「技術(shù)周二」毛羅·福吉里的杰作——法拉利312T
Technical contributors：Mark Hughes and Giorgio Piola
技術(shù)顧問(wèn)：馬克·休斯和喬治·皮奧拉
TECH TUESDAY: Under the bodywork of Mauro Forghieri's masterpiece – the Ferrari 312T
「技術(shù)周二」毛羅·福吉里的杰作——法拉利312T
Mauro Forghieri, legendary Ferrari designer of the 1960s and 70s, passed away last week, aged 87. In this week's Tech Tuesday, Mark Hughes takes a close look at the Italian's finest work, the 312 line of Grand Prix and championship-winning Ferraris.
Unlike most of the British designer contemporaries who came to prominence in the kit car era and created chassis around the Cosworth DFV engine, Forghieri was also an engine designer.
His flat-12, created in co-operation with his Ferrari colleague Franco Rocchi, powered the team through the 1970s to four constructors' championships.
When this engine was installed in Forghieri’s 312T chassis for 1975, so was created perhaps the crowning achievement of Forghieri’s long career. It was a car which would go on to dominate the season in the hands of Niki Lauda.
20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代的法拉利傳奇設(shè)計(jì)師毛羅·福吉埃里（Mauro Forgheri）上周去世，享年87歲。在本周的科技周二（Tech Tuesday）上，馬克·休斯（Mark Hughes）將近距離關(guān)注這位意大利最優(yōu)秀的作品，312場(chǎng)大獎(jiǎng)賽和奪冠的法拉利。
與大多數(shù)同時(shí)代的英國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)師不同，福吉埃里也是一名發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)師，他們?cè)谔准嚂r(shí)代嶄露頭角，并圍繞Cosworth DFV發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制造底盤(pán)。
他與法拉利同事弗蘭科·羅奇合作打造的12平賽車，在20世紀(jì)70年代為車隊(duì)贏得了四次車手冠軍。
1975年，當(dāng)這臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)安裝在福吉里的312T底盤(pán)上時(shí)，這也許是福吉里漫長(zhǎng)職業(yè)生涯中的最高成就。這輛車將在尼基·勞達(dá)的手中繼續(xù)統(tǒng)治整個(gè)賽季。
Here we see the evolution of Ferrari from 1973-75, beginning with the original unsuccessful Colombo 312B3 of ’73, Forghieri’s modification of that car to side radiator spec at the Austrian GP of that year and the steady refinement of Forghieri’s centralised mass theme represented by the ’74 version of the 312B3 and the 1975 312T.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?在這里，我們看到了1973年至1975年法拉利的演變，從73年最初失敗的Colombo 312B3開(kāi)始，在當(dāng)年的奧地利大獎(jiǎng)賽上，F(xiàn)orgieri對(duì)該車進(jìn)行了側(cè)散熱器規(guī)格的修改，以及以74年版本的312B3和1975年的312T為代表的Forgieri集中質(zhì)量主題的不斷完善。
Ironically, it was from a moment of crisis in Ferrari history which sent Forghieri on this path. In 1973, with Enzo Ferrari suffering ill-health, Forghieri had been assigned by parent company Fiat to special projects and the initial F1 car of that year was designed by Sandro Colombo, albeit still using the Forghieri flat-12 engine. Quite a radical departure in design for Ferrari, with a short wheelbase and wedge-shaped monocoque, it was disastrously uncompetitive.
By the summer, Enzo Ferrari’s health was improving and upon retaking command, he brought Forghieri back from his special projects where he had been working on a prototype known as the ‘snowplough’ for its distinctive nose, wide body and very short wheelbase.
Upon being brought back to the racing department Forghieri used the basis of his research with the snowplough to modify the Colombo car, the 312B3. He introduced a distinctive-looking airbox high behind the cockpit to better feed the flat-12, allowing it to breathe better.
He also relocated the radiators to the sides, behind the shoulders of the driver (previously the water radiator had been in the nose and the oil radiator beneath the rear wing). He was seeking to centralise the car’s masses to give it better directional response, a theme he would continue to pursue and would ultimately lead to the transverse gearbox on the 312T, a first for F1.
