聲明：本專欄主要對生命科學領域的一些期刊文章標題進行翻譯，所有內(nèi)容均由本人手工整理翻譯。由于本人專業(yè)為生物分析相關，其他領域如果出現(xiàn)翻譯錯誤請諒解。

1.Tumour promotion. In 1947, Isaac Berenblum proposed that the development of cancer was a two-stage process: the first step introduces mutations into healthy cells, the second then promotes tumour growth through tissue inflammation. In this week’s issue, Charles Swanton and his colleagues investigate the role of particulate matter in prompting the development of non-small-cell lung cancers and find that cancer initiation in response to pollution conforms to Berenblum’s model. The researchers investigated especially fine particles called PM2.5, which are smaller than 2.5 micrometres and are typically found in smoke and vehicle emissions. Looking at nearly 33,000 people from four countries, they found a clear link between prolonged exposure to PM2.5 and the development of lung cancers observed in people who had never smoked. In further studies in mice, the team found that PM2.5 seems to trigger an influx of immune cells and the release of the signalling molecule interleukin-1β in lung cells, which exacerbates inflammation and helps drive tumour progression in cells in normal tissue with specific cancer-driver mutations. Taken together, the results suggest that PM2.5 could act as a tumour promoter and could aggravate existing cancerous mutations present in normal tissue.

腫瘤促進。 1947年，Isaac Berenblum提出癌癥的發(fā)展是一個兩階段的過程：第一步將突變引入健康細胞，第二步然后通過組織炎癥促進腫瘤生長。在本周的期刊中，查爾斯·斯旺頓（Charles Swanton）和他的同事研究了顆粒物在促進非小細胞肺癌發(fā)展中的作用，并發(fā)現(xiàn)因污染而引發(fā)的癌癥符合貝倫布魯姆的模型。研究人員研究了稱為 PM2.5 的特別細顆粒，這種顆粒小于 2.5 微米，通常存在于煙霧和車輛排放物中。他們對來自四個國家的近 33,000 人進行了觀察，發(fā)現(xiàn)長期接觸 PM2.5 與從不吸煙的人患肺癌之間存在明顯的聯(lián)系。在對小鼠的進一步研究中，研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，PM2.5 似乎會引發(fā)免疫細胞的涌入以及肺細胞中信號分子白細胞介素-1β的釋放，從而加劇炎癥并有助于驅(qū)動正常組織細胞中的腫瘤進展，并具有特定的作用。癌癥驅(qū)動突變?？偠灾?，結(jié)果表明 PM2.5 可以充當腫瘤促進劑，并可能加劇正常組織中現(xiàn)有的癌性突變。

2.Acquired taste. Octopuses use chemotactile receptors (CRs) in the suckers on their arms to ‘taste by touch’ as they explore their sea-floor environment. These proteins evolved from neurotransmitter receptors to allow octopuses to detect poorly soluble natural products on contact. In this week’s issue, two papers by Nicholas Bellono, Ryan Hibbs and their colleagues use cephalopod CRs to probe the structural basis of sensory-receptor evolution. In the first, the researchers describe the adaptations in octopus protein structures that underlie the change in receptor function from neurotransmission to detecting environmental stimuli. In the second paper, the team uses this information to explore how tuning sensory receptors drives new behaviour in various cephalopods, including octopus, squid and cuttlefish. Taken together, the studies offer a basis for understanding how subtle structural adaptations can drive novel traits and behaviours that are suited to specific ecological contexts.

后天的品味。章魚在探索海底環(huán)境時，利用手臂吸盤中的化學觸覺受體（CR）來“通過觸摸來品嘗”。這些蛋白質(zhì)從神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)受體進化而來，使章魚能夠在接觸時檢測到難溶的天然產(chǎn)物。在本周的期刊中，尼古拉斯·貝洛諾 (Nicholas Bellono)、瑞安·希布斯 (Ryan Hibbs) 及其同事發(fā)表的兩篇論文利用頭足類 CR 來探討感覺受體進化的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎。首先，研究人員描述了章魚蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的適應性，這些適應性是受體功能從神經(jīng)傳遞到檢測環(huán)境刺激的變化的基礎。在第二篇論文中，研究小組利用這些信息來探索調(diào)節(jié)感覺受體如何驅(qū)動各種頭足類動物（包括章魚、魷魚和墨魚）的新行為。總而言之，這些研究為理解微妙的結(jié)構(gòu)適應如何驅(qū)動適合特定生態(tài)環(huán)境的新特征和行為奠定了基礎。

