Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

Sciences / ecology

coral reefs / algae / environmental stress / ecological health

珊瑚礁被藻類覆蓋

①Many publications have recently reported deterioration in the ecological health of coral reefs. ②Although?many reefs have declined in health, these reports lament a devastating degree of degradation on all reefs,?equating high algal cover with decreased reef health. ③In some cases, algae do take over reefs that were once?dominated by coral. ④Environmental stresses, such as hurricanes or diseases, can trigger such shifts, which are?generally regarded as a sign of reef degradation. ⑤Such?stress-induced shifts?no doubt fostered a general?impression that algae-dominated reefs are always unhealthy ones. ⑥Yet, algae can dominate a healthy reef where?all the essential ecological processes are intact. ⑦In fact, a recent five-year-old study that monitored relatively undisturbed central-Pacific reefs found that coral dominance there is relatively limited. ?

最近有很多關于珊瑚礁生態(tài)健康的惡化的報道。盡管許多珊瑚礁的健康狀況有所下降，但這些報告仍感嘆所有珊瑚礁的退化程度，將高藻類覆蓋率等同于珊瑚礁健康狀況的下降。在某些情況下，藻類確實會占據(jù)曾經(jīng)以珊瑚為主的珊瑚礁。 颶風或疾病等環(huán)境壓力會引發(fā)這種變化，這通常被認為是珊瑚礁退化的跡象。毫無疑問，這種壓力引起的變化給人一種普遍的印象，即以藻類為主的珊瑚礁總是不健康的。 然而，就算所有所有基本的生態(tài)過程都正常，藻類也可以覆蓋健康的珊瑚礁。 事實上，最近一項為期五年的研究監(jiān)測了相對不受干擾的中太平洋珊瑚礁，發(fā)現(xiàn)那里的珊瑚也不多。

1. The author suggests which of the following about the "stress-induced shifts"??

細節(jié)題 推斷題 易

文中說，這些shifts給人一種普遍的印象，即以藻類為主的珊瑚礁總是不健康的。

D

A. The likelihood of their occurring on a healthy reef where coral has long dominated is less than is generally believed. 它們發(fā)生在珊瑚長期占據(jù)主導地位的健康珊瑚礁上的可能性比人們普遍認為的要小。沒有l(wèi)ikelihood的比較。

B. A study of central-Pacific reefs has provided evidence that they occur frequently. 沒有frequently的比較。

C. They can be triggered by a wider variety of phenomena than has previously been believed. 沒有這層比較

D. They have resulted in misconceptions that are evident in many recent reports about the ecological?conditions of reefs. 符合

E. Their importance has been downplayed in reports dealing with ecological issues. 沒有downplayed證據(jù)

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

2. The author would probably agree with which of the following assertions about algae??

態(tài)度題 中

A

A. Their presence on a reef can be a sign of the reef’s deterioration. 符合。作者并不反對這件事，只是說也有例外。

B. They rarely occur on reefs that have not recently experienced some forms of environmental stress. 沒有rarely的證據(jù)

C. They now dominate most reefs that were once dominated by coral.? 通過第三句，沒有most的證據(jù)。

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage

Arts

Mexican American theater / actos?

墨西哥裔美國戲劇的復興

This passage is adapted from material published in 2009. ?

①In the fields of Delano, California, in 1965, Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farmworker’s?Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance?of Mexican American theater. ②The Teatro Campesino had an?avowedly political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers’ strike then being?organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez. ③Dramatic presentations, called actos, were composed of a series of scenes?about the strike experienced and acted by campesino volunteers.?④His later actos were presented by a newly?constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact?of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican?Americans as well as to campesinos. ⑤All Valdez’ actos contained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage effects or props, and featured the use of masks. ⑥These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or?political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues, which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conversation, are still characteristic both of the actos?and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.?

①Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions of other periods and regions. ②Like early?Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period,?actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling?groups of players or by local theater groups. ③The improvised?comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez’ study of the Italian commedia dell’arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more?contemporary and local carpas of the Mexican theater. ④The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez’ immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century?Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in Spain. ⑤The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop?socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. ⑥In particular, his actos contain?the same assortment of semi-allegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in?some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique.?⑦Finally, many of?Valdez’ later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots, and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths?and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. ⑧In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than do the actos of Luis Valdez and the Teatro?Campesino.?

