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【簡(jiǎn)譯】埃爾塔欣（El Tajin）

2022-07-24 12:02 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

El Tajin is located near the coast of eastern Mexico and was an important Mesoamerican centre which flourished between 900 and 1100 CE. A part of the Veracruz culture, the city's architecture also displays both Maya and Oaxacan influences, while the most famous monument at El Tajin is the splendid Early Classic temple known as the Pyramid of the Niches. The site boasts several other important pyramids, monumental platforms, and 17 ballcourts, justifying its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

? ? ? ? ? 埃爾塔欣位于墨西哥東部的海岸附近，這里是中美洲一個(gè)比較重要的中心，在公元900年至1100年期間十分繁榮。作為韋拉克魯斯文化的一部分，該城市的建筑也顯示出瑪雅和瓦哈卡的影響，而埃爾塔欣最著名的建筑是輝煌的早期古典主義神廟——壁龕金字塔。該遺址還擁有其他幾個(gè)重要的金字塔、紀(jì)念性平臺(tái)和17個(gè)球場(chǎng)，證明其作為聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)的地位是正確的。

歷史概述

El Tajin is a more modern name derived from the Totonac rain god or, more precisely, the twelve old men or Tajin who were considered lords of thunderstorms and who were thought to live in the ruins of the city. The surrounding fertile land was (and still is) ideal for the cultivation of maize, cacao, vanilla, and tobacco, an ideal basis to support a prosperous trade centre. There is evidence that El Tajin was first settled in the 1st century CE, and the city underwent twelve distinct building phases up to the 12th century CE. The early centuries at the site show evidence of influence from Teotihuacan both in pottery and architecture, notably with the first stepped pyramids. The first ballcourts at the site appear around 500 CE. The oldest surviving large pyramid dates to El Tajin V during the 6th century CE. Tajin VI from 600 CE saw the construction of the north ballcourt. From the early 7th century CE, El Tajin began to conquer the smaller surrounding settlements to establish itself as the dominant force in the area. In the 8th century CE, the Pyramid of the Niches was completed and the huge raised acropolis platform of Tajin Chico was constructed. El Tajin was destroyed by fire and abandoned around 1100 CE or even earlier.

? ? ? ? ? 埃爾塔欣（El Tajin）是一個(gè)更現(xiàn)代的名字，源于托托納克雨神，或者更準(zhǔn)確地說，十二個(gè)老人或Tajin，他們被人們認(rèn)為是雷暴的主宰，住在城市的廢墟里。周圍肥沃的土地是（現(xiàn)在也是）種植玉米、可可、香草和煙草的理想之地，也是支持一個(gè)繁榮的貿(mào)易中心的理想基礎(chǔ)。有證據(jù)表明，埃爾塔欣在公元1世紀(jì)就開始有人在此定居，直到公元12世紀(jì)，該城市經(jīng)歷了12個(gè)不同的建筑階段。早期的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)在陶器和建筑方面都顯示出來自特奧蒂瓦坎的影響，特別是第一個(gè)階梯式金字塔。該遺址的第一個(gè)球場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)在公元500年左右?，F(xiàn)存最古老的大型金字塔可以追溯到公元6世紀(jì)的埃爾塔欣五世。公元600年，塔欣六世建造了北面的球道。從公元7世紀(jì)初開始，埃爾塔欣開始征服周圍較小的部落，以確立自己在該地區(qū)的主導(dǎo)地位。在公元8世紀(jì)，壁龕金字塔完成，人們還建造了巨大的塔欣——奇科的高架衛(wèi)城平臺(tái)。在公元1100年左右或更早的時(shí)候，埃爾塔欣被大火摧毀并被遺棄。

布局與結(jié) 構(gòu)

The core of Epiclassic El Tajin covered some 60 hectares (146 acres) and may be divided into two distinct areas with the oldest being in the south and the newer, known as Tajin Chico, in the northern part of the city. The former is built according to the cardinal compass points, consists of rectangular platforms, and is dominated by the Pyramid of the Niches. Tajin Chico is more elevated than the earlier portion of the city, and its buildings are aligned along a north-west to south-east axis so that the whole is set at a 60 degree angle to the structures of older El Tajin. The reason for this change in orientation is unknown but may simply be a question of geographical limitations. Many of the buildings are typical of the Classic Veracruz style and so were richly decorated with relief carvings which would also have been brightly painted. In addition, El Tajin displays advanced construction techniques as many structures have concrete slab roofs, the liquid concrete having been poured over wooden frames.

? ? ? ? ? 伊壁鳩魯?shù)暮诵膮^(qū)占地約60公頃（146英畝），可分為兩個(gè)不同的區(qū)域，最古老的區(qū)域在南部，較新的區(qū)域被稱為Tajin Chico，在城市的北部地區(qū)。前者是按照羅盤的萬向點(diǎn)建造的，由長(zhǎng)方形平臺(tái)組成，并以壁龕金字塔為主。Tajin Chico比城市的早期部分更高，它的建筑物沿西北到東南的軸線排列，因此整個(gè)城市與老的埃爾塔欣的結(jié)構(gòu)成60度角。這種方向上的變化原因不明，但可能只是一個(gè)地理限制的問題。許多建筑都是典型的韋拉克魯斯古典風(fēng)格，因此都有豐富的浮雕裝飾，也會(huì)有鮮艷的彩繪。此外，埃爾塔欣向我們展示了先進(jìn)的建筑技術(shù)，因?yàn)樵S多結(jié)構(gòu)都有混凝土板屋頂，液體混凝土被澆筑在木制框架上。

壁龕金字塔

The Pyramid of the Niches was constructed in the 8th century CE and has 365 symmetrically arranged square niches (each 60 cms deep) and these, along with the heavy scroll carvings typical of Veracruz architecture, create a constantly shifting play of light and shadow when the monument basks in sunshine. Undoubtedly then, the structure had some connection with the solar year. The pyramid has six platforms, is 20 metres high, whilst each side is 26 metres wide. A richly decorated stairway leads to a small structure on the top platform. The balustrades of the stairway are decorated with scroll or meander designs, and the whole displays a similar architectural design to Maya Copan. It is also noteworthy that a stela depicting a standing ruler figure in relief was discovered at the base of the pyramid and is another strong artistic link to the Maya. Inside the pyramid is a smaller one, contemporary with the outer facing which was originally painted bright red.

