譯者按：視頻原作者為the B1M，由遼觀翻譯并增加了部分注釋。盡可能保持中英語(yǔ)句對(duì)應(yīng)，同時(shí)部分術(shù)語(yǔ)采用相對(duì)本土化的翻譯。 他們的視頻文案會(huì)發(fā)布在自己的網(wǎng)站https://www.theb1m.com/（中國(guó)內(nèi)地可訪(fǎng)問(wèn)）同時(shí)可以在油管看到純英文原視頻https://youtu.be/EVJ_rgEUSJE（中國(guó)內(nèi)地不可訪(fǎng)問(wèn)）

?"譯者注"全部參考自維基百科（Wikipedia，無(wú)法從中國(guó)內(nèi)地訪(fǎng)問(wèn)）相關(guān)詞條。"譯者注"及譯文遵從CC-BY-SA 4.0協(xié)議，您可以在標(biāo)注出處的情況下免費(fèi)使用（包括商業(yè)使用）。協(xié)議原文搬運(yùn)https://wikipedia.cathayviews.online/index.php/2023/06/23/hello-world/??

Why aren't there many skyscrapers in Europe?

為什么歐洲并沒(méi)有多少摩天大樓？

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Despite being one of the most developed, densely populated, and economically prosperous continents, Europe has surprisingly few skyscrapers, particularly when compared to Asia and North America.

盡管是發(fā)達(dá)、人口密集和經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的大洲之一，歐洲的摩天大樓出人意料地少見(jiàn)，尤其是相較于亞洲和北美（更是少得令人驚奇）。

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Of the 218?skyscrapers constructed on the continent to date, 66 percent of them are located in just five cities: London, Paris, Frankfurt, Moscow, and Istanbul.

在歐洲已建造的218座摩天大樓之中，66%集中分布于5座城市：倫敦（英）、巴黎（法）、法蘭克福（德）、莫斯科（俄）和伊斯坦布爾（土）。

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So why have other?major European cities not embraced the skyscraper？

所以為什么歐洲的其他主要城市沒(méi)有擁抱摩天大樓呢？

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How do they thrive?without the significant inner?open space?and floor areas that these clever structures provide?

（沒(méi)有建設(shè)摩天大樓的城市們）又是如何在沒(méi)有摩天大樓這種巧妙建筑所提供的大面積內(nèi)部空間的情況下繁榮發(fā)展的？

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And is everything about to change?in our increasingly urbanized world?

此外，在我們生活的日益城市化的世界之中，這種情況是否將會(huì)改變？

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1.?19世紀(jì)摩天大樓起步階段：美歐文化對(duì)決

When skyscrapers first?rose to prominence in the 19th century?-?first in Chicago and later in New York - ?many European cities were already firmly established?with grand historic buildings and public spaces?that left little room for large new structures.

當(dāng)摩天大樓于19世紀(jì)首次出現(xiàn)之時(shí)——起初出現(xiàn)在芝加哥，稍后出現(xiàn)在紐約——許多歐洲城市早已建立起了宏大的具有歷史意義的建筑和公共空間，這些大家伙們沒(méi)給新建大型建筑留下多大的空地。

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most of Europe cities around that time?were also more evenly zoned, and were not facing the high demand for floor space?in key districts?that typically drives high rise development.

當(dāng)此之時(shí)，大部分歐洲城市規(guī)劃得（比北美城市）更加平衡，它們并未面臨在城市關(guān)鍵位置對(duì)建筑面積的巨大需求，而空間需求通常會(huì)激發(fā)（高層建筑的）發(fā)展。

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譯者注：經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化意義上的“北美”有時(shí)僅指美國(guó)和加拿大（這兩國(guó)以英語(yǔ)為主要語(yǔ)言），而不包括北美洲其他地區(qū)。與之相對(duì)地，“拉丁美洲”指以西班牙語(yǔ)、葡萄牙語(yǔ)為主要語(yǔ)言的地區(qū)，包括北美洲其他國(guó)家的絕大部分及南美洲國(guó)家的絕大部分。

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Additionally, as the power?and influence of North America began to grow, a cultural rivalry emerged?between Americans who saw Europe's class system as outdated, and Europeans who saw some American ideals?as eroding traditions and the European way of life.

此外，隨著北美的實(shí)力和影響力不斷增長(zhǎng)，一場(chǎng)文化對(duì)抗已然出現(xiàn)：對(duì)抗的一方，是認(rèn)為歐洲的階層系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)的老美，而另一方則是認(rèn)為美國(guó)觀念正在侵蝕傳統(tǒng)與歐式生活方式的老歐洲。

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As a result, each continent became wary of adopting the?other‘s concepts.

文化對(duì)抗的結(jié)果是，兩個(gè)大洲都對(duì)接受對(duì)方的概念持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度。

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While North America aimed to become the model for a new age,?Europe sought to preserve its heritage.

