投資中我們常犯的錯誤【行為金融學(xué)筆記-AI翻譯】
溫馨提示:以下內(nèi)容由止于至善投資研究員彭進(jìn)京基于行為金融學(xué)整理,并通過AI翻譯。本文僅供分享交流,不構(gòu)成任何形式的投資建議,請自擔(dān)風(fēng)險。
(一)Cognitive Errors:Belief Perseverance(認(rèn)知錯誤:信念堅持)
1. Conservatism bias(保守主義偏見)
(1)定義
Conservatism bias is a belief preseverance bias in which people maintain their previous views or forecasts by inadequately incorporating new information(Slow to react new information).
保守主義偏見是一種信念堅持的偏見,指的是人們在不充分地納入新信息的情況下,保持他們先前的觀點或預(yù)測,對新信息反應(yīng)較慢。
(2)后果
· Maintain or be slow to update?a view or?a?forecast, even when?presented with new information.
· Opt to maintain a prior?belief?rather than?deal with?the mental?stress?of updating?beliefs given?complex data(如會計政策變動導(dǎo)致的數(shù)字變化).
? 在面對新信息時,堅持維持某種觀點或預(yù)測,或者更新觀點或預(yù)測的速度較慢。?
? 在面對復(fù)雜數(shù)據(jù)時,選擇堅持之前的信念,而不是處理更新信念所帶來的心理壓力(例如會計政策變動導(dǎo)致的數(shù)字變化)。
(3)解決方法
Corrected foror reduced by properly?analyzing and?weighing?new information .
通過正確分析和權(quán)衡新信息進(jìn)行修正或減少。
2. Confirmation bias(確認(rèn)偏見)
(1)定義
Confimation bias is a belief preseverance bias in whichpeople tend to look for and notice what confirm their beliefs and to ignore or undervalue what contradicts their beliefs .
確認(rèn)偏見是一種信念堅持的偏見,指的是人們傾向于尋找和注意與他們的信念相符的事物,并忽視或低估與他們的信念相矛盾的事物。
(2)后果
· consider only the positive information about an existing investment and ignore any negative information about the investment.?
·?Develops screening?criteria?and ignore?information that either?refutes the validity of the screening?criteria?or supports?other?screening?criteria .
· Under-diversify?portfolios?leading to excessive?exposures to risk.?
· Hold a?disproportionate?amount of?their investment?assets in their?employing?company's stock?because?they believe?in their?company?and are convinced of its?favorable?prospects.?
??僅考慮現(xiàn)有投資的正面信息,忽視任何與該投資相關(guān)的負(fù)面信息。
??制定篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并忽視反駁篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有效性或支持其他篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息。
? 投資組合分散度不足,導(dǎo)致風(fēng)險過度暴露。
? 將大部分投資資產(chǎn)投入自己所在公司的股票中,因為他們對自己的公司有信心,并確信其前景良好。
(3)解決方法
by actively seeking out information thatchallenges your beliefs?and conduct additional research.
通過積極尋找挑戰(zhàn)你的信念的信息,并進(jìn)行額外的研究。
3. Representativeness bias(典型性偏見)
(1)定義
Representativeness bias is a belief preseverance bias in which people tend to classify new informatin based on past experience and classification.
典型性偏見是一種信念堅持的偏見,指的是人們傾向于根據(jù)過去的經(jīng)驗和分類將新信息進(jìn)行歸類。
(2)后果
· Overweighting?the new information which?occurs when investors attach more importance to recent data than old data,例如都去投資最近表現(xiàn)好的證券,風(fēng)險點在于trend的變化.
· Adopt a view or a forecast based almost exclusively on new information or a small sample.(Base rate neglect+Sample size neglect).
· Update?beliefs?using?simple classifications rather than?deal with?the mental stress?of?updating?beliefs?given complex data.
??對新信息進(jìn)行過度加權(quán),即投資者將最近的數(shù)據(jù)比舊數(shù)據(jù)更重要,例如傾向于投資最近表現(xiàn)良好的證券,而風(fēng)險在于忽視趨勢的變化。
? 基本上只根據(jù)新信息或小樣本采取觀點或預(yù)測(忽視基礎(chǔ)率和樣本大小)。
? 使用簡單的分類方式更新信念,而不愿意處理更新信念所帶來的心理壓力,尤其是在面對復(fù)雜數(shù)據(jù)時。
(3)解決方法
Be aware ofstatistical mistakes and constantly ask themselves?if they are overlooking?the reality?of investment?situation?being considered.
