原文標(biāo)題：
Medicine
Blood not?so simple
Red cells made in a laboratory?have?been infused into people
醫(yī)學(xué)
血液沒那么簡單
實(shí)驗(yàn)室制造的紅細(xì)胞已注入人體
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The result will be a boon?for patients with rare blood types
研究成果將有利于罕見血型的患者

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UNTIL THE1940s, blood transfusions?often went wrong because some of the main blood-group systems, such as the Rhesus?factor, had yet to be discovered.
在20世紀(jì)40年代以前，由于一些主要的血型系統(tǒng)(比如恒河猴因子)未被發(fā)現(xiàn)，因此那時(shí)輸血經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)問題。

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This hit or miss approach to matching donors with recipients is now a thing of the past, as tests for all sorts of characteristics?of an individual’s blood have become available.
現(xiàn)在驗(yàn)血可檢測出不同的血型，所以那種將獻(xiàn)血者與接受者進(jìn)行隨機(jī)匹配的方式也已不復(fù)存在。
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But finding a well-matched donor can still be difficult.
但找到一個(gè)匹配的捐贈(zèng)者仍困難重重。
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Some patients have blood types so rare that there may be but a handful?of appropriate?donors in the country where they live.
有些患者的血型非常罕見，在他們居住的國家可能只有少數(shù)血型相匹配的獻(xiàn)血者。
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On November 7th a consortium?of researchers at several British institutions, co-ordinated by NHS Blood and Transplant, a government health authority, and Bristol University, announced a step towards solving this problem.
11月7日，在英國衛(wèi)生部門NHS血液與移植科和布里斯托大學(xué)的協(xié)作下，一個(gè)由幾家英國機(jī)構(gòu)的研究人員組成的聯(lián)盟宣布了解決這一問題的新舉措。
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They have successfully transfused into two healthy volunteers red blood cells grown from appropriate stem cells donated by others.

他們已經(jīng)成功地將干細(xì)胞（由他人捐獻(xiàn)且血型匹配）培養(yǎng)而成的紅細(xì)胞注入兩名健康志愿者體內(nèi)。

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Until now, such manufactured?red cells had been given only to those whose own stem cells had been the source.
目前為止，這種人造紅細(xì)胞只提供給那些本身具備干細(xì)胞源的人。
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The stem cells used for this experiment, however,were extracted from blood donated in the normal way.
然而，用于該實(shí)驗(yàn)的干細(xì)胞是從正常捐獻(xiàn)的血液中提取的。
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The researchers mixed into this donated blood magnetic?beads?armed with proteins that stick specifically to the stem cells in question, binding them to the bead.
研究人員在捐獻(xiàn)的血液磁珠中混合了蛋白質(zhì)，這些蛋白質(zhì)專門粘附在相關(guān)干細(xì)胞上，將干細(xì)胞與磁珠結(jié)合在一起。
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The beads, replete with their cellular cargo, are then easily collected.
這些充滿細(xì)胞物質(zhì)的珠子很容易收集。
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That done, the harvested stem cells were grown and multiplied?in a nutrient solution?for between 18 and 21 days, which served to turn them into young versions of red blood cells known as reticulocytes.
完成這些工作后，收集的干細(xì)胞在營養(yǎng)液中生長和繁殖18到21天，這有助于將它們轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槟贻p版本的紅細(xì)胞，即網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞。
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Once transfused, reticulocytes quickly develop into the real McCoy.
一旦輸血，網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞就會(huì)迅速發(fā)展成真正的細(xì)胞。
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This approach would increase the value of batches of rare blood—which could, once plundered of stem cells, also be used in the normal way.
這種方法將增加稀有血型的價(jià)值，這些稀有血型即使被掠奪了干細(xì)胞，也可以正常使用。
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Moreover, being newly minted, lab-made red blood cells would be expected to last longer in a recipient’s body than those from a normal transfusion, since transfused blood inevitably contains a fair proportion of cells that are on their last legs.
此外，由于實(shí)驗(yàn)室制造的紅細(xì)胞是新制造的，輸血的血液中又不可避免地含有相當(dāng)比例的垂死細(xì)胞，所以預(yù)計(jì)新造紅細(xì)胞在受者體內(nèi)的存活時(shí)間比正常輸血的紅細(xì)胞要長。
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The next step is to measure just how long the manufactured cells actually do last.
下一步就是測量人造紅細(xì)胞的壽命有多長。
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To that end, they have been tagged with a special radioactive?dye?commonly used in medicine to track things around the body.
為此，他們被標(biāo)記上了一種特殊的放射性染料。這種染料在醫(yī)學(xué)上通常用作追蹤在全身移動(dòng)的物質(zhì)。?
If they do indeed outlive?conventionally?transfused cells, as the researchers hope and preclinical studies suggest they will, then recipients will not need such frequent transfusions.
如果它們確實(shí)像研究人員所希望的和臨床前研究所表明的那樣，比傳統(tǒng)輸血的細(xì)胞壽命更長，那么受者就不需要如此頻繁的輸血了。
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That will help a lot.
這將解決很多問題。
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At the moment, patients with blood disorders such as sickle-cell disease and thalassaemia may require a transfusion as often as every four to six weeks.
目前，鐮狀細(xì)胞病和地中海貧血等血液疾病的患者可能需要每4到6周輸血一次。
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As a consequence, some develop iron overload, which causes severe complications.
因此，一些人會(huì)出現(xiàn)鐵元素過量，導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥。
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Others end up forming antibodies against many blood types, which makes finding a matching donor harder.
而另一些人體內(nèi)最終會(huì)形成針對多種血型的抗體，這種情況更難找到血型匹配的捐獻(xiàn)者。
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If all goes well, the trial will be extended to include at least ten healthy volunteers.
如果一切進(jìn)展順利，試驗(yàn)將擴(kuò)展到10名及以上健康志愿者的身上。
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But that is only the beginning.
但這僅僅是個(gè)開始。
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Larger tests, including tests on actual patients, will be needed before this approach can be put into practice.
在這種方法投入實(shí)踐之前，還需要進(jìn)行更大規(guī)模的試驗(yàn)，包括在實(shí)際患者身上進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn)。
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That will take time, for it normally requires between five and 15 years to introduce a new medical treatment.
這需要時(shí)間，引入一種新的醫(yī)療方法通常需要5到15年的時(shí)間。
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Even then, the technique will probably be reserved for a favoured few—those possessing extremely rare blood types being at the head of the queue.