3.Crash course. Although currently there is no known threat to Earth from asteroids, strategies to protect the planet from a collision are being explored. On 26 September 2022, NASA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory successfully tested one such approach: the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft was deliberately crashed into Dimorphos, a moon orbiting the small asteroid Didymos, resulting in a change in the moon’s orbit. In this week’s issue, five papers explore the test and the effects of the collision. One paper reconstructs the impact; a second looks at the change to Dimorphos’s orbit caused by the impact. A third paper reports observations from the Hubble Space Telescope of the material ejected during the collision. A fourth paper uses modelling to characterize the transfer of momentum that resulted from the impact. And the final paper reports on citizen science observations before, during and after the collision.

速成課程。盡管目前還沒有已知的小行星對地球構(gòu)成威脅，但保護地球免受碰撞的策略正在探索中。 2022 年 9 月 26 日，美國宇航局和約翰霍普金斯大學應用物理實驗室成功測試了一種這樣的方法：雙小行星重定向測試 (DART) 航天器被故意撞向繞小行星 Didymos 運行的衛(wèi)星 Dimorphos，導致月球軌道發(fā)生變化。在本周的期刊中，五篇論文探討了測試和碰撞的影響。一篇論文重構(gòu)了影響；第二個是觀察撞擊造成的迪莫福斯軌道的變化。第三篇論文報告了哈勃太空望遠鏡對碰撞期間噴射出的物質(zhì)的觀察結(jié)果。第四篇論文使用模型來描述撞擊引起的動量轉(zhuǎn)移。最后的論文報告了碰撞前、碰撞期間和碰撞后的公民科學觀察結(jié)果。

4.Loop feedback. In eukaryotes, the protein complex cohesin plays a key role in folding genomic DNA by extruding the DNA into loops. An important element in this process is the DNA-binding protein CTCF, which has been proposed to regulate loop formation. In this week’s issue, Jan-Michael Peters, Cees Dekker and their colleagues shed light on the mechanism behind CTCF’s action. The researchers visualized interactions between single molecules of CTCF (shown in pink on the cover) and cohesin (blue) in vitro, finding that CTCF is sufficient to block loop extrusion by cohesin. They also found that not only does CTCF halt loop extrusion in an orientation-dependent manner, but it also sometimes causes the loops to shrink or changes the direction in which they grow. Crucially, this regulatory role of CTCF’s loop-extrusion blocking activity is itself controlled by the tension of the DNA to which the CTCF and cohesin are bound.

循環(huán)反饋。在真核生物中，蛋白質(zhì)復合物粘連蛋白通過將 DNA 擠壓成環(huán)，在折疊基因組 DNA 中發(fā)揮關鍵作用。這個過程中的一個重要元件是 DNA 結(jié)合蛋白 CTCF，它被認為可以調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)的形成。在本周的期刊中，Jan-Michael Peters、Cees Dekker 及其同事闡明了 CTCF 行動背后的機制。研究人員在體外觀察了 CTCF 單分子（封面上的粉色部分）和粘連蛋白（藍色）之間的相互作用，發(fā)現(xiàn) CTCF 足以阻止粘連蛋白的環(huán)擠出。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，CTCF 不僅會以方向相關的方式停止環(huán)擠出，有時還會導致環(huán)收縮或改變其生長方向。至關重要的是，CTCF 環(huán)擠出阻斷活性的這種調(diào)節(jié)作用本身是由 CTCF 和粘連蛋白所結(jié)合的 DNA 張力控制的。

5.Air pollution’s role in the promotion of lung cancer.

空氣污染在促進肺癌中的作用。

6.Distant supermassive black holes spotted in galaxy merger.

