué)方面，有證據(jù)表明邁錫尼文明在青銅時(shí)代末期曾遭受過大規(guī)模破壞。由此學(xué)者們提出了一種假說。這種假說認(rèn)為邁錫尼文明的發(fā)展是由于受到外力干擾而中斷的。邁錫尼文明的毀滅可能和外族入侵有關(guān)。

In archaeology, there is evidence that the Mycenaean civilization suffered massive destruction at the end of the Bronze Age. This has led scholars to propose a hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that the development of the Mycenaean civilization was interrupted by a foreign invasion. This led to the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization.

?

而最先注意到多利安人的是歷史學(xué)家。十九世紀(jì)的歷史學(xué)家們?cè)谙ＥD傳說當(dāng)中看到了一個(gè)可能真實(shí)的事件，泰米努斯對(duì)于伯羅奔尼撒的征服，也就是咱們前面提到的赫拉克勒斯后裔的回歸。這個(gè)傳說為學(xué)者們提供了靈感，歷史學(xué)家，語言學(xué)家，考古學(xué)家先后以這個(gè)傳說為切入點(diǎn)進(jìn)行探索。

And it was historians who first noticed the Dorians. Historians of the nineteenth century saw in Greek legends a possibly real event, the conquest of the Peloponnese by Temenus, the return of the descendants of Heracles, which we mentioned earlier. This legend has inspired scholars, historians, linguists, and archaeologists who have used it as a starting point for their explorations.

?

這個(gè)過程很有趣也很有代表性。歷史學(xué)家提出假說并確定方向，語言學(xué)家將問題的邊界定義清晰，考古學(xué)家將問題一一考證。這是一個(gè)將假說和真相的差距逐漸縮小的過程。

This process is interesting and representative. Historians formulate hypotheses and set directions, linguists define the boundaries of the issue clearly, and archaeologists test the issue. It is a process of gradually narrowing the gap between hypothesis and truth.

?

對(duì)于這些問題最先形成理論的是德國學(xué)者（Karl Otfried Müller）。他套用了用于解釋日耳曼人部落和語言分布的理論，這種理論是語言學(xué)的，被稱為“日耳曼人遷徙”，他將這個(gè)理論用在了解釋古希臘語言分布的問題上，這種假說稱為“多利安人遷徙”。這份德語資料（《Die Dorier》）于1824年出版，后來被翻譯成了英語。1830出版的英文資料將德語的“多利安人遷徙”翻譯為了“多利安人入侵”。這就是“入侵”一詞的由來。這一年，施里曼只有8歲，埃文斯還沒有出生。

The first to develop a theory on these issues was a German scholar (Karl Otfried Müller). He applied the theory used to explain the distribution of Germanic tribes and languages, a linguistic theory called "Germanic Migration", and applied it to explain the distribution of languages in ancient Greece, a hypothesis called "Die Einwanderung von den Doriern"（literally: the migration of the Dorians）. This German source ("Die Dorier") was published in 1824 and later translated into English, while the English source published in 1830 translated the German term "Dorian migration" as "Dorian invasion". This is where the term "invasion" comes from. In this year, Schliemann was only eight years old and Evans had not yet been born.

?

從“遷徙”到“入侵”，這一詞只差僅僅是翻譯的問題嗎，這可能需要結(jié)合十九世紀(jì)的歷史才能搞清楚。但我們需要知道的是在十九世紀(jì)的古希臘歷史研究當(dāng)中誕生了一種“入侵理論”。這種理論認(rèn)為，希臘黑暗時(shí)代的文化斷層是由于多利安人入侵所致。

Is the difference between "migration" to "invasion" a mere matter of translation, which may need to be clarified in the context of nineteenth-century history. But what we need to know is that in the study of ancient Greek history in the nineteenth century, an "invasion theory" was born. This theory suggests that the cultural discontinuity of the Greek Dark Ages was due to the Dorian invasion.

?

為什么文字的發(fā)展會(huì)中斷呢，因?yàn)槎嗬踩巳肭?。為什么邁錫尼文明毀滅了呢，因?yàn)槎嗬踩巳肭?。為什么古典時(shí)期的語言分布是這樣的呢，因?yàn)槎嗬踩巳肭帧?/p>

Why was the development of the script interrupted? Because of the Dorian invasion. Why was the Mycenaean civilization destroyed? Because of the Dorian invasion. Why was the distribution of languages in the classical period like this? Because of the Dorian invasion.