? ? ? ? ? 壁龕金字塔建于公元8世紀(jì)，有365個(gè)對(duì)稱排列的方形壁龕（每個(gè)深60厘米），這些壁龕與韋拉克魯斯建筑典型的厚重卷軸雕刻一起，在紀(jì)念碑沐浴在陽光下時(shí)創(chuàng)造出不斷變化的光與影。毫無疑問，該結(jié)構(gòu)與太陽年有某種聯(lián)系。金字塔有六個(gè)平臺(tái)，高20米，每邊寬26米。一個(gè)裝飾豐富的樓梯通向頂部平臺(tái)上的一個(gè)小建筑。樓梯的欄桿上裝飾著卷軸或蜿蜒的設(shè)計(jì)，整個(gè)建筑顯示出與瑪雅科潘相似的建筑設(shè)計(jì)。同樣值得注意的是，在金字塔的底部發(fā)現(xiàn)了一塊描述浮雕式站立統(tǒng)治者形象的石碑，這是與瑪雅人的另一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的藝術(shù)聯(lián)系。在金字塔內(nèi)部有一個(gè)較小的、與外側(cè)同時(shí)存在的、最初被涂成鮮紅色的金字塔。

Tajin? Chico

?Constructed between the 9th and 10th centuries CE, Tajin Chico was probably used as a residential area for the city's aristocracy. The higher placed the buildings, the newer they are, so that the large three-level platform building on the north-west hill is the most recent, as proven by the presence of older pottery shards in its masonry. Built in the 10th century CE, it originally had a six-column colonnade on its eastern fa?ade and is approached by a short stairway with retaining walls. The columns carry relief carvings which narrate scenes from the life of probably El Tajin's last ruler, 13 Rabbit. Once again, architectural decoration on several Tajin Chico structures often remind of a Maya influence, this time from Uxmal.

? ? ? ? ? Tajin Chico建于公元9世紀(jì)和10世紀(jì)之間，可能被用作城市貴族的住宅區(qū)。建筑物的位置越高，它們就越新，因此西北山丘上的大型三層平臺(tái)建筑是最近的，其磚石中的舊陶器碎片證明了這一點(diǎn)。該建筑建于公元10世紀(jì)，其東側(cè)立面原本有一個(gè)六柱柱廊，通過一個(gè)帶有護(hù)墻的短梯可以上去。柱子上有浮雕，敘述了可能是埃爾塔欣最后一位統(tǒng)治者13 Rabbit的生活場(chǎng)景。Tajin Chico建筑上的建筑裝飾再次讓人聯(lián)想到瑪雅人的影響，這次是來自烏斯馬爾。

球? ?場(chǎng)

There are no fewer than 17 ballcourts at El Tajin, an unusually high number, which has led the historian M. E. Miller to speculate that the city may well have held great sporting festivals much like those at Olympia in Ancient Greece. Indeed, El Tajin seems to have been a repository for rubber which was used to make the solid black balls used in the Mesoamerican ballgame. Most courts were deliberately positioned so that background topographical rises were framed by the sloping sides as one looked down the length of the court.

? ? ? ? ? 埃爾塔欣有不少于17個(gè)球場(chǎng)，這個(gè)數(shù)字異常之高，這使得歷史學(xué)家M.E.米勒推測(cè)，這個(gè)城市很可能舉辦過類似古希臘奧林匹亞的大型體育節(jié)。事實(shí)上，埃爾塔欣似乎是一個(gè)橡膠庫，用來制造中美洲球賽中使用的純黑球。大多數(shù)球場(chǎng)的位置都是刻意安排的，以便人們?cè)诟┮暻驁?chǎng)的長(zhǎng)度時(shí)，背景地形的起伏被傾斜的側(cè)面所框住。

The south ballcourt is of particular interest because of its relief sculpture depicting rituals, including human sacrifice. Dating to between 700 and 900 CE, four of the six relief panels (each composed of several slabs) have a large skeleton figure rising from a pot on their left sides. One panel shows two ball players cutting out the heart of a third player above whom is another skeletal figure hungry for the victim's soul. Another panel shows a warrior ritual with a central figure dressed as an eagle standing over a person reclining on a couch and flanked by two musicians. All the panels have a decorative double frame, a typical feature of Veracruz art.

? ? ? ? ? 南邊的球場(chǎng)特別引人注意，因?yàn)樗母〉衩枥L了包括人類犧牲在內(nèi)的各種儀式。六塊浮雕中的四塊（每塊都由幾塊石板組成）可以追溯到公元700年至900年之間，它們的左側(cè)都有一個(gè)巨大的骷髏頭從鍋里升起。有一塊板子顯示兩名球手正在切割第三名球手的心臟，第三名球手的上方是另一個(gè)渴望得到受害者靈魂的骷髏像。另一個(gè)板塊顯示了一個(gè)戰(zhàn)士?jī)x式，中心人物裝扮成鷹，站在一個(gè)躺在沙發(fā)上的人身上，兩邊是兩個(gè)音樂家。所有的面板都有一個(gè)裝飾性的雙層框架，這是韋拉克魯斯藝術(shù)的一個(gè)典型特征。