星系合并中發(fā)現(xiàn)遙遠的超大質(zhì)量黑洞。

7.The medieval Moon unveils volcanic secrets.

中世紀的月亮揭開了火山的秘密。

8.From the archive: the wonders of life contained in the soil, and the sociability of cats.

來自檔案：土壤中蘊含的生命奇跡，以及貓的社交能力。

9.Cancer cells remodel nuclear actin filaments to resist chemotherapy.

癌細胞重塑核肌動蛋白絲以抵抗化療。

10.Blue foods brought to the table to improve fish-policy decisions.

藍色食品被帶到餐桌上以改善魚類政策決策。

11.A close quasar pair in a disk–disk galaxy merger at z = 2.17.

z = 2.17 處盤-盤星系合并中的一對緊密類星體。

12.Real-time quantum error correction beyond break-even.

超越盈虧平衡的實時量子糾錯。

13.Beating the break-even point with a discrete-variable-encoded logical qubit.

使用離散變量編碼邏輯量子位打破收支平衡點。

14.Gate-tunable heavy fermions in a moiré Kondo lattice.

莫爾近藤晶格中的門可調(diào)重費米子。

15.2D fin field-effect transistors integrated with epitaxial high-k gate oxide.

與外延高 k 柵極氧化物集成的 2D 鰭式場效應晶體管。

16.Deforming lanthanum trihydride for superionic conduction.

使三氫化鑭變形以實現(xiàn)超離子傳導。

17.A LaCl3-based lithium superionic conductor compatible with lithium metal.

一種與鋰金屬相容的基于 LaCl3 的鋰超離子導體。

18.Enantioselective transition-metal catalysis via an anion-binding approach.

通過陰離子結(jié)合方法進行對映選擇性過渡金屬催化。

19.Lunar eclipses illuminate timing and climate impact of medieval volcanism.

月食揭示了中世紀火山活動的時間和氣候影響。

20.Ageing threatens sustainability of smallholder farming in China.

老齡化威脅著中國小農(nóng)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)性。

21.Four ways blue foods can help achieve food system ambitions across nations.

藍色食品可以通過四種方式幫助各國實現(xiàn)糧食系統(tǒng)的雄心。

22.Spatial epigenome–transcriptome co-profiling of mammalian tissues.

哺乳動物組織的空間表觀基因組-轉(zhuǎn)錄組聯(lián)合分析。

23.An atlas of genetic scores to predict multi-omic traits.

用于預測多組學特征的遺傳評分圖譜。

24.Thalamus drives vocal onsets in the zebra finch courtship song.

丘腦驅(qū)動斑胸草雀求愛歌曲的發(fā)聲。

25.Gut enterochromaffin cells drive visceral pain and anxiety.

腸道腸嗜鉻細胞會引起內(nèi)臟疼痛和焦慮。

26.Spatial multiomics map of trophoblast development in early pregnancy.

妊娠早期滋養(yǎng)層發(fā)育的空間多組學圖。

27.Norovirus MLKL-like protein initiates cell death to induce viral egress.

諾如病毒 MLKL 樣蛋白啟動細胞死亡以誘導病毒流出。

28.Lung adenocarcinoma promotion by air pollutants.

空氣污染物促進肺腺癌。

29.RHOJ controls EMT-associated resistance to chemotherapy.

RHOJ 控制 EMT 相關的化療耐藥性。

30.Basis of the H2AK119 specificity of the Polycomb repressive deubiquitinase.

Polycomb 抑制性去泛素酶的 H2AK119 特異性的基礎。

31.From primordial clocks to circadian oscillators.

從原始時鐘到晝夜節(jié)律振蕩器。

32.Structural and mechanistic insights into fungal β-1,3-glucan synthase FKS1.

對真菌 β-1,3-葡聚糖合酶 FKS1 的結(jié)構(gòu)和機制的見解。

33.In situ structure of the red algal phycobilisome–PSII–PSI–LHC megacomplex.

紅藻藻膽體-PSII-PSI-LHC 巨型復合物的原位結(jié)構(gòu)。

34.Earth’s molten youth had long-lasting consequences.