?

但問題是，多利安人入侵真的發(fā)生過嗎。這就是關(guān)于“多利安人的入侵”和“赫拉克勒斯后裔的回歸”的第四點(diǎn)?！岸嗬踩巳肭帧钡恼鎸?shí)性并未得到證實(shí)，但學(xué)者們并不排斥這種理論。

But the question is, did the Dorian invasion take place? This is the fourth point about the "Dorian invasion" and the "return of the descendants of Heracles". The authenticity of the "Dorian invasion" has not been proven, but scholars do not reject this theory.

?

從十九世紀(jì)“多利安人入侵”的理論提出到現(xiàn)在，盡管已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了近兩百年的調(diào)查，但這種入侵的確切考古證據(jù)仍未確定，多利安人大規(guī)模遷移到希臘的歷史性也從未得到證實(shí)，多利安人的起源仍然未知。

Despite nearly two hundred years of investigation, the firm archaeological evidence of this invasion has not been established, the historicity of the mass migration of the Dorians to Greece has never been established, and the origin of the Dorians remains unknown.

?

但是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)理論的解釋力很強(qiáng)，尤其是它后來又和“海上民族”以及“青銅時(shí)代晚期崩潰”等概念聯(lián)系了起來成為了一個(gè)理論體系，它已經(jīng)被學(xué)者們廣泛接受。這是一個(gè)看似矛盾的現(xiàn)象，但它卻自有其邏輯。而且我們更應(yīng)該看到在很多的北半球文明當(dāng)中都曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過北方民族南遷的事件，這通常和氣候變化有關(guān)，并不稀奇。結(jié)合地理因素，這種情況發(fā)生在希臘也不足為奇。我們可以這么說，“多利安人入侵”已經(jīng)變成了一個(gè)框，啥都可以往里裝?，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)概念已經(jīng)被用濫了。

However, it has been widely accepted by scholars because it can explain many events, especially because it was later linked to the concepts of "Sea Peoples" and "Late Bronze Age Collapse" as a theoretical system. This seemingly contradictory phenomenon has its logic. And it is not uncommon to see that many northern hemisphere civilizations have experienced the migration of northern peoples southward, often about climate change. Combined with geography, it is not surprising that this happened in Greece. We can say that the "Dorian invasion" has become a box into which everything can fit. This concept is now overused.

?

到這里我們就可以回答那個(gè)關(guān)鍵的問題了，米諾斯文明，邁錫尼文明和古希臘文明這三者是什么關(guān)系。一句話，這三者是有聯(lián)系的，但不是嚴(yán)絲合縫的。

Here we can answer the key question, what is the relationship between Minoan, Mycenaean, and ancient Greek civilizations? In a word, these three are related, but not very closely.

?

米諾斯文明催生了邁錫尼文明，邁錫尼文明催生了古希臘文明。它們?cè)诿褡?，語言，文字和文化上是有聯(lián)系的，但是因?yàn)檫@中間有幾處假說所以我們下結(jié)論要謹(jǐn)慎。這也就是為什么很多資料提到米諾斯文明，邁錫尼文明和古希臘文明這三者的關(guān)系會(huì)語焉不詳，關(guān)鍵就在多利安人入侵這里。

The Minoan civilization gave birth to the Mycenaean civilization, and the Mycenaean civilization gave birth to the ancient Greek civilization. They are related in terms of ethnicity, language, script, and culture, but because there are several hypotheses in between, we should be careful in concluding. This is why many sources mention the relationship between Minoan, Mycenaean, and Greek civilizations as being incoherent, the key being the Dorian invasion.

?

另外，如果我們將古希臘的歷史從大約公元前800年開始的古風(fēng)時(shí)期開始算也不會(huì)對(duì)我們對(duì)它的理解有多少影響。事實(shí)上在施里曼和埃文斯發(fā)現(xiàn)米諾斯文明和邁錫尼文明的遺跡之前，古希臘的歷史最多也就到公元前800年左右。

Moreover, if we count the history of ancient Greece from the Archaic period, which began around 800 B.C., it will not have much effect on our understanding of it. Before Schliemann and Evans discovered the remains of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, the history of ancient Greece would have been up to about 800 BC at most.