意識到統(tǒng)計錯誤,并不斷問自己是否忽視了所考慮的投資情況的現(xiàn)實情況。
4. Illusion of control bias(控制錯覺偏見)
(1)定義
Illusin of control is a beliefpreserverance bias in which?people tend to believe?they can control?or influence?the outcomes?when in?fact they cannot.
控制錯覺是一種信念堅持的偏見,指的是人們傾向于相信他們可以控制或影響結(jié)果,而實際上他們無法做到。
(2)后果
·Trade more than is prudent ——> excessive trading 自我感覺良好,過度交易或者倉位集中度很高(不夠分散);可通過governance或者使用CAPM來mitigate.
·Lead investors?to inadequately?diversify portfolios.
? 過度交易:人們由于控制錯覺,會進(jìn)行超出合理范圍的交易,或者倉位集中度過高(缺乏充分分散)??梢酝ㄟ^有效的監(jiān)管措施或使用資本資產(chǎn)定價模型(CAPM)來減輕這種情況。
? 投資者不充分分散投資組合:控制錯覺使得投資者不足夠地分散投資組合。
(3)解決方法
·Aware that successful?investment?is a probabilistic?activity.
·Seek contrary viewpoints.
·Keep records.
? 意識到成功的投資是一種概率性的活動。
? 尋求相反的觀點。
? 保留記錄。
5.Hindsight bias(事后偏見)
(1)定義
Hindsight bias is a belief preseverance bias withself perception?and retention?aspects. People may?see past events?as having been?predictable?and reasonable to?expect.
事后偏見是一種信念堅持的偏見,具有自我感知和記憶保留的特點。人們可能會將過去的事件視為可預(yù)測的,并認(rèn)為先前的期望是合理的。
(2)后果
·Overestimate?the degrees to which?they predicted?an investment?outcome, thus?giving?them a?false sense of?confidence.
·Cause?FMPs to unfairly?assess?money managers?or security?performance.
? 過高估計自己對投資結(jié)果的預(yù)測程度,從而給他們一種虛假的自信感。
? 導(dǎo)致基金經(jīng)理或證券表現(xiàn)被不公平地評估。
(3)解決方法?
Carefullyrecord?and examine?their?investment?decisions, both?good and bad, to avoid?repeating?past investment?mistakes.
仔細(xì)記錄和審查他們的投資決策,無論是好的還是壞的,以避免重復(fù)過去的投資錯誤。
(二)Cognitive Errors:Information Processing(認(rèn)知錯誤:信息處理)
1. Anchoring andadjustment?bias(錨定和調(diào)整偏差)
(1)定義
Anchoring and adjustment biasis an information-processing?bias in which the use of?a psychological?heuristic?influence?the way?people?estimate?probabilities.
錨定和調(diào)整偏見是一種信息處理偏見,其中心理啟發(fā)式的使用影響人們估計概率的方式。
(2)后果
Stick too closely to theiroriginal estimates?when?new information?is learned.
當(dāng)?shù)弥滦畔r,過于堅守原始估計。
(3)解決方法
Consciouslyask questions that may?reveal?an anchoring?and adjustment bias.
有意識地提出可能揭示錨定和調(diào)整偏見的問題。
2. Mental accounting?bias?(心理賬戶偏見)
(1)定義
Mental accounting bias is an information-processingbias in which?people treat?one sum of money?differently?from another?equal-sized?sum based?on which?mental account?the money?is assigned to.?簡單粗暴+主觀臆斷(based on subjective criteria)拆分成sub-portfolio或layered但忽略了correlation,可通過goal-based investment來mitigate(這種客觀理智的拆分法).
心理賬戶偏見是一種信息處理偏見,指的是人們根據(jù)將錢款分配到哪個心理賬戶,將一筆相等金額的錢款與另一筆相等金額的錢款對待方式不同。這種對待方式基于主觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行拆分,可能簡單粗暴并且主觀臆斷,可能拆分成子投資組合或分層,但忽略了它們之間的相關(guān)性。通過基于目標(biāo)的投資方法可以減輕這種偏見,該方法采用客觀理性的拆分方法。
(2)后果
·Neglect opportunities to reduce the risk by combining assets?with low correlation.
·Irrationally?distinguish?between?returns?derived?from?income and those derived from?capital gains.