地球的青春熱潮產(chǎn)生了持久的影響。

35.Swift progress for robots over complex terrain.

機器人在復雜地形上的快速進步。

36.Mix-and-match tools for protein injection into cells.

用于將蛋白質(zhì)注射到細胞中的混合搭配工具。

37.Elusive excited states identified from cutting-edge molecular movies.

從尖端分子電影中發(fā)現(xiàn)的難以捉摸的激發(fā)態(tài)。

38.A metabolic vulnerability of pancreatic cancer.

胰腺癌的代謝脆弱性。

39.Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence.

通用醫(yī)學人工智能的基礎模型。

40.A population of red candidate massive galaxies ~600 Myr after the Big Bang.

大爆炸后約 600 邁爾的紅色候選大質(zhì)量星系群。

41.Giant magnetoresistance of Dirac plasma in high-mobility graphene.

高遷移率石墨烯中狄拉克等離子體的巨磁阻。

42.Orbital-resolved observation of singlet fission.

單線態(tài)裂變的軌道分辨觀察。

43.Separating single- from multi-particle dynamics in nonlinear spectroscopy.

非線性光譜中單粒子和多粒子動力學的分離。

44.Dehydration of a crystal hydrate at subglacial temperatures.

晶體水合物在冰下溫度下脫水。

45.Mechanistic formulation of inorganic membranes at the air–liquid interface.

氣液界面無機膜的機械配方。

46.Crop switching can enhance environmental sustainability and farmer incomes in China.

作物轉(zhuǎn)換可以提高中國的環(huán)境可持續(xù)性和農(nóng)民收入。

47.Earth shaped by primordial H2 atmospheres.

地球由原始氫氣大氣層塑造。

48.Interhemispheric competition during sleep.

睡眠時半球間的競爭。

49.An E1–E2 fusion protein primes antiviral immune signalling in bacteria.

E1-E2 融合蛋白啟動細菌中的抗病毒免疫信號。

50.Ubiquitin-like conjugation by bacterial cGAS enhances anti-phage defence.

細菌 cGAS 的泛素樣綴合增強了抗噬菌體防御。

51.A viral biomolecular condensate coordinates assembly of progeny particles.

病毒生物分子凝聚物協(xié)調(diào)子代顆粒的組裝。

52.Ornithine aminotransferase supports polyamine synthesis in pancreatic cancer.

鳥氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶支持胰腺癌中的多胺合成。

53.The NK cell receptor NKp46 recognizes ecto-calreticulin on ER-stressed cells.

NK 細胞受體 NKp46 識別 ER 應激細胞上的外鈣網(wǎng)蛋白。

54.Programmable protein delivery with a bacterial contractile injection system.

使用細菌收縮注射系統(tǒng)進行可編程蛋白質(zhì)輸送。

55.Large-scale mapping and mutagenesis of human transcriptional effector domains.

人類轉(zhuǎn)錄效應域的大規(guī)模作圖和誘變。

56.Structural basis of sensory receptor evolution in octopus.

章魚感覺受體進化的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎。

57.Sensory specializations drive octopus and squid behaviour.

感官專業(yè)化驅(qū)動章魚和魷魚的行為。

58.TnpB structure reveals minimal functional core of Cas12 nuclease family.

TnpB 結(jié)構(gòu)揭示了 Cas12 核酸酶家族的最小功能核心。

59.Cryo-EM structure of the transposon-associated TnpB enzyme.

轉(zhuǎn)座子相關 TnpB 酶的冷凍電鏡結(jié)構(gòu)。

60.On the evidence of a trend in the CO2 airborne fraction.

空氣中二氧化碳含量趨勢的證據(jù)。

61.Molecular portraits of lung cancer evolution.

肺癌進化的分子肖像。

62.DART’s data verify its smashing success at deflecting asteroid moon Dimorphos.

DART 的數(shù)據(jù)證實其在偏轉(zhuǎn)小行星衛(wèi)星 Dimorphos 方面取得了巨大成功。

63.Metal-oxide cages open up strategy for processing nuclear waste.

