Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

James Baldwin / Leeming / biography

Arts/Literature

Leeming寫的傳記干的有點不太對★★☆

①In his biography of James Baldwin, Leeming generally analyzes the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural significance of Baldwin’s principal literary works, even using several of their titles as chapter heading. ②In spite?of these meritorious features, the book suffers somewhat from an?uneven treatment?of Baldwin’s writing. ③For?example, “The Fire Next Time” has been widely, and appropriately, acknowledged as one of the great essays?of the past half century. ④But rather than an analytical and interceptive discussion, Leeming provides only a summary stitched together from quotations and paraphrases. ⑤He expends considerably more time and space?on the play Blues for Mister Charlie, even though Baldwin does not enjoy a widespread reputation as an innovative and substantial dramatist.?

生詞摘錄：

meritorious 有價值的

interceptive 截斷的

stitched 縫紉，裝訂的

inordinate 過度的，紊亂的

L在JB的傳記中大致分析了B主要文學(xué)作品的社會政治、經(jīng)濟和文化重要性，甚至部分章節(jié)標(biāo)題直接使用了作品名稱。盡管這些地方做的很有價值，這本自傳卻因為對于B的作品不均衡的處理而落入下乘。?比如，The Fire?被認(rèn)為是過去半個世紀(jì)最偉大的論文之一。?但是L在傳記中并沒有給出鞭辟入里的討論，而僅僅是給了一個由引用和轉(zhuǎn)述拼湊成的概述。?L卻在BMC這個戲劇上花了更多的時間和筆墨，盡管B并不算一個厲害的劇作家。

1. Which of the following best characterizes what the author of the passage means by “uneven treatment”??

直接細(xì)節(jié)題。易

文中說道L在給B寫的傳記中，不同的作品的處理方式并不均衡。公認(rèn)的好作品沒怎么寫，平常作品卻寫的很多。

B

A. The critical standards that Leeming applies to Baldwin’s writing are different from those that he has?applied to the work of other writers. 沒有other writers的證據(jù)

B. The attention that Leeming devotes to certain works by Baldwin contrasts sharply with the conventional evaluation of those works.?

C. Leeming is more concerned with the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural significance of Baldwin’s works than he is with their literary merit. 沒有這個比較的證據(jù)。

D. Leeming devotes inordinate space to some of Baldwin’s shorter works while giving short shrift to many of his longer works. 沒有長短作品的證據(jù)。

inordinate?過分的

E. Leeming devotes more space to summarizing Baldwin’s dramatic works than to subjecting those works?to analysis and interpretation. 對于B的戲劇，L更多總結(jié)而非分析和解讀。最后兩句話信息雜糅。

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following statements about?Baldwin’s literary output??

態(tài)度推斷+多選

A

A. Blues for Mister Charlie is a less important work than is “The Fire Next Time.” 符合文中兩個作品的比較。

B. Baldwin was more influential as a dramatist than as an essayist. 相反。

C. Baldwin’s reputation as an essayist is not fully justified by the quality of his essays. 名不副實，沒有證據(jù)

背景拓展：

James Baldwin

詹姆斯·鮑德溫（James Baldwin，1924年8月2日——1987年12月1日），美國黑人作家、散文家、戲劇家和社會評論家。一生著述頗為豐厚，共寫有六部長篇小說、四部劇本、十幾部散文集、一本童書和一卷詩集?，其作品涉及的范圍非常廣泛。他的小說《向蒼天呼吁》與理查德·賴特的《土生子》和拉爾夫·埃里森的《看不見的人》被并列為20世紀(jì)四五十年代美國黑人文學(xué)的典范。在二戰(zhàn)后的美國黑人文學(xué)發(fā)展進程中，鮑德溫起著承上啟下的作用，是一個“真正的必不可少”的作家。

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage.?

the February Revolution?/ insurrection?

Arts/history

搞不清楚是一群什么人參加了二月革命

①In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe.?②Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the February Days, as this revolt is called, have been?largely ignored by social historians of the past two decades. ③For each of the three other major insurrections in nineteenth-century Paris-July 1830, June 1848, and May 1871- there exists at least a sketch of participant’s ?backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the reasons for the occurrence of the uprising. ④Only in ?the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of Revolutionary mobilization. ?

①Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious. ②First, the insurrections of February has been?overshadowed by that of June.?③The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama.④Its successor, on the other hand, appeared to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as?marking a historical departure. ?⑤Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the Revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an?unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished. ?⑥Second, like other ?“successful” insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most desirable kinds of historical?records. ⑦Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered?watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities’ efforts to search out and punish the rebels.?