?

到這里，本期視頻最難的部分就過去了。

By this point, the hardest part of this video is over.

?

然后我想接著聊一下關(guān)于希臘字母和希臘語的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

Then I want to move on to talk about the Greek alphabet and the Greek language.

?

關(guān)于希臘字母的內(nèi)容我們需要從一個(gè)更古老的字母，腓尼基字母說起。腓尼基字母的前身是原始西奈字母，這是一種在古代迦南地區(qū)使用的閃米特語言的書寫系統(tǒng)，它源自于埃及象形文字。

About the Greek alphabet, we need to start with an older alphabet, the Phoenician alphabet. The predecessor of the Phoenician alphabet was the Proto-Sinaitic script, a writing system of the Semitic languages used in ancient Canaan that was derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics.

?

腓尼基人是東地中海地區(qū)一個(gè)古老的民族，他們生活的地區(qū)相當(dāng)于今天的黎巴嫩和敘利亞的沿海地區(qū)。他們是東地中海地區(qū)的主要商業(yè)力量，通過其發(fā)達(dá)的海上貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)他們能夠接觸到美索不達(dá)米亞和埃及這兩個(gè)文明發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)。

The Phoenicians were an ancient people of the Eastern Mediterranean who lived in an area equivalent to the coastal areas of present-day Lebanon and Syria. They were the main commercial force in the Eastern Mediterranean, and through their well-developed maritime trade network, they had access to Mesopotamia and Egypt, two well-developed civilizations.

?

在古代世界雖然有文字，比如楔形文字和埃及象形文字，但它們非常難以掌握。比如埃及象形文字結(jié)合了音節(jié)和字母有大約1000個(gè)不同的字符，這種書寫系統(tǒng)需要長期的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練才能掌握。而且象形文字沒有元音字母，因此如何閱讀和理解它就存在很大難度，這在很大程度上限制了它的傳播。

Although there were scripts in the ancient world, such as cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics, they were very difficult to master. Egyptian hieroglyphics, for example, combined syllables and alphabets with about 1,000 different characters, a writing system that required a long period of professional training to achieve proficiency. Moreover, hieroglyphs do not have vowel letters, so it is very difficult to read and understand them, which largely limits their spread.

?

腓尼基字母由原始西奈字母發(fā)展而來。它由22個(gè)輔音字母組成，同樣沒有元音，從右到左書寫，字形棱角分明。腓尼基字母的創(chuàng)新是它的語音性質(zhì)，它的每個(gè)音符都由一個(gè)符號(hào)表示，因此只需要學(xué)習(xí)幾十個(gè)符號(hào)就可以將其掌握。相比于楔形文字和象形文字，腓尼基字母的學(xué)習(xí)難度已經(jīng)大大降低了。

The Phoenician alphabet was developed from the Proto-Sinaitic script. It consists of 22 consonant letters with no vowels, written from right to left and the letters are angular. The innovation of the Phoenician alphabet is its phonetic nature; each of its notes is represented by a symbol so that only a few dozen symbols need to be learned. Compared to cuneiform and hieroglyphics, the Phoenician alphabet has become much less difficult to learn.

?

腓尼基字母隨著腓尼基商人的海上貿(mào)易在地中海地區(qū)廣泛傳播，并很快成為了使用最廣泛的書寫系統(tǒng)之一。從公元前九世紀(jì)開始，腓尼基字母被許多其他的文化接受并改編。

The Phoenician alphabet spread widely in the Mediterranean with the maritime trade of Phoenician merchants and soon became one of the most widely used writing systems. Beginning in the ninth century BC, the Phoenician alphabet was accepted and adapted by many other cultures.

?