金屬氧化物籠開辟了處理核廢料的策略。

64.Genome reveals how the skate got its wings.

基因組揭示了鰩魚是如何長出翅膀的。

65.Epstein–Barr virus is an agent of genomic instability.

愛潑斯坦-巴爾病毒是一種基因組不穩(wěn)定因素。

66.Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence.

成功對小行星進行動力撞擊以防御行星。

67.Orbital period change of Dimorphos due to the DART kinetic impact.

由于 DART 動力學影響，Dimorphos 的軌道周期發(fā)生變化。

68.Ejecta from the DART-produced active asteroid Dimorphos.

來自 DART 產(chǎn)生的活躍小行星 Dimorphos 的噴射物。

69.Momentum transfer from the DART mission kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos.

DART 任務對小行星 Dimorphos 的動能撞擊產(chǎn)生的動量傳遞。

70.Light curves and colours of the ejecta from Dimorphos after the DART impact.

DART 撞擊后 Dimorphos 噴射物的光曲線和顏色。

71.Quantum-well states at the surface of a heavy-fermion superconductor.

重費米子超導體表面的量子阱態(tài)。

72.Ballistic two-dimensional InSe transistors.

彈道二維 InSe 晶體管。

73.Selective methane oxidation by molecular iron catalysts in aqueous medium.

在水介質(zhì)中通過分子鐵催化劑選擇性氧化甲烷。

74.Ultrafiltration separation of Am(VI)-polyoxometalate from lanthanides.

Am(VI)-多金屬氧酸鹽與鑭系元素的超濾分離。

75.Depolymerization of plastics by means of electrified spatiotemporal heating.

通過通電時空加熱來解聚塑料。

76.The little skate genome and the evolutionary emergence of wing-like fins.

小鰩魚基因組和翼狀鰭的進化出現(xiàn)。

77.Chromosomal fragile site breakage by EBV-encoded EBNA1 at clustered repeats.

EBV 編碼的 EBNA1 在成簇重復序列處導致染色體脆弱位點斷裂。

78.Plastic and stimulus-specific coding of salient events in the central amygdala.

中央杏仁核顯著事件的可塑性和刺激特異性編碼。

79.Blinded, randomized trial of sonographer versus AI cardiac function assessment.

超聲檢查師與人工智能心臟功能評估的盲法、隨機試驗。

80.The evolution of lung cancer and impact of subclonal selection in TRACERx.

肺癌的演變以及 TRACERx 中亞克隆選擇的影響。

81.The evolution of non-small cell lung cancer metastases in TRACERx.

TRACERx 中非小細胞肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的演變。

82.Genomic–transcriptomic evolution in lung cancer and metastasis.

肺癌和轉(zhuǎn)移的基因組-轉(zhuǎn)錄組進化。

83.Tracking early lung cancer metastatic dissemination in TRACERx using ctDNA.

使用 ctDNA 在 TRACERx 中追蹤早期肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移擴散。

84.Antibodies against endogenous retroviruses promote lung cancer immunotherapy.

抗內(nèi)源性逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒的抗體可促進肺癌免疫治療。

85.Tracking chromatin state changes using nanoscale photo-proximity labelling.

使用納米級光鄰近標記跟蹤染色質(zhì)狀態(tài)變化。

86.De novo design of modular peptide-binding proteins by superhelical matching.

通過超螺旋匹配從頭設計模塊化肽結(jié)合蛋白。

87.Structural basis for GSDMB pore formation and its targeting by IpaH7.8.

GSDMB 孔形成的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎及其 IpaH7.8 的靶向。

88.Structural mechanisms for regulation of GSDMB pore-forming activity.

GSDMB 成孔活性調(diào)節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)機制。

89.CFTR function, pathology and pharmacology at single-molecule resolution.

單分子分辨率的 CFTR 功能、病理學和藥理學。

90.Insufficient evidence for non-neutrality of synonymous mutations.

同義突變的非中性證據(jù)不足。

91.Mixed plastics upcycled dynamically.