①Q(mào)uite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those ofJuly 1830 and February 1848. ?②Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities. ?③Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or, in?rare cases, of celebratory articles in contemporary periodicals.?④And it is true that the publicly acknowledged leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs. ?⑤However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection. ?⑥As a consequence, it may prove difficult or?impossible to establish for a successful Revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who?participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.?

dossiers 卷宗，案卷

1848年2月巴黎人民起義反抗路易菲利普一世統(tǒng)治下的君主立憲制。盡管存在很多精彩的口頭傳頌，二月革命在過去的兩個年代都被社會歷史學(xué)家所忽略。1830年的七月革命、1848年的六月革命，以及1871年的五月革命都至少有參與者的簡單的背景介紹，以及對革命發(fā)生原因的分析。只有二月革命我們完全缺乏對其參與者的描述，進而我們就無法拿它和社會歷史研究中關(guān)于革命運動過程的判斷去進行比較。

有兩個明顯的原因。第一，二月的這場暴動被六月的那場蓋過去了。二月的這場雖說推翻了一個統(tǒng)治，但是并未遇到多少抵抗，因此并沒有產(chǎn)生很大的歷史戲劇性。而接下來六月的那場，引發(fā)了生死決戰(zhàn)，并被當(dāng)代人認(rèn)為是具備歷史轉(zhuǎn)折的意義。正是這種持續(xù)影響我們對于革命過程認(rèn)知的解讀使得六月革命的影響被放大，而二月革命的重要性卻被無意中忽視。第二，和其他成功的革命一樣，二月革命并未產(chǎn)生詳盡的歷史記錄。盡管1848的六月革命和1871的巴黎公社被認(rèn)為是19世紀(jì)法國歷史的分水嶺，它們同時也給社會歷史學(xué)家?guī)硪粋€明顯的好處：當(dāng)權(quán)者搜尋懲罰動亂者的行為為這些失敗的叛亂帶來了大量的有價值的文件。

而七月革命和二月革命的情況就不同了。故事雖被傳播，但是回到日常生活的參與者并未記錄下他們的行動。那些在革命中扮演重要角色的人在口頭傳頌中被美化，或在極少數(shù)情況下出現(xiàn)在當(dāng)時期刊中的慶祝文章中。當(dāng)然，那些起義領(lǐng)袖也常會寫回憶錄。然而，這種文件并不可靠，不具有代表性，也并沒有被系統(tǒng)保存，特別是和起義失敗之后的那些記錄被捕人員的詳細(xì)法庭卷宗就更沒法比了。因此，我們很難在一次成功的起義之后對它的參與者有一個全面而可信的了解，甚至連他們的社會來源都搞不清楚。

文章符號化框架體系：

para 1??tw:?FR [neglect]

para 2? kw’:?reasons

?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??[kw1... kw2...] (First,... Second,...)?

?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [failed]

para 3??≠successfu
para 4? tw:?author's explanation

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers which of the following essential for understanding a Revolutionary mobilization? ?

細(xì)節(jié)題。推斷題。易

從這篇文章中可以推斷出，作者認(rèn)為下列哪一項對于理解革命動員是必要的？根據(jù)mobilization 定位到文章第一段最后兩句話。作者認(rèn)為理解革命動員我們需要了解參與者的描述。

E

A. A comprehensive theory of Revolution that can be applied to the major insurrections of the nineteenth century 可適用于十九世紀(jì)重大革命的通用革命理論。銷誤。沒有證據(jù)。

B. Awareness of the events necessary for a Revolution to be successful 對革命成功所需條件的認(rèn)識。錯誤。沒有證據(jù)。

C. Access to narratives and memoirs written eyewitnesses of a given Revolution 查閱某一革命的見證者撰寫的敘述和回憶錄。錯誤。沒有證據(jù)。

D. The historical perspective provided by the passage of a considerable amount of time 相當(dāng)長一段時間所提供的歷史觀點。錯誤。沒有證據(jù)。

E. Knowledge of the socioeconomic background of a Revolution’s participants?

了解革命參與者的社會經(jīng)濟背景。正確。作者覺得理解革命動員我們需要了解參與者的社會背景，與原文取同。

4. Which of the following can be inferred about the “detailed judicial dossiers”? ?

細(xì)節(jié)題。推斷題。易

文中這些詳細(xì)記載的法律文書是用來和那些起義者統(tǒng)領(lǐng)寫的回憶錄作比較的，說明后者的不靠譜。

A

A. Information contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a Revolution’s participants.?

B. The dossiers closely resemble the narratives written by the Revolution’s leaders in their personal memoirs. 沒有resemble的證據(jù)

C. The information that such dossiers contain is untrustworthy and unrepresentative of a Revolution’s?participants. 相反。不靠譜的是回憶錄。

D. Social historians prefer to avoid such dossiers whenever possible because they are excessively detailed. ?沒有avoid的證據(jù)。

E. The February Revolution of 1848 produced more of these dossiers than did the June insurrection. 沒有這層比較?；蛘咭部梢哉J(rèn)為相反，因為這些卷宗是在失敗之后對抓捕到的人的詳細(xì)記錄。

5. Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made in the last paragraph??