1965?年，在加利福尼亞州德拉諾的田野里，路易斯·瓦爾迪茲創(chuàng)辦了?Teatro Campesino（農(nóng)場工人劇院），并由此開啟了墨西哥裔美國戲劇的復興。?Teatro Campesino?有一個公開的政治目的：召集農(nóng)民（農(nóng)場工人）支持由CC瓦爾迪茲組織的農(nóng)場工人罷工。戲劇性的演示，稱為actos，由一系列關于罷工的場景組成，這些場景是由農(nóng)民志愿者經(jīng)歷和表演的。他后來的表演由一家新成立的專業(yè)公司（仍稱為農(nóng)民劇院）呈現(xiàn)，并涉及諸如越南戰(zhàn)爭對墨西哥裔美國人的影響和同化的危險等主題，這些主題與墨西哥裔美國人以及農(nóng)民有關。瓦爾迪茲的所有表演都包含歌舞元素，很少依賴舞臺效果或道具，并以使用面具為特色。這些戲劇性的元素，加上強烈的社會或政治目的，以及在對話中混合使用西班牙語、英語和墨西哥裔美國人的方言，真實地捕捉到了墨西哥裔美國人的談話風格，到今天仍然是大多數(shù)其他形式的墨西哥美國戲劇的特征。

雖然具有創(chuàng)新性，但這種戲劇性的展示仍很大程度上借鑒了其他時期和地區(qū)的戲劇傳統(tǒng)。// 像早期的西班牙裔美國人的宗教戲劇、世俗的民間戲劇和稍晚一些的墨西哥carpas一樣，演員通常由巡演或當?shù)貏F在戶外演出。actos 的即興喜劇諷刺通常歸因于瓦爾迪茲對16 世紀意大利喜劇dell'arte的研究，盡管一些評論家認為它直接反映了更現(xiàn)代的當?shù)啬鞲鐟騽arpas 的喜劇和即興品質(zhì)。無論瓦爾迪茲的直接靈感來源是什么，他都可能受到了意大利的影響：據(jù)說墨西哥 carpas本身起源于一位 16 世紀西班牙作家的戲劇作品，其靈感來自在西班牙巡回演出時與意大利喜劇藝術團的相遇。// 英語戲劇也提供了元素，瓦爾迪茲本人承認他借鑒了二十世紀二三十年代在美國出現(xiàn)的煽動社會主義戲劇。特別是，他的表演包含了與之相同的半寓言角色和相同的音樂、合唱和對話的混合，以及同樣激烈的社會和政治批判精神。// 最后，瓦爾迪茲后來的許多戲劇作品都自由地融合了取自拉丁美洲前西班牙裔人民的土著神話和儀式的人物、情節(jié)和符號。事實上，沒有其他藝術形式比路易斯·瓦爾迪茲 (Luis Valdez) 和坎佩西諾劇院 (Teatro Campesino) 的表演更清楚地說明了墨西哥裔美國人藝術傳統(tǒng)本身的深度和復雜性。

3. According to the passage, which of the following elements characteristic of the acto are also found?in some agitprop theater pieces??

細節(jié)題 易

定位二段第六句。In particular, his actos?contain?the same assortment of semi-allegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in?some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique.?

E

A. The use of masks? 無關

B. Comic improvisation 無關

C. An outdoor setting 無關

D. Minimal use of complex stage effects or props 沒有證據(jù)

E. An assortment of semi-allegorical characters 符合

4. According to the passage, the original impetus behind the establishment of the Teatro Campesino?was which of the following? ?