混合塑料動態(tài)升級回收。

92.Extrachromosomal DNA appears before cancer forms.

染色體外 DNA 在癌癥形成之前就出現(xiàn)了。

93.Yo-yoing stem cells defy dogma to maintain hair colour.

溜溜球干細胞打破了維持頭發(fā)顏色的教條。

94.Human–AI team halves cost of designing step in microchip fabrication.

人類-人工智能團隊將微芯片制造中的設計步驟成本減半。

95.When influenza viruses don’t play well with others.

當流感病毒不能與其他病毒相互作用時。

96.Learning the metabolic language of cancer.

學習癌癥的代謝語言。

97.Computational approaches streamlining drug discovery.

簡化藥物發(fā)現(xiàn)的計算方法。

98.A ring-like accretion structure in M87 connecting its black hole and jet.

M87 中的環(huán)狀吸積結(jié)構(gòu)連接著黑洞和噴流。

99.Continuous symmetry breaking in a two-dimensional Rydberg array.

二維里德伯陣列中的連續(xù)對稱性破缺。

100.Build-up and dephasing of Floquet–Bloch bands on subcycle timescales.

Floquet-Bloch 帶在子周期時間尺度上的建立和移相。

101.Tracing attosecond electron emission from a nanometric metal tip.

追蹤納米金屬尖端的阿秒電子發(fā)射。

102.Human–machine collaboration for improving semiconductor process development.

人機協(xié)作改進半導體工藝開發(fā)。

103.Self-powered perovskite photon-counting detectors.

自供電鈣鈦礦光子計數(shù)探測器。

104.pH-dependent water permeability switching and its memory in MoS2 membranes.

pH 依賴性水滲透性切換及其在 MoS2 膜中的記憶。

105.Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides.

用揮發(fā)性烷基氯化銨控制鈣鈦礦層的生長。

106.Dynamic crosslinking compatibilizes immiscible mixed plastics.

動態(tài)交聯(lián)使不混溶的混合塑料相容。

107.Net greenhouse gas balance of fibre wood plantation on peat in Indonesia.

印度尼西亞泥炭纖維木種植園的溫室氣體凈平衡。

108.Clonal haematopoiesis and risk of chronic liver disease.

克隆造血和慢性肝病的風險。

109.Aberrant activation of TCL1A promotes stem cell expansion in clonal haematopoiesis.

TCL1A 的異常激活促進克隆造血中干細胞的擴增。

110.Astrocyte–neuron subproteomes and obsessive–compulsive disorder mechanisms.

星形膠質(zhì)細胞-神經(jīng)元亞蛋白質(zhì)組和強迫癥機制。

111.Dedifferentiation maintains melanocyte stem cells in a dynamic niche.

去分化使黑素細胞干細胞保持在動態(tài)生態(tài)位中。

112.Mirusviruses link herpesviruses to giant viruses.

病毒將皰疹病毒與巨型病毒聯(lián)系起來。

113.Lactate regulates cell cycle by remodelling the anaphase promoting complex.

乳酸通過重塑后期促進復合物來調(diào)節(jié)細胞周期。

114.Extrachromosomal DNA in the cancerous transformation of Barrett’s oesophagus.

巴雷特食管癌變過程中的染色體外 DNA。

115.STING inhibits the reactivation of dormant metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.

STING 抑制肺腺癌中休眠轉(zhuǎn)移的重新激活。

116.Ageing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.

與衰老相關的轉(zhuǎn)錄延伸的變化會影響壽命。

117.CTCF is a DNA-tension-dependent barrier to cohesin-mediated loop extrusion.

CTCF 是一種 DNA 張力依賴性屏障，可防止粘連蛋白介導的環(huán)擠出。

118.mRNA recognition and packaging by the human transcription–export complex.

人類轉(zhuǎn)錄-輸出復合體的 mRNA 識別和包裝。

119.Establishment and function of chromatin organization at replication origins.

復制起點染色質(zhì)組織的建立和功能。

120.The Smc5/6 complex is a DNA loop-extruding motor.

Smc5/6 復合體是 DNA 環(huán)擠出馬達。