公元前九世紀(jì)末或八世紀(jì)初，希臘人接觸到了腓尼基字母并對(duì)其進(jìn)行了改編。在書寫系統(tǒng)消失了幾百年之后，希臘人重新學(xué)會(huì)了書寫。希臘人最重要的創(chuàng)新是他們?cè)陔枘峄帜府?dāng)中添加了元音，早期希臘字母由此誕生。希臘字母是已知最早的擁有元音的字母文字，元音的添加大大提高了書寫系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)確性和可讀性。

In the late ninth or early eighth century B.C., the Greeks came into contact with the Phoenician alphabet and adapted it. After centuries of the disappearance of the writing system, the Greeks relearned to write. The most important innovation of the Greeks was their addition of vowels to the Phoenician alphabet, giving birth to the early Greek alphabet. The Greek alphabet is the earliest known alphabetic script with vowels, and the addition of vowels greatly improved the accuracy and readability of the writing system.

?

自此，腓尼基字母產(chǎn)生了兩個(gè)分支分別演化。一支延續(xù)了腓尼基字母的形式，這些書寫系統(tǒng)仍然是由輔音字母組成，比如阿拉米字母，阿拉伯字母和希伯來字母等；而另一支則在其中加入了元音，變成了希臘字母，拉丁字母和西里爾字母等。

Since then the Phoenician alphabet has evolved into two separate branches. One branch continued the form of the Phoenician alphabet, and these writing systems still consisted of consonantal letters, such as the Aramaic alphabet, the Arabic alphabet, and the Hebrew alphabet, while the other branch added vowels to them and became the Greek alphabet, the Latin alphabet, and the Cyrillic alphabet, etc.

?

幾乎所有字母文字的祖先都可以追溯到腓尼基字母和埃及象形文字。

The ancestry of almost all alphabetic scripts can be traced back to the Phoenician alphabet and Egyptian hieroglyphs.

?

早期的希臘字母就像腓尼基字母一樣，是從右到左書寫的，但抄寫員可以自由交替書寫方向，誕生了“牛耕式轉(zhuǎn)行書寫法”。這是一種方向交替的書寫方式，這種書寫方式就像牛耕地一樣，兩行之間首尾相連。交替的書寫行是顛倒的，字母也以鏡像形式反向書寫。在古典時(shí)期，從左到右的書寫方向成為了常態(tài)，字母的形狀也發(fā)生了鏡像，由此誕生了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)希臘字母。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)希臘字母有24個(gè)字母，其中7個(gè)是元音，全部由大寫字母組成。

The early Greek alphabet, like the Phoenician alphabet, was written from right to left, but the scribe was free to alternate the direction of writing, giving birth to the "boustrophedon". This is an alternating-direction writing style, which is written like an ox plowing the ground, with the first and last lines connected. The alternate lines of writing are reversed, with letters also written in reverse in mirror image form. During the classical period, the left-to-right writing direction became the norm and the shape of the letters mirrored, thus giving birth to the standard Greek alphabet. The standard Greek alphabet has 24 letters, 7 of which are vowels, all of which are composed of capital letters.

?

此后，希臘字母隨著希臘人的擴(kuò)張而廣泛傳播。約公元前八世紀(jì)，希臘人在意大利建立殖民地，當(dāng)?shù)氐囊撂佤斃麃喨藢⑾ＥD字母改編為了伊特拉斯坎字母（或“伊特魯利亞字母”）。到了約公元前七世紀(jì)，羅馬人將伊特拉斯坎字母改編為了拉丁字母，并且他們?cè)谶@種字母的基礎(chǔ)上將字母的數(shù)量增加到了26個(gè)，比如由“I”衍生出了“J”，由“V”衍生出了“U”和“W”。

Thereafter the Greek alphabet spread widely with the expansion of the Greeks. Around the eighth century B.C., when the Greeks established colonies in Italy, the local Etruscans adapted the Greek alphabet into the Etruscan alphabet. Around the seventh century BC, the Romans adapted the Etruscan alphabet to the Latin script, and they increased the number of letters to 26 based on this alphabet, such as "J" from "I", "U" and "W" from "V".

?