細節(jié)題 易

定位首段二句to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers’ strike then being?organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez

E

A. To help urban Mexican Americans understand the problems confronting striking campesinos in?California 沒有problems的證據(jù)

B. To promote an attitude of pride in the depth and richness of the Mexican American heritage among?striking campesinos 無關

C. To provide striking campesinos an opportunity to use their creative talents to express their political?opinions 沒有creative talents的證據(jù)

D. To allow its founder to express his personal support of the campesinos’ strike effort 沒有personal support的證據(jù)

E. To mobilize campesinos to support the farm workers’ strike in California? 符合

5. Which of the following best describes the author’s evaluation of the views of the cited “critics”??

態(tài)度題 易

actos 的即興喜劇諷刺通常歸因于瓦爾迪茲對16 世紀意大利喜劇dell'arte的研究，盡管一些評論家認為它直接反映了更現(xiàn)代的當?shù)啬鞲鐟騽arpas 的喜劇和即興品質(zhì)。通過后文可知，作者并不認同：無論瓦爾迪茲的直接靈感來源是什么，他都可能受到了意大利的影響。

A

A. Their views, if correct, do not preclude the existence of an Italian influence on the acto. 符合

B. Their views are unlikely to be correct, given the differences existing between Mexican and Mexican?American theater. 沒有這層因果的證據(jù)

C. Their views concerning the Mexican carpa are essentially correct, but they lack familiarity with the acto. 沒有but之后的證據(jù)

D. Their views are probably more correct than the views of those who have attributed the comic and?improvisational elements of the acto to earlier sources. 沒有比較關系的證據(jù)

E. Their views betray a lack of familiarity with the commedia dell’arte. 他們的觀點暴露出他們對dell'arte的不熟悉。沒有證據(jù)??

6. The passage suggests that which of the following explains the characteristic use of a mixture of?Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the works of Mexican American playwrights??

細節(jié)題 推斷題 難

第二段都在說墨西哥戲劇雖然具有創(chuàng)新性，但仍很大程度上借鑒了其他時期和地區(qū)的戲劇傳統(tǒng)。題干對應的是其中一種對拉丁美洲前西班牙裔人民借鑒。也就是就算創(chuàng)新，也能尋根。

C

A. Mexican American playwrights wish to include in their works elements drawn from the traditions and?history of the pre-Hispanic America. 他們的這個wish沒有證據(jù)

B. Mexican American playwrights try to guarantee that their works are fully understood by the broadest possible audience, including those who may speak only one language. 沒有證據(jù)

C. Such a linguistic mix faithfully reflects the linguistic diversity of Mexican American culture, and is easily understood by most Mexican Americans. 這種語言的混合忠實地反映了墨西哥裔美國人文化的語言多樣性，并且很容易為大多數(shù)墨西哥裔美國人所理解。??

D. Many Mexican American playwrights are quite familiar with both the Spanish-language and the?English-language theater traditions. 沒有證據(jù)

E. Many different languages are still spoken within the of the United States, although English is still the?most common first language of its citizens. 沒有證據(jù)

Questions 7 is based on this passage

Sciences/biology

sunlight / fish / well below 1,000 meters / large, light-sentive eyes

大眼睛魚之前也不一定生活在淺水

Sunlight penetrates seawater in diminishing amounts down to a depth of 1,000 meters, below which no?sunlight penetrates at all. Fish species living at depths approaching 1,000 meters are adapted to see very faint?sunlight, having larger, more light-sensitive eyes than those living nearer the surface. Researchers have found?fish species with large, light-sensitive eyes well below 1,000 meters. However, this provides no support for the?hypothesis that these fish species originally inhabited shallower waters, because _________.?

陽光穿透海水逐漸減少，直至 1,000 米的深度，在此深度以下完全沒有陽光。生活在接近 1000 米深處的魚類適應了這種環(huán)境，他們的眼睛更大，對光更敏感。 研究人員在1,000 米以下發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種魚類。但是，這并不支持一種假設認為這些魚類最初棲息在較淺的水域，因為_______。

7. Which of the following most logically completes the passage??

邏輯單題 邏輯支持 易

給深水魚有大眼睛這件事找個他因。

E

A. blue sunlight penetrates seawater to a greater depth than the other colors in sunlight do, and the eyes?of these fish see only blue light 既然能看到藍光那也不需要卡姿蘭大眼睛了。

B. the average depth of the ocean is 4,000 meters 我管你海有多深。。

C. many of these fish often?swim downward to prey on fish that live at even greater depths 那不還是生活在較淺區(qū)域。。

D. food chains of marine organisms that live at depths well below 1,000 meters are dependent on?nutrients that sink down from sunlit waters overhead 跟這個有毛線關系。。

E. a significant number of marine organisms that live at depth below 1,000 meters emit light in the form of bioluminescence? 不是因為“由淺入深”所以眼睛進化，而是本身就為了看到海底的生物發(fā)光，所以需要大眼。