? 忽視通過將相關(guān)性較低的資產(chǎn)組合起來來降低風(fēng)險的機會。
? 不合理地區(qū)分來自收入和來自資本收益的回報。
(3)解決方法
Combineall assets together to see actual asset allocation and view total return.
將所有資產(chǎn)合并在一起,查看實際資產(chǎn)配置和總回報。
3. Framing bias (框架偏見)
(1)定義
Framing bias is an information processing bias in which a person answers a question differentlybased on?the way?the question?is asked (framed).?The way information is presented affects the resulting decision.?
框架偏見是一種信息處理偏見,指的是一個人根據(jù)問題的提問方式(框架)不同而給出不同的答案。例如風(fēng)險衡量指標(biāo)就用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,但是會忽略下行風(fēng)險,需要各種vaR指標(biāo)來輔助決策。
(2)后果
·Misidentify?risk tolerance?because of?the?questionaire is?framed.
·Choose?suboptimal?investments based on?how information about the?specific?investment?is?framed.
·Focus on short-term?price fluctuations, which may?result in?excessive trading.
? 由于問卷的框架,錯誤地確定風(fēng)險承受能力。
? 根據(jù)特定投資的信息框架選擇次優(yōu)的投資。
? 關(guān)注短期價格波動,可能導(dǎo)致過度交易。
(3)解決方法?
·Focus on?E(R)?and risk rather than P&L.
·Be neutral and open-minded.
? 專注于預(yù)期收益率和風(fēng)險,而非盈虧情況。
? 保持中立和開放的心態(tài)。
4.Availability bias?(可得性偏見)
還有home/familiarity bias(歸屬地偏見/熟悉度偏見),Easily-recalled(容易回憶起的)的東西被給予過高權(quán)重。
(1)定義
Availabilitybias is?an information-processing?bias in which people?take heuristic?(mental shortcut) approach to estimate?the probability of?an outcome?based on?how easily?the outcome?comes to mind.
可得性偏見是一種信息處理偏見,指的是人們根據(jù)某種結(jié)果在記憶中出現(xiàn)的容易程度,采用啟發(fā)式(心理快捷方式)的方法估計該結(jié)果的概率。
(2)后果
·Choose an investment, advisor, mutual?fund?based on?advertising?rather than?a thorough?analysis of the options.
·Limit?their?investment opportunity set.
·Fail to?diversify?——> narrow range of experience.
·Fail to achieve?an appropriate?asset allocation.
? 基于廣告而非對各種選擇進(jìn)行深入分析來選擇投資、顧問或共同基金。
? 限制自己的投資機會范圍。
? 未能實現(xiàn)充分的資產(chǎn)分散,導(dǎo)致經(jīng)驗范圍狹窄。
? 未能達(dá)到適當(dāng)?shù)馁Y產(chǎn)配置。
(3)解決方法
·A disciplined?method.
·Carefully?write?IPS.
·Fully research.
·Promote long-term?focus.
? 采用有紀(jì)律的方法。
? 仔細(xì)撰寫投資政策聲明(IPS)。
? 充分進(jìn)行研究。
? 倡導(dǎo)長期關(guān)注。
(三)Emotional bias(情緒偏見)
1. Loss aversion bias(損失厭惡偏見)
(1)定義
Loss-aversion biasis an emotional?bias in which?people tend to?strongly prefer?aviod losses?as opposed to?achieving gains.
損失厭惡偏見是一種情緒偏見,指的是人們更強烈地傾向于避免損失,而不是追求獲得收益。
(2)后果
·Hold positions in loss?longer than jusitified?by?fundamental analysis .
·Sell investments?in gain earlier?than?justified?by fundamentals.
·Limit the upside?potential by selling?winners and holding?losers.
·Trade excessively?as a result of sellng winners.
·Hold riskier?portfolios?than is acceptable?based on the risk/return?objectives.
? 在基本分析所能證明的范圍內(nèi),持有虧損頭寸的時間比理性分析所要求的時間更長。
? 在基本面證明之前,提前出售盈利投資。
? 通過賣出贏家并持有虧損者,限制了上行潛力。
? 由于賣出贏家而過度交易。
? 根據(jù)風(fēng)險/收益目標(biāo),持有的風(fēng)險組合超出了可接受的范圍。
(3)解決方法
·Perform a thorough?fundamental?analysis.
·goal-based investment可以克服這個bias.
? 進(jìn)行徹底的基本分析。
? 采用基于目標(biāo)的投資方法可以克服這種偏見。
2. Overconfidence bias(過度自信偏見)
(1)定義
Overconfidence is a biasin hich people?denmonstrated?unwarranted faith?in their own?reasoning, judgement, and/or?cognitive abilities, the result of?overestimating?knowledge?levels, abilities?and access to?information.