細(xì)節(jié)題。削弱題。中

以下哪個選項最能在邏輯上反駁最后一段的觀點？最后一段的觀點是成功的革命很難建立靠譜的描述。我們要反駁這個觀點，可以舉反例，選一個說成功的革命有靠譜的描述的選項。

B

A. The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830. 1848年的二月革命的意義遠(yuǎn)不及1830年七月革命的意義。錯誤。沒有體現(xiàn)成功的革命有描述。

B. The background and motivations of participants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been identified, however cursorily. 1830年的七月革命參與者的背景和動機己經(jīng)查明，盡管比較粗略。正確。1830年的七月革命由文章第三段可知，是成功的革命，所以這個選項體現(xiàn)了成功的革命有一些描述，盡管比較粗略。這個選項在一定程度上削弱了最后一段的觀點。

C. Even less is known about the July insurrection of 1830 than about the February Revolution of 1848. 關(guān)于1830年的七月革命的情況，人們所知道的甚至比關(guān)于1848年的二月革命的情況還要少。錯誤。這個選項體現(xiàn)了一個成功的革命（1830年的七月革命）比另一個成功的革命（1848年的二月革命） 人們知道的更少。無論哪個成功革命人們的了解更少，最終體現(xiàn)出來的都是我們對于成功革命的了解少，無法削弱最后一段觀點。

D. Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during ?the May insurrection of 1871. 1830年的七月革命期間的歷史記錄不如1871年五月革命期間的記錄可靠。錯誤。體現(xiàn)了成功革命（1830年的七月革命）的記錄不如失敗革命（1871年的五月革命）記錄靠譜。與最后一段觀點方向一致，無法削弱最后一段觀點。

E. The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance ?of the February Revolution of 1848. 1830年的七月革命的重要性被夸大了，而1848年的二月革命的重要性卻被貶低了。錯誤。革命的重要性與是否有記錄無關(guān)。

6. The purpose of the second paragraph is to explain why?

功能題。主旨題。易

第二段的目的是為了解釋什么？第二段是為了解釋為什么二月革命被歷史學(xué)家忽路了（也就是二月革命為什么缺乏革命參與者的可靠的描述）

D

A. the people of Paris revolted in February 1848 against the rule of Louis-Philippe 1848年二月巴黎人民反抗Louis-Philippe的統(tǒng)治。錯誤。無關(guān)。

B. there exist excellent narrative accounts of the February Days 關(guān)于二月革命的日子，存在著極好的記錄。錯誤。沒有證據(jù)。

C. the February Revolution met with little resistance 二月革命沒有遇到什么阻力。錯誤。無關(guān)。

D. a useful description of the participants in the February Revolution is lacking?缺乏對二月革命參與者的有用描述。正確。第二段就是為了解釋二月革命為什么缺乏革命參與者的可靠的描述。

E. the February Revolution failed to generate any real sense of historical drama 二月革命未能產(chǎn)生任何真正意義上的歷史戲劇感。錯誤。無關(guān)。

生詞摘錄：

insurrection 暴動，叛亂

pit 使競爭，使對立

uprising 起義，暴動

dossier??/?d??sie?/ 檔案，卷宗

Question 7 is based on this passage.?

Arts/archeology

Maya / carving / iron tools

瑪雅有沒有用鐵制工具雕刻

Centuries ago, the Maya of Central America produced elaborate, deeply cut carvings in stone. Given the?technology available to the Maya, the carvings could only have been made with tools of stone or iron. Mayan?stone tools have been found, but experiments reveal that these tools are not hard enough to make anything but?very small markings in the stone used for carvings. Therefore, the Maya must have used iron tools for the?carving.?

