上一時(shí)代

The Yayoi Period is one of the oldest historical periods of Japan spanning from c. 300 BCE to c. 250 CE, preceded by the Jomon Period and followed by the Kofun Period. The name Yayoi comes from the district in Tokyo where the first artifacts associated with the period were found in 1884 CE. During this time period rice farming and metalworking advance following their introduction at the end of the Jomon Period.

? ? ? ? ? 彌生時(shí)代是日本最古老的歷史時(shí)期之一，從公元前300年到公元前250年，之前是繩紋（文）時(shí)代，之后是古墳時(shí)代。“Yayoi”這個(gè)名字來自于東京的一個(gè)地區(qū)，1884年，人們?cè)谀抢锇l(fā)現(xiàn)了與這個(gè)時(shí)期有關(guān)的第一批文物。在這一時(shí)期，水稻種植和金屬加工在繩文時(shí)代末期引入后得到了發(fā)展。

農(nóng)業(yè)與技術(shù)革命

Even though metalworking was introduced at the end of the Jomon Period, the Yayoi people continued to use stone tools and objects at first. However, with the ability to work with metal, stone tools were eventually phased out and replaced with weapons, armor, and trinkets made of bronze and iron. With the introduction of rice farming, the proper tools also had to be developed; hoes and spades that had stone blades and heads were replaced with metal. Irrigation techniques were developed during this time for the rice paddies and other crop fields.

? ? ? ? ? 雖然金屬加工是在繩紋時(shí)代后期引入的，但彌生人起初仍然繼續(xù)使用石制工具和物品。然而，隨著金屬加工能力的提高，石制工具逐漸被淘汰，取而代之的是青銅和鐵制的武器、盔甲和小飾品。隨著水稻種植技術(shù)的引入，適當(dāng)?shù)霓r(nóng)業(yè)工具也被開發(fā)出來；帶有石刃和石頭的鋤頭和鏟子被金屬所取代。稻田和其他農(nóng)田的灌溉技術(shù)也在這一時(shí)期得到發(fā)展。

With the introduction of farming, the diet and lifestyle of the Yayoi people drastically changed since they were now permanently settled and most of their food - rice, millet, beans, and gourds - was grown locally, with any hunting and gathering that occurred acting more as a supplement. Communal granaries and wells to store food and acquire water were constructed near rice paddies. Due to the agricultural revolution, the population grew steadily during this period, reaching its peak at around 2,000,000. Towns and villages, at first, would consist of pit houses, similar to the previous Jomon housing, with thatched roofs and earthen floors, but gradually developing into wooden structures raised above the ground using wooden supports.

? ? ? ? ? 隨著農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的引入，彌生人的飲食和生活方式發(fā)生了巨大變化，因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)長(zhǎng)期定居，大部分食物，如大米、小米、豆子和瓜果，都是在當(dāng)?shù)胤N植的，狩獵和采集更像是一種補(bǔ)充。在稻田附近建造了公共糧倉(cāng)和水井來儲(chǔ)存食物和取水。由于農(nóng)業(yè)革命，這一時(shí)期的人口穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)，最高達(dá)到 200 萬左右。城鎮(zhèn)和村莊起初由坑道式房屋組成，類似于以前的繩紋式住房，有茅草屋頂和土質(zhì)地板，但逐漸發(fā)展為使用木質(zhì)支撐物高于地面的木結(jié)構(gòu)。

Like the pottery made during the Jomon Period, Yayoi pottery was also made by coiling clay, smoothing out the inside and outside, and then firing it, but the similarities end there since Yayoi pottery was more functional and made less porous. However, Yayoi pottery was also less decorated than Jomon pottery. The main pottery shapes for this time were long-necked jars, wide-mouthed pots, deep basins, and pedestal bowls.

? ? ? ? ? 與繩紋時(shí)期制作的陶器一樣，彌生陶器也是通過卷繞粘土，抹平內(nèi)部和外部，然后燒制而成，但兩者的相似之處僅此而已，因?yàn)閺浬掌鞯墓δ苄愿鼜?qiáng)，而且更密閉。然而，彌生陶器的裝飾也比繩紋陶器少。這個(gè)時(shí)期的主要陶器形狀是長(zhǎng)頸罐、寬口壺、深盆和座碗。

Although there was some contact between groups during the Jomon Period, trade was not a major concern or priority. In the Yayoi Period, however, trade flourished with cities holding precious resources and trading centers becoming the largest settlements. The largest Yayoi settlement found was a trading center named Asahi, in modern-day Aichi Prefecture, which covered 200 acres (c. 0.8 km2).