之后隨著羅馬帝國的擴(kuò)張，拉丁字母和拉丁語一起從意大利傳播到了整個(gè)環(huán)地中海地區(qū)。羅馬帝國的東半部，包括希臘、小亞細(xì)亞、黎凡特和埃及，繼續(xù)使用希臘語作為通用語；而在帝國的西半部，拉丁語被廣泛使用。大多數(shù)的歐洲語言，包括英語、法語、德語、意大利語、葡萄牙語、西班牙語等使用的都是拉丁字母。

Later, with the expansion of the Roman Empire, the Latin alphabet spread from Italy to the areas around the Mediterranean, along with the Latin language. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, including Greece, Asia Minor, the Levant, and Egypt, continued to use Greek as the lingua franca; while in the western half of the Empire, Latin was widely used. Most European languages, including English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, used the Latin alphabet.

?

在中世紀(jì)，隨著基督教的傳播，講斯拉夫語言的民族接觸到了希臘字母的安色爾體，他們將其改編為了西里爾字母。

In the Middle Ages, with the spread of Christianity, Slavic-speaking peoples were exposed to the Uncial script of the Greek alphabet, which they adapted to the Cyrillic script.

?

在九世紀(jì)和十世紀(jì)的拜占庭，希臘小體取代安色爾體成為手寫體的主要方式。這種字體更小，更圓潤，更連貫并且使用許多連字。希臘小體中使用的基本字母形狀是現(xiàn)代小寫希臘字母的祖先。此后將小寫字母和大寫字母混合使用的做法變得很常見，大寫字母通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)，標(biāo)題和首字母?，F(xiàn)代希臘字母的大小寫拼寫系統(tǒng)正是由此而來。

In Byzantium in the ninth and tenth centuries, the Greek minuscule replaced the Uncial script as the main form of handwriting. This script was smaller, more rounded, more connected, and used many ligatures. The basic letter shapes used in Greek minuscule are the ancestors of the modern lowercase Greek alphabet. Since then it has become common to use a mixture of lowercase and uppercase letters, with uppercase often used for emphasis, titles, and initials. From this practice, the modern orthographic system of letter cases for the Greek alphabet arose.

?

十六世紀(jì)以來，拉丁字母隨著歐洲的殖民傳播到了美洲、大洋洲、亞洲、非洲和太平洋地區(qū)。經(jīng)過兩千多年的演化，拉丁字母成為了當(dāng)今世界上使用最廣泛的字母書寫系統(tǒng)。

Since the sixteenth century, the Latin alphabet spread with European colonization to the Americas, Oceania, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After more than two thousand years of evolution, the Latin alphabet has become the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today.

?

今天的希臘字母還廣泛應(yīng)用于數(shù)學(xué)，科學(xué)和其他領(lǐng)域。我經(jīng)常在各種公式里面見到它。例如小寫的“epsilon”（ε）表示電容率。小寫的“pi”（π）表示圓的周長和其直徑之比。大寫的“sigma”（Σ）表示求和，小寫的“sigma”（σ）表示標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。大寫的“l(fā)ambda”（Λ）是斯巴達(dá)的符號(hào)，小寫的“l(fā)ambda”（λ）代表波長以及游戲《半條命》（或者“半衰期”）的符號(hào)。“omega”（Ω）是希臘字母的最后一個(gè)，大寫的“omega”（Ω）表示電阻，戰(zhàn)錘40K中極限戰(zhàn)士的符號(hào)就是一個(gè)倒著的“omega”（Ω）。八十八個(gè)星座中，最亮的恒星被稱為“阿爾法星”，次亮的恒星被稱為“貝塔星”?！白帜副怼边@個(gè)單詞就是希臘字母的前兩個(gè)字母，“alpha”（α）和“beta”（β）的組合。

Today the Greek alphabet is also widely used in mathematics, science, and other fields. I often see it in various formulas. For example, the lowercase "epsilon" (ε) represents the permittivity. The lowercase "pi" (π) represents the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The uppercase "sigma" (Σ) represents the summation, and the lowercase sigma "sigma" (σ) represents the standard deviation. The uppercase "lambda" (Λ) is the Spartan symbol and the lowercase "lambda" (λ) represents the wavelength and the symbol for the half-life of the game. "omega" (Ω) is the last of the Greek letters, capital "omega" (Ω) indicates resistance, the symbol of the Ultramarines in Warhammer 40K is an upside down "omega" (Ω). Among the eighty-eight constellations, the brightest stars are called "Alpha stars" and the next brightest stars are called "Beta stars". The word "alphabet" is a combination of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, "alpha" and "beta".

