Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage. ?

In 1838, twenty-nine years before publishing his translation of Dante's Inferno, Henry Wadsworth ?Longfellow wrote that to understand Dante ... it is absolutely necessary to understand the Italian Language.” ?How true was Longfellow to his own dictum? Judging by the problems he had in composing a simple ?inscription, his ability to express himself in Italian was probably modest. However, this does not mean his ?understanding of the written language was inadequate. Longfellow's translation is on the whole not only correct ?but accurate and attentive to the semantic nuances of the original. Indeed, the literalness of his translation ?shows he understood Dante's language so well that he felt duty bound to render into English its extraordinary ?precision, richness, and variety.?

1. The author cites Longfellow's remarks from 1838 in order to ?

A. emphasize the number of years Longfellow had spent lecturing and writing about Dante before ?publishing his translation ?

B. contrast Longfellow's approach to Dante as a scholar with his approach as a translator ?

C. summarize Longfellow's approach to literary study ?

D. provide a criterion by which to evaluate Longfellow's translation ?

E. clarify the objection made by Longfellow during the 1830s to previous translations of Dante's Works?

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

2. Which of the following does the author cite as support in assessing Longfellow's knowledge of the ?Italian language? ?

A. The difficulty with which he composed in Italian ?

B. The richness and variety of his scholarly writings on Dante ?

C. The literal nature of his translation?

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage.?

Most feminist labor historians believe that the emergence and rapid general adaptation of industrial ?unionism in the late 1930s was essential for the success of efforts to organize large numbers of women workers ?into unions. They argue that industrial unionism’s commitment to recruiting unskilled workers and its ?abandonment of racial and gender exclusiveness was more attractive to women workers (who, according to ?these scholars, were largely unskilled) than was the earlier exclusionary craft-union model. The successful organization of women garment workers in the 1910s does not undermine this dominant view, since the ?garment unions welcomed women workers of every skill level, prefiguring the industrial form of unionism. ?However, the fact that another organization, the very successful Women’s Trade Union League, effectively ?recruited in other industries using the then-prevalent craft-union approach—setting performance standards for ?members, offering them advanced training programs, and disciplining members who had substandard job ?performance—is less easily explained.?

3. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ?

A. pointing out similarities and differences between two types of women's unionism ?

B. presenting evidence related to a belief about the unionization of women workers?

C. giving a description of one particular model of unionization and its impact on women workers ?

D. reconciling two disparate views of the early history of women's labor unions ?

E. suggesting the reasons for the success of a particular effort to unionize women workers

4. The author of the passage discusses the Women's Trade Union League most probably in order to ?

A. support the point of view presented by feminist labor historians?

B. suggest that the dominant view of industrial unionism is not entirely satisfactory ?

C. provide an example of the success of industrial unionism in organizing women workers before the 1930s?

D. explain the connection that feminist labor historians make between industrial unionism and the craft union movement ?

E. illustrate the gender exclusivity of early attempts to organize women workers?

5. The passage suggests that feminist labor historians argue that industrial unionism is an approach that?

A. did not succeed when it was used as the basis for efforts to unionize skilled workers ?

B. has rarely been considered the single most important factor responsible for the successful organization of large numbers of women workers?

C. owed its emergence in the late 1930s and its subsequent spread primarily to the earlier craft unions' ?failure to organize women and minority workers ?

D. has been firmly committed to forcing employers to abandon exclusionary or discriminatory hiring policies ?

E. tended to open union membership to workers who would probably not have been recruitable by ?unions adopting the earlier craft-union model?

Question 6 is based on this passage.?

People who watch television for an average of three hours per day are twice as likely to be overweight as those who watch television very rarely. It can be concluded that by watching television for as much as three hours each day, a person increases his or her chances of becoming overweight.?

6. The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the ground that it?

A. takes it for granted that the condition of being overweight predisposes overweight people to watch television ?

B. takes it for granted that no one who watches television more than three hours a day engages in regular physical exercise ?

C. overlooks the possibility that those who watch television for an average of three hours per day are?physically active at work ?

D. overlooks the possibility that a dislike of physical exercise makes certain people more likely both to spend time watching television and to be overweight ?

E. overlooks the possibility that there are some people who are overweight and yet watch no television at all?

Questions 7 to 8 are based on this passage.?

Sensationalism - the purveyance of emotionally charged content, focused mainly on violent crime, to a broad public - has often been decried, but the full history of the phenomenon has yet to be written. Scholars have?tended to dismiss sensationalism as unworthy of serious study, based on two pervasive though somewhat incompatible assumptions: first, that sensationalism is essentially a commercial product, built on the?exploitation of modern mass media, and second, that it appeals almost entirely to a simple, basic emotion and thus has little history apart from the changing technological means of spreading it. An exploration of sensationalism's early history, however, challenges both assumptions and suggests that they have tended to obscure the complexity and historicity of the genre.?

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

7. According to the passage, scholars have not given sensationalism serious consideration because?they believe sensationalism ?

A. possesses largely emotional rather than rational content ?

B. is produced with an eye to making money ?

C. lacks historical complexity?

8. In the context in which it appears, "charged" most nearly means?

A. electrified?

B. accused?

C. attacked?

D. fraught?

E. admonished ?

Questions 9 to 10 are based on this passage.?

The discovery of subsurface life on Earth, surviving independently from surface life, refuted the belief ?that biological processes require not only liquid water but sunlight as well, thus greatly enhancing the ?possibility of life beyond Earth. Take Jupiter's moon Europa. Space probes show a body covered with a thick ?layer of ice. As Europa orbits its planet, however, it flexes due to the gravitational tug-of-war between it, its ?sister moons, and Jupiter. Through friction, this flexing produces heat in the moon's Interior capable of ?melting ice. Indeed, observations suggest liquid water exists beneath Europa's icy crust. Photosynthetic life is impossible there because sunlight is completely absent, but life such as the microbes that flourish deep within ?Earth may still be possible.?

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.?

9. Regarding life beyond Earth, the author of the passage implies that?

A. life could be dependent on a source of energy other than light from the nearest star?

B. life might exist in an environment that did not provide everything that is needed for life on Earth to ?exist ?

C. life might take a form radically different from that of any life that is found on Earth?

10. The highlighted sentence serves to introduce?

A. an instance that allows a hypothesis to be tested ?

B. speculation grounded in empirical discovery ?

C. a deduction from a newly advanced hypothesis ?

D. a large-scale effect of an apparently insignificant contingency ?

E. the derivation of a contradiction to refute a claim