諷刺的是，正是在法拉利歷史上的一個(gè)危機(jī)時(shí)刻，福吉里走上了這條道路。1973年，由于恩佐·法拉利（Enzo Ferrari）的身體狀況不佳，福吉埃里被母公司菲亞特（Fiat）分配到特殊項(xiàng)目中，當(dāng)年的F1賽車由桑德羅·科倫坡（Sandro Colombo）設(shè)計(jì)，盡管仍使用福吉埃里扁平-12發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。對(duì)于法拉利來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一個(gè)非常激進(jìn)的設(shè)計(jì)，它具有短軸距和楔形單體車身，這是災(zāi)難性的缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
到了夏天，恩佐·法拉利的健康狀況有所改善，在重新獲得指揮權(quán)后，他將福吉埃里從他的特殊項(xiàng)目中帶回來(lái)，在那里他一直在研究一種被稱為“雪犁”的原型，因?yàn)樗?dú)特的鼻子、寬闊的車身和非常短的軸距。
在被帶回賽車部門(mén)后，福吉埃里利用他對(duì)雪犁的研究基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)科倫坡賽車312B3進(jìn)行了改裝。他在駕駛艙后面的高處引入了一個(gè)外觀獨(dú)特的空氣箱，以更好地為平板車12加油，使其能夠更好地呼吸。
他還將散熱器重新安置在駕駛員肩膀后面的側(cè)面（之前散熱器位于機(jī)頭，散熱器位于后翼下方）。他試圖將汽車的質(zhì)量集中起來(lái)，以提供更好的方向響應(yīng)，這是他將繼續(xù)追求的主題，最終將導(dǎo)致312T上的橫向變速箱，這是F1的第一個(gè)。
But before the 312T came a further modified version of the 312B3, for 1974, still using the ’73 car’s monocoque. This was the car with which new recruit Niki Lauda would take nine pole positions that year and return Ferrari to the ranks of race winners.
It was a beautiful refinement of that prototype ’73 B3, taking fuller advantage of the side radiators to smooth the body sides and to increase the gap beneath the rear wing, to work it harder. The space freed up at the front he used to incorporate a much bigger delta-shaped wing.
He increased the height of the airbox and – like his snowplough prototype – he made the bodywork very wide. He had found from his time designing Ferrari’s sports racers (312P diagram, below) that the extra bodywork, when run close to the ground, enhanced downforce. Short and wide, it looked as good as it went.
但在312T之前，1974年又出現(xiàn)了312B3的進(jìn)一步修改版本，仍然使用73年的單體車身。這輛車是當(dāng)年新招募的尼基·勞達(dá)（Niki Lauda）獲得九個(gè)桿位并使法拉利重返比賽冠軍行列的車型。
這是對(duì)73 B3原型車的一次漂亮的改進(jìn)，充分利用了側(cè)散熱器，使車身側(cè)面光滑，并增加了后翼下方的間隙，使其更加堅(jiān)固。他以前在前部騰出的空間用來(lái)容納一個(gè)更大的三角翼。
他增加了空氣箱的高度，并像他的雪犁原型一樣，使車身非常寬。他在設(shè)計(jì)法拉利運(yùn)動(dòng)賽車時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)（下圖312P），當(dāng)靠近地面時(shí)，額外的車身增加了下壓力。它又短又寬，看起來(lái)和過(guò)去一樣好。
With the following year’s 312T (3-litre, 12 cylinder,?Transversale) he centralised the car’s masses even further with that sideways-sited gearbox.
In other respects it was a further refined version of the ’74 B3, with the radiators now laid more horizontally, allowing a beautifully clean sidepod design which integrated better with the upper bodywork. The front suspension, instead of being mounted on a subframe was now attached directly to the front of the bulkhead from which long, elegant rocker arms extended out to the wheels.
With Forghieri’s flat-12 producing more power than the rival Cosworth DFV, the 312T could often carry more wing than the best Cosworth cars and in Lauda’s hands it became almost unbeatable. It continued winning races into the early part of 1976 after which it was replaced by the 312T2 – essentially the same car but modified to meet new dimensional requirements from the Spanish Grand Prix onwards and the banning of airboxes. This car took Lauda to his second world title in 1977.
Forghieri designed many brilliant Ferrari F1 and sports racers, but the 312T perhaps stands as the epitome of his genius.
在第二年的312T中，他通過(guò)側(cè)向安裝的變速箱進(jìn)一步集中了汽車的質(zhì)量。
在其他方面，它是'74 B3的進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)版本，散熱器現(xiàn)在更水平地放置，允許漂亮干凈的側(cè)吊艙設(shè)計(jì)，與上部車身更好地集成。前懸架，而不是安裝在副車架上，現(xiàn)在直接連接到隔板的前部，長(zhǎng)而優(yōu)雅的搖臂從隔板延伸到車輪。
由于福吉里的flat-12比競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手Cosworth DFV產(chǎn)生更大的動(dòng)力，312T通?？梢员茸詈玫腃osworth汽車承載更多的機(jī)翼，在Lauda手中，它幾乎是無(wú)與倫比的。它繼續(xù)贏得比賽，直到1976年早期，之后被312T2取代——基本上是同一輛車，但經(jīng)過(guò)改裝，以滿足西班牙大獎(jiǎng)賽之后的新尺寸要求，并禁止使用空氣箱。這輛車使勞達(dá)在1977年獲得了第二個(gè)世界冠軍。
福吉里設(shè)計(jì)了許多出色的法拉利F1賽車和運(yùn)動(dòng)型賽車，但312T或許是他的天才的縮影。