?

接著我們?cè)賮碚f一下希臘語。公元前四世紀(jì)，亞歷山大大帝征服了希臘世界。隨著希臘地區(qū)的統(tǒng)一，希臘語也開始了一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的過程，誕生了通用希臘語（或稱“科伊內(nèi)”希臘語）。通用希臘語是以阿提卡方言為基礎(chǔ)并通過均一化其他方言混合而成的。通用希臘語在隨后的希臘化時(shí)期隨著希臘秩序的擴(kuò)張而廣泛傳播并在后來成為了羅馬帝國和拜占庭帝國的主要語言。其使用地區(qū)包括了地中海地區(qū)和西亞的大部分地區(qū)。

Then we come to the Greek language. In the fourth century B.C., Alexander the Great conquered the Greek world. With the unification of the Greek region, a process of standardization of the Greek language began, giving birth to the Koine Greek. Koine Greek is mainly based on the Attica dialect and is mixed by leveling with other varieties of dialects. Koine Greek spread widely during the Hellenistic period with the expansion of the Greek order and later became the dominant language of the Roman and Byzantine empires. It was spoken throughout much of the Mediterranean and Western Asia.

?

希臘語不僅跨越了西方文明的諸多時(shí)期，并且它還是基督教發(fā)展早期所使用的語言。包括《七十士譯本》和《新約全書》在內(nèi)的諸多早期基督教經(jīng)典都是用希臘語撰寫的。也因此，通用希臘語也被稱為希臘化希臘語，亞歷山大方言，圣經(jīng)希臘語或新約希臘語。通用希臘語在拜占庭帝國進(jìn)一步發(fā)展為中古希臘語，并在1453年之后演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)代希臘語。在今天，很多希臘東正教會(huì)和一些希臘天主教會(huì)仍然在使用通用希臘語作為他們的禮儀語言。

Greek not only spans many periods of Western civilization, but it was also the language used in the early development of Christianity. Many of the early Christian classics, including the Septuagint and the New Testament, were written in Greek. For this reason, Koine Greek is also known as Hellenistic Greek, Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, or New Testament Greek. Koine Greek further developed into Medieval Greek in the Byzantine Empire and evolved into Modern Greek after 1453. Today, many Greek Orthodox Churches and some Greek Catholic Churches still use Koine Greek as their liturgical language.

?

至少在文字和語言的方面，“古希臘是西方文明之源”這句話所言非虛。

The statement "Ancient Greece is the source of Western civilization" is true, at least as far as writing and language are concerned.

?

講完古希臘地區(qū)和希臘人之后，接下來咱們?cè)賮砹私庖幌鹿畔ＥD的經(jīng)濟(jì)。

After talking about the region of ancient Greece and the Greeks, let's move on to the economy of ancient Greece.

?

古希臘經(jīng)濟(jì)

The Economy of Ancient Greece

?

古希臘的經(jīng)濟(jì)有三個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，農(nóng)業(yè)，手工業(yè)和商業(yè)。

The economy of ancient Greece had three keywords, agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce.

?

農(nóng)業(yè)是古希臘經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，約80%的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。希臘本土遍布高山和丘陵，適宜耕種的土地很有限，食物主要是谷物。但這種地理?xiàng)l件十分適合種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物，尤其是橄欖和葡萄。谷物，橄欖和葡萄就是古希臘的三大農(nóng)作物。其他的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品還有各種蔬菜，藥草和蜂蜜。蜂蜜是希臘人主要的糖的來源。牲畜主要是山羊、綿羊和豬，牛和馬比較稀少。

Agriculture was the foundation of the ancient Greek economy, with about 80% of the population engaged in agricultural production. The Greek mainland was dotted with high mountains and hills, with limited land suitable for cultivation and food consisting mainly of cereals. However, this geography was very suitable for growing cash crops, especially olives and grapes. Cereals, olives, and grapes were the three major crops of ancient Greece. Other agricultural products include various vegetables, herbs, and honey. Honey is the main source of sugar for the Greeks. Livestock are mainly goats, sheep, and pigs; cattle and horses are rare.

?