幾個世紀(jì)前，瑪雅人在石頭上留下了深深的石刻圖案?？紤]到當(dāng)時瑪雅的科技，這些圖案只能是由石頭或者鐵制工具雕刻。但是發(fā)現(xiàn)的瑪雅石制工具太軟了，只能刻很小的記號，因此瑪雅人一定使用了鐵制工具。

7. Which of the following is an assumption on which the arguments depends??

邏輯單題。中。

這是一道假設(shè)題。要找到論證框架成立的前提條件。已知雕刻只能通過石頭或鐵，這是給定的條件。所以只要我們能確定石頭沒法刻，就一定是鐵了。找到那個能幫助我們繼續(xù)排除石頭可能性的選項。

D

A. Nearby cultures in North and Central America used iron tools for carving stone. 不能通過附近的文化來類比。附近的說明不了這里的問題。

B. The Mayans did not use tools made from softer metals than iron for other purposes. 瑪雅人不用比鐵軟的金屬干別的。這個選項比較干擾。不用就不用唄，也不能說明他們就用鐵來雕刻了。因為還沒有完全排除石頭的可能。不算前提。

C. The stone from which these carvings are made is no softer than the stone used in the carvings of other?Central American peoples. 我管你other peoples呢，我問的是這里的情況。

D. The stone tools that have been found are among the hardest stone tools used by Maya. 發(fā)現(xiàn)的石制工具已經(jīng)是最硬的了。石頭已經(jīng)沒可能了，只有鐵了。

E. Iron tools were found at the same Mayan sites at which the stone tools were found. 但是還是有可能用更硬的石頭來刻的。

Questions 8 to 10 are based on this passage.?

Sciences/ecology

evolutionary history / fossil record

化石記錄并不一定能說明問題

①According to one current hypothesis, the typical evolutionary history of a species involves a quick origin, followed by a long period of stability of form, or stasis, and then rapid disappearance.??②The sudden appearance?of new species, once attributed to supposed gaps in the fossil record, is thought to represent accurately the?histories of species.?

①There is, however, doubt about some of the scientific evidence for this evolutionary pattern, particularly?the extent to which species exhibit stasis. ②For example, species with a large population are more likely to exhibit relative stasis, but they are also more likely to be found in the fossil record. ③Moreover, it is invariably only the?hard body parts of any organism that are fossilized. ④Variations over time in soft body parts, in biochemistry,?and in behavior largely escape the fossil record; thus, fossil traces preserve only a minute portion of a species’ ?traits. ⑤Furthermore, since so few individual organisms leave fossils, the record of a species is likely to understate?variation in that species.?

一個關(guān)于物種進化的現(xiàn)有觀點認(rèn)為，物種會快速出現(xiàn)，保持一個長期的穩(wěn)態(tài)，然后會快速消失。?之前被認(rèn)為是化石記錄斷層而表明的新物種的突然出現(xiàn)，曾被認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)確表明了物種進化史。

然而，這種進化模式下的證據(jù)不禁讓人懷疑，特別是考慮到物種所表現(xiàn)出來的穩(wěn)態(tài)程度。比如，數(shù)量比較大的物種更容易表現(xiàn)出相對穩(wěn)態(tài)，但也更容易出留下化石記錄。另外，只有比較硬的身體部分才有可能變成化石。而那些軟組織上的生化變化，還有行為上的變化都無法通過化石保留下來。因此，化石其實僅能保存很小一部分的物種特征。而且，本身留下化石的個體就很少，更加降低了物種的多樣程度。

8. The author of the passage provides evidence to refute which of the following aspects of the?hypothesis described in the first paragraph??

細(xì)節(jié)題。易

通過二段首句可知，文章不認(rèn)為物種長時間保持穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)不變。

B

A. The belief that species disappear rapidly 無關(guān)

B. The contention that from remains stable over long periods of time?

C. The notion that gaps occur in the fossil record 無關(guān)

D. The assertion that new species appear suddenly 無關(guān)

E. The presumption that an evolutionary history can be typical ?無關(guān)

9. Regarding the “doubt” mentioned in the passage, the author would probably agree that it?

態(tài)度題。易

C

A. will be resolved once scientists have gathered more data relevant to certain critical case 只要有足夠的關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)就能解決。沒有證據(jù)?

B. arise only because scientists assume that the sudden appearance of new species in the fossil record accurately represents the speed with which new species arose 會有懷疑只是因為科學(xué)家認(rèn)為化石證據(jù)所表現(xiàn)出的物種的突然出現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)確表明了新物種出現(xiàn)的速度。選項來自一段最后一句。而懷疑出現(xiàn)的原因在第二段。無關(guān)。同時沒有only的證據(jù)。

C. results partially from tendencies in the fossil record that allow for uncertainty 懷疑來自化石證據(jù)的不確定性，符合化石不靠譜。

10. In the context in which it appears, “pattern” most nearly means ?

詞匯題。易

pattern 模式

C

A. archetype 原型

B. precedent 先例

C. model 模型，模式

D. relationship?關(guān)系

E. grouping 分組，類別