在美國(guó)人力求成為新時(shí)代的典范之時(shí)，歐洲人正致力于保護(hù)其遺產(chǎn)。

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While this explains why skyscraper construction?didn't initially catch on in Europe, it doesn't explain what has held the consonant back since.

不過(guò)，以上只能解釋為什么摩天大樓建設(shè)在初期沒(méi)有在歐洲流行起來(lái)，但并不能解釋歐洲（的摩天大樓建設(shè)）在此之后面臨的阻滯。

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2.?二戰(zhàn)后的重建工程

In the wake of the Second World War, many thought European cities would modernize?and replicate the skyscrapers that were?rising across North America.

在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的陰云散去后，許多人覺(jué)得，歐洲城市將會(huì)現(xiàn)代化并且復(fù)制正在北美洲興盛的摩天大樓。

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However, in Western Europe, -?where many cities lost landmark and historic structures - an overwhelming desire to restore?what had been destroyed took hold.

然而，在西部歐洲，在許多城市失去了其地標(biāo)和歷史建筑的情況下，人們產(chǎn)生了一種更強(qiáng)烈的愿望，希望重建已被摧毀的建筑。

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譯者注：此處“西部歐洲”指美國(guó)控制的北約成員國(guó)和其他一些資本主義國(guó)家，下文的“東部歐洲”指蘇聯(lián)控制的華約成員國(guó)和其他一些社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。

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In addition, the lower population of Europe at that time?meant that the demand for floor area?that principally drives at skyscraper construction?wasn't there.

此外，當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲人口（因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)）減少，這意味著，對(duì)建筑空間的需求——摩天大樓建設(shè)的重要推動(dòng)力——（在此時(shí)的歐洲）并不存在。

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As a result, modest structures replaced buildings that could not be?saved or restored.

結(jié)果是，替代那些無(wú)法保留或重建的歷史建筑的，是一些規(guī)模適中的（新）建筑。

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Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, the expanding Soviet Union’s?rebuild efforts consisted largely of?mid rise repetitive structures?that sort of rehouse much of the population.

與此同時(shí)，在東部歐洲，正值勢(shì)力擴(kuò)張的蘇聯(lián)其重建工作大部分由建設(shè)中層的、可復(fù)制的建筑組成，其建設(shè)旨在安置大部分人口。

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譯者注：1950年代蘇式建筑的代表是高度相似、外形方正、大量利用預(yù)制板、極致利用空間、建造快成本低的“赫魯曉夫樓”，這也是東歐各國(guó)和中國(guó)等社會(huì)主義國(guó)家國(guó)戰(zhàn)后建設(shè)的重要建筑類(lèi)型。

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It was during this time that Europe?saw its first skyscrapers begin to rise?not in response to growth and prosperity?but in an effort by the Soviets to indicate their power?and influence.

在這一時(shí)期，歐洲目睹了其上的第一座摩天大樓的開(kāi)建，但這座摩天大樓的建造并不是由于增長(zhǎng)和繁榮，而是蘇聯(lián)為了展現(xiàn)其力量和影響力所建造的。

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譯者注：“斯大林七姐妹”系1952-1954年蘇聯(lián)在莫斯科建設(shè)的七座結(jié)合了巴洛克式和哥特式建筑風(fēng)格的摩天大樓。此后，這一樓型被其他社會(huì)主義國(guó)家模仿。

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3.?“布魯塞爾化”及對(duì)此的批判

While Brussels has never constructed a true skyscraper?it is partly responsible?for the lack of skyscrapers across the continent.

盡管布魯塞爾從來(lái)沒(méi)有建造過(guò)真正意義上的摩天大樓，但這座城市對(duì)于歐洲缺少摩天大樓的情況負(fù)有部分責(zé)任。

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Without any significant zoning regulations in place, the 1960s saw many buildings in the city demolished?to make way for large?modern structures?that had little regard for architectural or cultural value.

由于沒(méi)有施行任何有效的城市規(guī)劃法規(guī)，在20世紀(jì)60年代，布魯塞爾的許多建筑物被拆除以便為大型的現(xiàn)代建筑讓路，這些操作幾乎毫不考慮所拆建筑的建筑學(xué)價(jià)值和文化價(jià)值。

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Recognizing the damage?this indiscriminate redevelopment was doing to the city, many prominent figures and architects coined the term?“Brusselization”, and lobbied to introduce new planning laws.

在認(rèn)識(shí)到這種不加選擇的重建對(duì)城市造成的破壞后，許多知名人士和建筑師提出了“布魯塞爾化”這個(gè)詞，并且奔走呼號(hào)，提議建立新的規(guī)劃法。

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These regulations significantly limited?the scale of new buildings, and required historic facades to be restored?and incorporated into new developments, preserving the cultural fabric of the city.

由此提出的法規(guī)大大限制了新建筑的規(guī)模，并且要求修復(fù)歷史外觀，并將歷史外觀模式引入到新的建設(shè)當(dāng)中以保護(hù)城市的文脈。

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The row in Brussels led to a?general dislike for modern buildings across Europe, with many seeing them as bland or soulless.

