回顧問題不定期更新 Study Questions are Made by Prof. Cruz & Prof. Moore from Oberlin College & Conservatory

Lectures 12 and 13: The Circulatory System

1. Which plasma contents exist as solutes? Which plasma contents have sizes that prevent them from leaving capillaries through fenestrations? Which plasma contents don’t affect osmotic rates (that is, don’t prevent or don’t promote osmosis)?

2. Would the gastrovascular cavity be classified as an open or a closed circulatory system? Explain your answer.

3. Compare and contrast the following: coelomic fluid, hemolymph, blood, lymph, interstitial fluid (IF).

4. Explain which of the following are likely to have clotting properties: a) bedbug hemolymph b) chicken blood c) earthworm blood d) newt blood e) rhinoceros blood f) butterfly hemolymph

5. Do plants have capillary beds? Vascular tissues? Explain your answer.

6. In which type(s) of vertebrate circulatory system

a) does the heart handle only deoxygenated blood?

b) can the cycle of blood flow be described as ‘simple’, and why?

c) does the heart completely separate the handling of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

d) is there only one ventricle?

e) does gas exchange happen via gills?

f) does gas exchange happen via lungs?

7. What is a capillary? Endothelium? Basal lamina?

8. Compare your arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries with regard to:

a) wall thickness and composition

b) type of blood conveyed within (what about pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein?)

c) direction of blood flow, relative to the heart

d) presence of an endothelium

e) presence of muscles

9. How does the arthropod dorsal blood vessel differ from the annelid version? How are they similar?

10. Where does lymphatic fluid come from? What solutes may be present in lymphatic fluid?

11. Of what value is pulmocutaneous blood circulation?

12. Compare the type of blood (oxygenated or deoxygenated?) handled by the fish heart, to that of the amphibian heart, to that of the bird or mammalian heart. Which of these hearts permit(s) the steepest oxygen gradient in the systemic circulation? Explain your answer.

13. The exit and re-entry of fluid into the capillary, to and from the surrounding IF, takes advantage of different properties of water. What are these properties, and how exactly does exit occur? How does re-entry occur?

14. Salt licks are large blocks of NaCl (and a few other salts) commonly available in ranches for cattle or sheep to lick. These help the animals conserve water by keeping it in their circulation (and also serves to supply the animals with mineral nutrients). Can you explain how licking salt blocks might be helping animals conserve water in their circulation?

15. A person with an unusually high level of Na+ in the bloodstream is likely to suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure). Explain why.

16. A person with a disease which results in abnormally low levels of plasma proteins is expected to benefit from high dietary intake of salt (Na+). Explain.

17. The capillaries around the loop of Henle actually comprise a capillary bed, with the glomerulus (the knot of capillaries inside Bowman’s capsule) as the arteriolar?end. Sketch the?nephron and indicate with arrows the path of fluid (filtrate) exiting the capillary bed and the path of fluid (with dissolved Na+) leaving the matrix (IF) and re- joining the general circulation. Where does hydrostatic pressure apply in the workings of this capillary bed?

18. Describe the role of fibrin in blood clotting.

19. Make a table listing the different cells and cell fragments found in blood, and their respective functions.

20. Make a table comparing the attributes (characteristics, functions, the physics of how it works) of the arteriole end of a capillary bed versus its venule end.

21. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a cardiac conduction system?

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