Questions 8 to?10 are based on this passage

Arts

An Introduction to Botany / young women / self-improvement

PW寫書帶領女性自我提升

①In writing her book An lntroduction to Botany (1796), Priscilla Wakefield wanted to affirm the benefits of botany for young women. ②Aspiring to have botany "act as an antidote to idleness," which in her opinion was?endemic among "young ladies of fashionable manners,” Wakefield's strategy was to represent botanical study?as a pursuit that linked the cachet of a socially approved "accomplishment" to a philosophy of self-improvement. ③Yet while An Introduction to Botany invited young women over the threshold into botany as a self-improving pursuit, it did not challenge the dominant late-eighteenth-century British?ideologies?restricting?women to the domestic arena.?④Notably, Wakefield does not?exhort young women to venture beyond the domestic garden and adjacent fields. ⑤Nevertheless, Wakefield clearly drew botany into a female orbit,?recommending it as a means of teaching young women and girls good habits and healthy behavior. ⑥Moreover,?unlike many writers of her day, she did not warn against "female learnedness," nor did she elevate modesty,?deference, and piety in women above all else.?

Priscilla Wakefield在寫她的《植物學導論》（1796 年）一書時想要肯定植物學對年輕女性的好處。PW希望植物學“作為無所事事的解毒劑”，在她看來在“時髦的年輕女士”中充斥著無所事事。Wakefield的希望將植物學研究塑造為一種追求，這種追求將社會認可的“成就”的聲望與一種自我提升的哲學聯(lián)系起來。然而，雖然《植物學概論》帶領年輕女性跨過植物學的門檻，以此作為一種自我提升的追求，但它并沒有挑戰(zhàn) 18 世紀后期英國將女性限制在家庭中的主流意識形態(tài)。值得注意的是，Wakefield也不鼓勵年輕女性冒險走出家中花園和鄰近的田野。盡管如此，Wakefield明確將植物學納入女性軌道，建議將其作為教年輕女性和女孩養(yǎng)成良好習慣和健康行為的一種手段。此外，不像她那個時代的許多作家，她不反對“女性博學”，也沒有將女性的謙虛、順從和虔誠提升至高于一切。

8. The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss ?

功能題 主旨題 易

文章討論了PW寫植物學導論的目的。

C

A. the effect that a book about botany had on women’s access to the sciences in late-eighteenth-century?Britain 文章并未寫到對女性接觸科學的影響。

B. some of the obstacles that prevented young eighteenth-century British women from studying botany 沒有obstacles的證據(jù)

C. certain features and ramifications of a late-eighteenth-century book about botany aimed at young?women 符合

D. several contradictions in the stated positions of the author of a late-eighteenth-century book about?botany aimed at young women 沒有contradictions的證據(jù)

E. the beginnings of women’s widespread involvement in the study of the natural sciences in Britain? 沒有beginnings的證據(jù)

9. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following, if it had appeared in An?Introduction to Botany, would most clearly have constituted a challenge of the “ideologies”??

細節(jié)題 削弱題 易

對應三四句。18?世紀后期的主流意識形態(tài)是女性依然保持家庭角色。

B

A. An exhortation that young women abandon the pursuit of intellectually stimulating accomplishments 沒有這個pursuit的證據(jù)

B. The encouragement of young women to travel extensively to acquire botanical samples 符合。女性不要到處冒險。

C. A suggestion that the lives of grown women of “fashionable manners” needed improvement 無關

D. An argument favoring regular physical exercise for young women 沒有關系

E. A suggestion that young women should have tutors to help them study botany 沒有證據(jù)

10. According to the passage, Wakefield sought to accomplish which of the following with An?Introduction to Botany??

細節(jié)題 易

對應二句、五句信息

D

A. To challenge prevailing ideologies that restricted women to the domestic area 相反

B. To encourage young women to venture beyond their immediate surroundings 相反

C. To enlarge the range of professional possibilities open to educated British women 沒有professional的證據(jù)

D. To provide a relatively serious activity for young women of a certain class 符合

E. To establish that botany could be as appropriately pursued by a young women as by young men 跟男的沒關系。

生詞摘錄：

endemic 流行的；特有的

cachet?威望；印記