在布魯塞爾發(fā)生的爭(zhēng)議引發(fā)了整個(gè)歐洲對(duì)現(xiàn)代建筑的普遍厭惡，許多人認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代建筑乏味無(wú)趣或毫無(wú)靈魂。

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In response, numerous cities?adopted similar regulations and set aside?control districts -?like Paris' La Défense - to keep high rise development?away from historic centers.

在此影響下，許多城市出臺(tái)了（與布魯塞爾）相似的建筑法規(guī)，并且設(shè)立了建設(shè)控制區(qū)——如巴黎的“拉德芳斯”——以使高層建筑遠(yuǎn)離史跡核心區(qū)域。

譯者注：La Défense得名于紀(jì)念普法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中巴黎圍城戰(zhàn)的“保衛(wèi)巴黎”雕塑，是凱旋門(mén)所在的城區(qū)，也是巴黎摩天大樓的集中分布區(qū)。區(qū)外幾乎沒(méi)有摩天大樓。

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4.?城市化的時(shí)代

By the start of the 21st century, attitudes around tall buildings were softening across the continent, as architectural trends moved away from box-like structures?towards more unique designs, and as the world became increasingly globalized.

在21世紀(jì)即將到來(lái)之際，歐洲各地對(duì)高層建筑的態(tài)度開(kāi)始軟化，這種態(tài)度轉(zhuǎn)變隨著建筑潮流放棄“方盒子”造型而轉(zhuǎn)向更加獨(dú)特的設(shè)計(jì)，以及世界變得日益全球化（而發(fā)生）。

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Since the early 2000s, major financial centers like London,?Paris, Moscow, Istanbul, and Frankfurt?have seen several skyscrapers rise?as demand for commercial space in their centers has?increased.

自2000年代初期以來(lái)，主要的金融中心，如倫敦（英）、巴黎（法）、莫斯科（俄）、伊斯坦布爾（土）以及法蘭克福（德）陸續(xù)建起了幾座摩天大樓。這是由于這些城市的中心地帶對(duì)商業(yè)空間的需求的增長(zhǎng)

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By contrast, smaller?European cities that have been experiencing more modest growth?have turned their focus to the environment?and improving living standards for citizens.

與此相反，規(guī)模較小的歐洲城市經(jīng)歷了更加平緩的擴(kuò)張，這些城市將它們的（建設(shè)）重點(diǎn)放在了環(huán)境以及提升居民的生活水平上。

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In recent years, urban areas in Scandinavia and Central Europe?have consistently ranked among the highest?in the world for sustainability, happiness and well-being?while maintaining importance within their national economies.

近年來(lái)，斯堪的納維亞和歐洲中部的城市在可持續(xù)發(fā)展、幸福感和生活舒適方面一直處于全球最高水平，（這些城市）與此同時(shí)還在其所在國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)中保持著重要地位。

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However, skyscraper construction in the cities of today?is no longer driven purely by economic growth?or the need for commercial office space.

然而，今日城市中的摩天大樓建設(shè)已經(jīng)不再僅僅由經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)或?qū)ι虡I(yè)辦公空間的需求所驅(qū)動(dòng)。

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With 60 percent of the global human population set to be?living in urban areas by 2030.

到2030年，全球60%的人口將居住于城市。

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Residential skyscrapers are now rising in prominence, particularly across Asia and North America.

因此，住宅摩天大樓正日益受到重視，特別是在亞洲和北美。

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As many traditional rural-based industries become automated, millions are migrating into cities and major urban areas, driving significant demand for residential space?that is often met with high rise structures.

隨著許多傳統(tǒng)的、以農(nóng)村為基地的產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化，數(shù)百萬(wàn)人口涌入各城市和主要城市帶，這帶來(lái)了對(duì)住房的大量需求，此種需求通常通過(guò)高層建筑來(lái)滿(mǎn)足。

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Europe is not immune to this phenomenon, particularly in such a heavily globalized world.

于此，歐洲并未置身事外，尤其是在今日這個(gè)高度全球化的世界之中。

And with the continent's desire to keep up with the progress?and economic growth of China and the United States, Europe could witness a skyscraper boom in the decades ahead.

并且，歐洲也渴望跟上中國(guó)和美國(guó)的進(jìn)步和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，未來(lái)的幾十年中，歐洲可能將要經(jīng)歷摩天大樓的激增。

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However, with entire urban centers?now being declared historically significant, and with the desire to retain as much?culture and architecture as possible?rightly holding strong up to the present day，the unique challenge facing?future skyscraper construction in Europe?is all to do with the past.

然而，隨著整個(gè)城市中心被宣布具有歷史意義，并且保存盡可能多的文化和建筑的愿望在今天仍舊強(qiáng)烈，未來(lái)歐洲摩天大樓建設(shè)所面臨的獨(dú)有的挑戰(zhàn)仍舊在于對(duì)歷史的態(tài)度。