? ? ? ? ? 盡管在繩紋時(shí)代，各群體之間有一些接觸，但貿(mào)易并不是主要問題或優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。然而，在彌生時(shí)期，貿(mào)易蓬勃發(fā)展，擁有珍貴資源的城市和貿(mào)易中心成為當(dāng)時(shí)最大的定居點(diǎn)。在現(xiàn)代愛知縣發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大的彌生定居點(diǎn)是一個(gè)名為Asahi的貿(mào)易中心，它占地200英畝（約0.8平方公里）。

社? ? ?會(huì)

It was in the Yayoi that a class system-based society appeared with around 100 clans forming by 100 CE. These would fight each other for dominance throughout the rest of the period. Though the clans were fighting one another, there would occasionally be alliances which would form small kingdoms for the purpose of military power or mutual economic success. This shows a growing political system that the earlier Jomon did not have. Under the rule of the various clans, taxes were collected and a system of punishment was implemented.

? ? ? ? ? 正是在彌生時(shí)期，一個(gè)以階級(jí)制度為基礎(chǔ)的社會(huì)出現(xiàn)了，到公元100年形成了大約100個(gè)部族。在這一時(shí)期的其余時(shí)間里，這些部族會(huì)為爭(zhēng)奪統(tǒng)治權(quán)而相互斗爭(zhēng)。雖然各氏族之間相互爭(zhēng)斗，但偶爾也會(huì)有聯(lián)盟，為了軍事力量或共同的經(jīng)濟(jì)成就而形成小王國(guó)。這表明，早期繩紋人沒有的政治體系在不斷壯大。在各氏族的統(tǒng)治下，部落開始征收賦稅，頒布實(shí)施懲罰制度。

Unfortunately, metal ore supply was quite limited in Japan at the time, and so having metal items was indicative of higher status. Other materials that signified higher status were silk and glass which was produced in Kyushu, the southernmost island in Japan. Men of high status usually had more wives than those of lower rank. During this period, it became customary for lower-ranking men to step off the side of the road and give way to their social superiors, a custom that would survive until the 19th century CE.

? ? ? ? ? 不幸的是，當(dāng)時(shí)日本的金屬礦石供應(yīng)非常有限，因此擁有金屬物品是地位更高的標(biāo)志。其他代表更高地位的材料是絲綢和玻璃，它們產(chǎn)自日本最南端的島嶼九州。地位高的男人往往比地位低的男人擁有更多的妻子。在此期間，地位較低的人讓路給地位較高的人成為一種習(xí)俗，這種習(xí)俗一直延續(xù)到 19 世紀(jì)。

信? ? ?仰

The beliefs of the Yayoi were quite different from those of the Jomon since, based on the evidence that has been found, they worshipped various gods and held festivals in their honor. Bronze items such as bells, mirrors, and weapons seem to have been used exclusively for ceremonial purposes. Graves were generally split between the general public and the elite, with regular people buried closer together with few, if any, items buried with them while members of the elite were buried in a separate area with their graves more lavishly filled with ceremonial goods. Sometimes, after a person was buried and decayed down to the bones, people would exhume the bones, wash them, and then paint them with red ocher before putting them in jars and burying them again in large pits which sometimes had a moat.

? ? ? ? ? 彌生人的信仰與繩紋人截然不同。根據(jù)已發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)，彌生人崇拜各種神靈，并為他們舉行祭祀。鈴鐺、鏡子和武器等青銅物品，似乎專門用于儀式。墳?zāi)挂话惴譃槠胀癖姾途㈦A層，普通民眾被埋在一起，幾乎沒有任何物品與他們一起埋葬，而精英階層的成員則被埋在一個(gè)單獨(dú)的區(qū)域，他們的墳?zāi)怪谐錆M了更多奢華的禮儀用品。有時(shí)，在一個(gè)人被埋葬并腐爛到骨頭后，人們會(huì)把骨頭挖出來，洗干凈，然后用紅赭石涂抹，再把它們裝進(jìn)罐子里，并埋回大坑里，精英階層的墳?zāi)褂袝r(shí)還會(huì)修建一條壕溝（護(hù)城河）。