過度自信是一種偏見,指的是人們對自己的推理、判斷和認(rèn)知能力表現(xiàn)出無根據(jù)的信心,這是由于對知識水平、能力和獲取信息的估計過高所導(dǎo)致的。
(2)后果
·Underestimate?the risk and overestimate the expected?return
·Hold properly diversified?portfolios
·Trade excessively
·Experience?lower returns?than?those of?markets.
? 低估風(fēng)險和高估預(yù)期收益。
? 持有適當(dāng)分散的投資組合。
? 過度交易。
? 相對市場獲得較低的回報。
(3)解決方法?
·A conscious?review?process.
·Keep detailed?records of trades.
·Analyze winners and loss.
? 有意識的審查過程。
? 詳細(xì)記錄交易。
? 分析盈利和虧損情況。
3. Self-control bias(自控偏差)
(1)定義
Self-control biasis an?emotional?bias in which?people fail to act in?pursuit?of their long-term, overarching goals?because of?a lack of?self-discipline.
自控偏差是一種情緒偏見,指的是由于缺乏自律,人們無法追求長期、全面的目標(biāo)而不采取行動。
(2)后果
·Save insufficently?for?the future.
·Accept?too much?risk in?their portfolio ——> attempt to?generate?higher returns .
·Asset allocation imbalance.
? 未能足夠為未來存錢。
? 在投資組合中承受過多風(fēng)險,試圖獲得更高的回報。
? 資產(chǎn)配置不平衡。
(3)解決方法
·Saving plans.
·Keep goals in mind.
? 制定儲蓄計劃。
? 牢記目標(biāo)。
4. Status quo bias (墨守成規(guī)偏見)
(1)定義
People do nothing instead ofmaking a change.
人們選擇不做任何改變,而是保持現(xiàn)狀。
(2)后果
·Unknowingly?maintain?portfolios?with?risk/return, inappropriate?for their?circumstances.
·Fail to?explore?other opportunities.
? 在不知情的情況下,維持了與他們的情況不相適應(yīng)的風(fēng)險/回報的投資組合。
? 未能探索其他機會。
(3)解決方法
Education about risk/return, asset allocation.
提供關(guān)于風(fēng)險/回報和資產(chǎn)配置的教育。
5. Endowment bias(稟賦效應(yīng))
(1)定義
People valuean asset?more when?they?hold rights?to it?than when they?do not.
當(dāng)人們擁有某項權(quán)益時,他們對該資產(chǎn)的價值評估會比沒有擁有該權(quán)益時更高。
(2)后果
·Fail to sell off certain?assets and replace?them with?other assets.
·Maintain?an inappropriate?asset allocation.
·Continue to hold assets?which?they are familiar
? 未能出售某些資產(chǎn)并用其他資產(chǎn)替代它們。
? 保持不適當(dāng)?shù)馁Y產(chǎn)配置。
? 繼續(xù)持有熟悉的資產(chǎn)。
(3)解決方法
Help clients work through?emotional?attachment?issue.
幫助客戶通過購買其他東西來解決情感依戀問題。
6. Regret aversionbias(后悔規(guī)避偏見)
(1)定義
People tend to avoidmaking decisions that will result in?regret?associated with bad decisions.
人們傾向于避免做出會導(dǎo)致后悔的決策,尤其是與糟糕的決策相關(guān)的情況。
(2)后果
·Too conservative?in their choices as a result of?poor past outcomes.
·Engage in?herding behavior.
? 由于過去糟糕的結(jié)果,在選擇上過于保守。
? 參與羊群行為。
(3)解決方法
·Education advantages of diversification.
·Proper asset allocation.
? 教育客戶關(guān)于分散投資的優(yōu)勢。
? 進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)馁Y產(chǎn)配置。
END
風(fēng)險提示及版權(quán)聲明
本文全部內(nèi)容,僅出于傳播信息的需要,市場有風(fēng)險,投資需謹(jǐn)慎。所述內(nèi)容和意見僅供參考,并不構(gòu)成對交易做出保證。投資者不應(yīng)將以上觀點作為投資決策的唯一參考因素,亦不應(yīng)以本意見取代自己的判斷。在任何情況下,不對任何人因閱讀以上內(nèi)容所引致的任何損失負(fù)任何責(zé)任。
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