passage2

注解：標題為紅色，翻譯為藍色，分析為綠色。

? ? ? ? It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom — or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell out (shell表示動物的殼，還可以指其他外殼，但是shell out支付，出錢)?$30 for a paternity testing kit(成套工具) (PTK) at his local drugstore — and another $120 to get the results.

????????More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions(處方) last years, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter(場外交易的，非掛牌的；非處方的=without prescriptions) kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2,500.

????????Among the most popular: paternity and kinship(親屬關(guān)系，家屬關(guān)系)? testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists — and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic(地理的，地理學的(但這里是指家族族譜的)) roots.

????????Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing((用拭子采集的)化驗樣本[醫(yī)學詞匯]) saliva(唾液[醫(yī)學詞匯]) in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

????????But some observers are skeptical. “There is a kind of false precision being hawked(叫賣) by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors — numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage(祖系譜), either the Y chromosome(染色體) inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial(線粒體的) DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

????????Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump(成團的,把……歸并在一起) together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others(指代其他地區(qū)), so a person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

這是一篇科技說明文。

文章前四段介紹了DNA 測試在美國應用的現(xiàn)狀，

后面兩段通過他人的觀點說明了DNA 測試存在的問題。

26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s _________.

[A] easy availability

[B] flexibility in pricing

[C] successful promotion

[D] popularity with households

26.在第一二段，文章展示了PTK的。

【A】易獲得性

【B】價格上的彈性

【C】成功的促銷

【D】家庭的歡迎

27. PTK is used to ________.

[A] locate one’s birth place

[B] promote genetic research

[C] identify parent-child kinship

[D] choose children for adoption

27.PTK被用做。

【A】定位人的出生地

【B】促進基因的研究

【C】識別父子血緣關(guān)系

【D】選擇收養(yǎng)的孩子

28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to________.

[A] trace distant ancestors

[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines

[C] fully use genetic information

[D] achieve the claimed accuracy

28.懷疑的觀察者認為先祖測試不能。

【A】追蹤久遠的祖先

【B】重建可信賴的血緣

【C】充分利用基因信息

【D】取得他們宣稱的正確率

29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is ________.

[A] disorganized data collection

[B] overlapping database building

[C] excessive sample comparison

[D] lack of patent evaluation

29.在最后一段，商業(yè)基因測試面臨的問題是。

【A】混亂的數(shù)據(jù)收集

【B】重疊的數(shù)據(jù)庫建設(shè)

【C】過多的樣本比對

【D】缺乏專利評估

30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be________.

[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing

[B] DNA Testing and Its Problems

[C] DNA Testing Outside the Lab

[D] Lies Behind DNA Testing

30.對于本文一個適當?shù)臉祟}可能是。

【A】對DNA的反對和支持

【B】DNA測試和存在的問題

【C】實驗室之外的DNA測試

【D】DNA測試背后的謊言

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯

1.boost v.推進

2.paternal adj.父親的，象父親的

3.drugstore n.藥店

4.kinship n.血緣關(guān)系

5.genealogist n.系譜學者，系譜專家

6.swabbing n.拖把，藥簽vt.拭抹，擦洗

7.saliva n.口水，唾液

8.hawk n.鷹，鷹派成員vi.放鷹，像鷹一般地襲擊vt.叫賣，捕捉，咳出，兜售

9.mitochondrial n.【生】線粒體

三、閱讀答案：A C D A B

四、全文翻譯：?

????????精明的父親了解自己的兒子，但現(xiàn)在，男人可以進一步提升自己作為父親的智慧——至少能夠確認他是孩子的父親。他需要花上 30 美元在家門口的藥店里就可以買到父親身份測試套裝（PTK）——然后再花 120 美元就可以得到結(jié)果。

????????自從去年這種 PTK 鑒定套裝不再需要處方了之后，已經(jīng)超過 6 萬人購買,Doug Fogg 透露：他是生產(chǎn)這種 PTK 套裝的基因識別公司的首席運營官。有超過 24 家公司向大眾直銷 DNA 測試產(chǎn)品，這些產(chǎn)品價格從幾十元到超過 2500 美元不等。

????????其中最受歡迎的是父親身份和親緣身份的測試，被收養(yǎng)的孩子可以用它找出他們的血親，而家庭成員也可以用它來找出送去寄養(yǎng)的孩子的下落。DNA 測試最近也受到狂熱系譜專家的追捧，同時也為一些以給家族尋根為生意的公司提供技術(shù)支持。

????????大多數(shù)的這類測試都需要從口腔中蘸些唾液以提取細胞，然后送到公司測試。但所有的測試都需要一個進行 DNA 可能比對的家族成員對象。

????????但是有些觀察者對此表示懷疑。Troy Duster 是紐約大學的一位社會學家，他認為“那些聲稱他們在進行先祖測試的人其實在吹噓一種虛假的準確率”。他指出，一個人有著很多的祖先——往回追溯幾百年，祖先數(shù)量就以百計。然而，大多數(shù)的祖先測試都只考慮一個單一的族系，要么是從父親身上得來的男性攜帶的 Y 染色體，要么就是僅從母親身上遺傳的線粒體 DNA。這種 DNA 只能揭示 1~2 位祖先信息，而僅 3 代以前，一個人就有六位曾祖，而四代以前就有另外 14 位高祖。

????????批評者還說，商業(yè)基因測試的準確率取決于用于樣本比對的參考數(shù)據(jù)庫。有些公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫并不是根據(jù)對數(shù)據(jù)庫進行的系統(tǒng)性采集而建成的，相反，很多都是把來自不同研究項目的信息隨意拼湊而成。這就意味著一個 DNA 數(shù)據(jù)庫可能來自某些地區(qū)的大量數(shù)據(jù)，但缺乏其他地區(qū)的數(shù)據(jù)，因此，個人測試結(jié)果可能因為提供鑒定結(jié)果的公司不同而存在差異。此外，公司用來評估親屬關(guān)系的計算機程序可能申請專利，因此無法進行同行業(yè)測評或外部評估。