與中國(guó)的接觸

Much of the information about later Yayoi culture actually comes from China during the Han and later dynasties. The first mention of Japan in Chinese records was in the Han Shu, a history of the Han Dynasty, which was completed in 82 CE. Japan is there referred to as Wa, which meant "The Land of Dwarves", which had one hundred kingdoms and regularly brought tribute to China through a base in Korea. A more detailed record was made in the Wei Zhi, a history of the Wei Kingdom of China, which was written in 297 CE. One entry in the record was from 240 CE, which recounts a visit to Japan by some Wei Chinese and the description of what they said was the most powerful kingdom or clan, the Yamato, and its queen, Himiko, who was described as a Shaman, practiced magic in her spare time, and came to power through many years of war and conquest. In 238 CE, it is said that Queen Himiko sent a delegation carrying tributes to the Emperor of China and had her regal status recognized like the other rulers of Japan, but unlike them, her status was Queen of all of Japan. According to the Wei Zhi, Queen Himiko died in 248 CE at the age of 65, which caused a period of turmoil since an unpopular king took power and events only calmed down when one of the former queen's relatives, a girl named Iyo, took control.

? ? ? ? ? 有關(guān)后來的彌生文化的大部分信息實(shí)際上來自中國(guó)的漢朝及以后的時(shí)期。中國(guó)記錄中第一次提到日本是在《漢書》中，這是一部漢朝的歷史，完成于公元82年。日本在那里被稱為“倭”，意思是“矮人之國(guó)”，它有數(shù)百個(gè)王國(guó)，經(jīng)常通過朝鮮的一個(gè)基地向中國(guó)進(jìn)貢。在《魏志》中做了更詳細(xì)的記錄，這是一部中國(guó)魏國(guó)的歷史，寫于公元297年。記錄中的一個(gè)條目可以追溯到公元 240 年，它敘述了一些魏國(guó)人對(duì)日本的訪問，并描述了他們所說的當(dāng)?shù)刈顝?qiáng)大的王國(guó)或部族——大和國(guó)，以及它的女王卑彌呼，她被描述為一個(gè)薩滿，在業(yè)余時(shí)間練習(xí)魔法，并通過多年的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和征服獲得了權(quán)力。據(jù)說在公元238年，卑彌呼女王派出了一個(gè)代表團(tuán)，帶著貢品去見中國(guó)皇帝，中國(guó)統(tǒng)治者承認(rèn)了她的王權(quán)地位，但她的地位是全日本的女王。根據(jù)《魏志》，卑彌呼女王于公元248年去世，享年65歲，這引起了一段動(dòng)蕩時(shí)期，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)不受歡迎的國(guó)王掌權(quán)了。直到前女王的一個(gè)親戚，一個(gè)叫伊予（太佑）的女孩控制了局面，事件才平息。

傳? ? ?承

The Yayoi would mark the transition of Japanese society from bands of hunter-gatherers with little contact with others to an agrarian, metalworking, political, and militarized society. The Yayoi set the foundations for what would now be known as medieval Japan with the introduction of rice-growing and metalworking, which allowed for a population expansion and increase in weapons and armor production for military purposes. The development of clans and kingdoms as well as the class system would eventually lead to the system of daimyo, samurai, and the Chrysanthemum Throne with a line of emperors that would remain unbroken to this day.

? ? ? ? ? 彌生時(shí)代標(biāo)志著日本社會(huì)從很少與他人接觸的狩獵采集者群體，過渡到一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)、冶金、政治和軍事化社會(huì)。彌生為現(xiàn)在所謂的中世紀(jì)日本奠定了基礎(chǔ)，當(dāng)時(shí)引入了水稻種植和金屬加工技術(shù)，這使得人口規(guī)模擴(kuò)大，并為軍事目的擴(kuò)大了武器和盔甲的生產(chǎn)。氏族和王國(guó)的發(fā)展以及階級(jí)制度最終產(chǎn)生了大名、武士和菊花寶座的制度，其天皇血統(tǒng)至今仍未斷絕。

參考書目：

Comp Tames, R. Traveller's History of Japan. Interlink Publishing Group, 2008.

Henshall, K. A History of Japan. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

History - Yayoi Period Accessed 1 Dec 2016.

Yayoi Culture (ca. Fourth Century - ca. Third Century CE)) Accessed 1 Dec 2016.

Yayoi Culture Accessed 1 Dec 2016.

原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/Yayoi_Period/

頭圖：圖片說明了日本古代文明從史前由來自東北亞的舊石器時(shí)代移民定居開始的各個(gè)時(shí)期的發(fā)展情況。在其豐富多彩的發(fā)展的主要時(shí)代（繩文、彌生、古墳、飛鳥、奈良和平安），通過深刻的國(guó)內(nèi)演變和不斷的國(guó)際交流，日本見證了皇帝的興衰、神道教的盛行和佛教的多種解釋、武士的統(tǒng)治、一些最古老的陶器和世界上第一本小說。