古希臘的手工業(yè)，尤其是制陶在古希臘很發(fā)達(dá)，在地中海沿岸的大多數(shù)地區(qū)都發(fā)現(xiàn)了古希臘陶器的遺存。今天留存下來的古希臘的繪畫作品當(dāng)中很大一部分是畫在陶器上面的，這些陶器繪畫是古希臘藝術(shù)的一個(gè)很重要的類別。陶器繪畫的風(fēng)格發(fā)展貫穿了古希臘文明的所有時(shí)期，主要的有黑繪風(fēng)格和紅繪風(fēng)格。

The craft industry, especially pottery making, was well-developed in ancient Greece and remains of ancient Greek pottery have been found in most areas along the Mediterranean coast. A large proportion of the surviving ancient Greek paintings are on pottery, which is an important category of ancient Greek art. The style of pottery painting developed throughout all periods of ancient Greek civilization, with black-figure and red-figure being the main ones.

?

金屬在古代世界是非常珍貴的。金，銀，銅，鐵這些珍貴的金屬會(huì)優(yōu)先應(yīng)用于經(jīng)濟(jì)，軍事和生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域，也就是用于鑄幣，兵器和農(nóng)具，少量用于工藝制品。希臘周邊的地區(qū)金屬分布廣泛。錫夫諾斯島擁有金和銀。阿提卡東南部的拉里昂擁有大量的銀礦。薩索斯島是希臘最北端的島嶼，這里擁有金，銀，銅，鐵，鉛和大理石。塞浦路斯，位于安納托利亞半島以南，這里是東地中海地區(qū)銅的重要產(chǎn)地。

Metals were very precious in the ancient world. Gold, silver, copper, and iron were used in the economic, military, and production fields, i.e. for minting coins, weapons, and agricultural tools, and to a lesser extent for craftwork. The area around Greece has a wide distribution of metals. The island of Sifnos has gold and silver. Lavrio, southeast of Attica, has a large silver deposit. Thasos, the northernmost island of Greece, has gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and marble. Cyprus, located south of the Anatolian Peninsula, is an important source of copper in the Eastern Mediterranean.

?

如果你喜歡玩《文明6》的話，在了解了古希臘的地理以及東地中海地區(qū)的資源分布情況之后，你可能就會(huì)有一個(gè)大概的發(fā)展思路了。地理和資源的分布情況在很大程度上決定了文明的走向。而對(duì)于一個(gè)文明的發(fā)展來說其地理因素和人的因素這兩者的關(guān)系經(jīng)常被討論。我個(gè)人對(duì)這個(gè)問題的看法是這樣一句話，“三分天注定，七分靠打拼”。

If you enjoy playing Civilization 6, you may have a general idea of how to develop it after learning about the geography of ancient Greece and the distribution of resources in the Eastern Mediterranean. Geography and the distribution of resources largely determine the course of civilizations. The relationship between geographic and human factors for the development of a civilization is often discussed. My personal view on this issue is the phrase, "Thirty percent is determined by the environment, seventy percent is determined by the people".

?

由于資源的相對(duì)稀缺（或匱乏），古希臘的經(jīng)濟(jì)十分依賴貿(mào)易。古希臘的出口產(chǎn)品主要是橄欖油，葡萄酒，陶器，金屬制品和其他手工制品，進(jìn)口來自埃及，古迦太基和西西里島的糧食。

Due to the relative scarcity of resources, the economy of ancient Greece was very dependent on trade. Ancient Greece's exports were mainly olive oil, wine, pottery, metalwork, and other handicrafts, and imported grain from Egypt, ancient Carthage, and Sicily.

?

紡織和鑄造等手工業(yè)制品都是在家庭作坊當(dāng)中完成的。在古希臘的價(jià)值體系中農(nóng)民的地位是要比工匠高的，從事手工業(yè)的人被看作是低賤的。一些在當(dāng)代被看作是藝術(shù)的事物在古希臘其實(shí)是手工業(yè)的一部分。

Handicrafts such as weaving and casting were done in the family workshops. In the ancient Greek value system, the peasant had a higher status than the artisan, and those who worked in crafts were seen as inferior. Some of the things that are considered art in contemporary times were part of the crafts in ancient Greece.