即投入實(shí)踐，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)也將只適用于少數(shù)人，如血型罕見的人。

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Unless some unforeseen breakthrough occurs, making the cells in quantity will be challenging.
除非出現(xiàn)一些未知的重大突破，否則大量生產(chǎn)這種細(xì)胞不太現(xiàn)實(shí)。

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At the moment, harvested stem cells eventually exhaust themselves, so the number of red cells a donation can yield is limited.
目前，收獲的干細(xì)胞最終會(huì)耗盡自己，因此捐贈(zèng)所產(chǎn)生的紅細(xì)胞數(shù)量有限。
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And manufacturing is a cottage industry.
人造細(xì)胞并未規(guī)?；a(chǎn)。
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Producing a batch of reticulocytes requires 24 litres of nutrient solution to generate a tablespoon or two of product.
24升的營養(yǎng)液才能生產(chǎn)一到兩小勺的網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞。
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The cost of scaling this up is unknown, but will probably be far more than the ￡145 ($166) that a normal blood donation currently costs in Britain.
擴(kuò)大規(guī)模的成本尚不清楚，但可能遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過英國目前一次正常獻(xiàn)血的成本145英鎊(166美元)。
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It may eventually be possible to make the stuff?in bulk.But for now, human blood donors will continue to be extremely welcome.

未來也有可能大批量生產(chǎn)紅細(xì)胞。不過目前而言，人類獻(xiàn)血者更受歡迎。

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（恭喜讀完，本篇英語詞匯量630左右）
原文出自：2022年11月12日《The Economist》Science&technology版塊。

精讀筆記來源于：自由英語之路

本文翻譯整理: Maree

本文編輯校對: Irene
僅供個(gè)人英語學(xué)習(xí)交流使用。

【補(bǔ)充資料】（來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)）
Rh因子，即恒河猴因子（Rhesus Factor）也被讀作Rh抗原，因與恒河猴紅血球上的抗原相同得名，最初于1940年被發(fā)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)人體血液紅細(xì)胞上Rh因子的有無，可以區(qū)分Rh陰性和Rh陽性兩種血型，這種血型系統(tǒng)成為Rh血型系統(tǒng)。其臨床意義僅次于ABO血型系統(tǒng)。
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Reticulocyte網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞是尚未完全成熟的紅細(xì)胞，在周圍血液中的數(shù)值可反映骨髓紅細(xì)胞的生成功能，因而對血液病的診斷和治療反應(yīng)的觀察均有其重要意義。骨髓中紅細(xì)胞系統(tǒng)的增生發(fā)育過程是：多能干細(xì)胞→單能干細(xì)胞→原始紅細(xì)胞→早幼紅細(xì)胞→中幼紅細(xì)胞→晚幼紅細(xì)胞→網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞→成熟紅細(xì)胞。

【重點(diǎn)句子】（3 個(gè)）
They have successfully transfused into two healthy volunteers red blood cells grown from appropriate stem cells donated by others.
他們已經(jīng)成功地將干細(xì)胞（由他人捐獻(xiàn)且血型匹配）培養(yǎng)而成的紅細(xì)胞注入兩名健康志愿者體內(nèi)。
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Even then, the technique will probably be reserved for a favoured few—those possessing extremely rare blood types being at the head of the queue.
即投入實(shí)踐，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)也將只適用于少數(shù)人，如血型罕見的人。
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It may eventually be possible to make the stuff in bulk. But for now, human blood donors will continue to be extremely welcome.
未來也有可能大批量生產(chǎn)紅細(xì)胞。不過目前而言，人類獻(xiàn)血者更受歡迎。