20221229 英語詞匯/詞組學(xué)習(xí)匯總
lag /l?ɡ/
|CET4 TEM4
lagginglaggedlags
o 1. V-I If one thing or person lags behind another thing or person, their progress is slower than that of the other thing or person. 落后
? Western banks still lag behind financial institutions in most other regions of the country.
西部地區(qū)的銀行仍然落后于這個國家其他大部分地區(qū)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。
? The restructuring of the pattern of consumption also lagged behind.
消費結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整也落后了。
o 2. V-I to cover (a pipe, cylinder, etc) with lagging to prevent loss of heat 給(管子、柱子等)加防護(hù)套來保溫
o 3. N-COUNT A time lag or a lag of a particular length of time is a period of time between one event and another related event. 間隔
? There's a time lag between infection with HIV and developing AIDS.
從感染艾滋病病毒到發(fā)展成為艾滋病病人有一定的時間間隔。
o 4. N-COUNT a convict or ex-convict (esp in the phrase old lag) 犯人(尤其在短語 old lag 中); 前科犯人
bite?/ba?t/
(?bit/b?t/?bit·ten/?b?tn/ )
USE TEETH 用牙齒
~ (into/through/off sth)to use your teeth to cut into or through sth 咬
[ VN]
?She was bitten by the family dog. 她被家里的狗咬傷了。
?Stop biting your nails! 別咬指甲了！
[ V]
?She bit into a ripe juicy pear. 她咬了一口熟透了的多汁的梨。
?Does your dog bite? 你的狗咬人嗎？
?Come here! I won't bite!?(= you don't need to be afraid)?過來吧！我不會咬人的！
?He bit off a large chunk of bread./He bit a large chunk of bread off. 他咬下了一大塊面包。
OF INSECT/SNAKE 昆蟲；蛇
2. to wound sb by making a small hole or mark in their skin 叮；蜇；咬
[ VN]
?We were badly bitten by mosquitoes. 我們被蚊子咬得不行。
[ V]
?Most European spiders don't bite. 大多數(shù)歐洲蜘蛛不咬人。
OF FISH 魚
3. [ V] if a fish?bites?, it takes food from the hook of a?fishing line?and may get caught 咬餌；上鉤
HAVE EFFECT 產(chǎn)生影響
4. [ V] to have an unpleasant effect 產(chǎn)生不良影響
?The recession is beginning to bite. 經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退開始產(chǎn)生不良影響。
shortlived?短壽命的
ten·der?/?tend?(r)/
a formal offer to supply goods or do work at a stated price 投標(biāo)
SYN?bid
?Cleaning services have been?put out to tender?(= companies have been asked to make offers to supply these services)?. 清掃工作已經(jīng)對外招標(biāo)。
?a competitive tender 具有競爭力的投標(biāo)
2. a truck attached to a steam engine, carrying fuel and water （蒸汽機(jī)車的）煤水車
3. a small boat, used for carrying people or goods between a larger boat and land （在大船和口岸之間載運人或貨物的）供應(yīng)船，補(bǔ)給船，交通船
· workable /?w??k?b?l/
o ADJ A workable idea or system is realistic and practical, and likely to be effective. 切實可行的
? Investors can simply pay cash, but this isn't a workable solution in most cases.
投資者可以僅付現(xiàn)金，但這在多數(shù)情況下不是一種切實可行的解決辦法。
· end up
o 1. PHRASAL VERB If someone or something ends up somewhere, they eventually arrive there, usually by accident. 最后來到
? She fled with her children, moving from neighbour to neighbour and ending up in a friend's basement.
她和她的孩子們逃走了，從一家鄰居轉(zhuǎn)到另一家，最終來到一個朋友家的地下室。
o 2. PHRASAL VERB If you end up doing something or end up in a particular state, you do that thing or get into that state even though you did not originally intend to. 到頭來
? If you don't know what you want, you might end up getting something you don't want.
如果你不知道自己想要什么，你可能會到頭來得到自己不想要的東西。
? Every time they went dancing they ended up in a bad mood.
每次他們?nèi)ヌ瑁筋^來總是掃興而歸。
· beyond /b??j?nd/
o 1. PREP If something is beyond a place or barrier, it is on the other side of it. 在…的另一邊
? On his right was a thriving vegetable garden and beyond it a small orchard of apple trees.
在他的右邊是一片長勢旺盛的菜園，另一頭是一小片蘋果樹林。
o 2. ADV Beyond is also an adverb. 在…的另一邊
? The house had a fabulous view out to the Strait of Georgia and the Rockies beyond.
這座房子有很棒的景觀，可以看到喬治亞海峽以及另一頭的落基山脈。
o 3. PREP If something happens beyond a particular time or date, it continues after that time or date has passed. (時間) 在…之后
? Few jockeys continue race-riding beyond the age of 40.
很少有騎師在40歲以后還繼續(xù)賽馬。
o 4. ADV Beyond is also an adverb. (時間) 在…之后
? The financing of home ownership will continue through the 1990s and beyond.
房屋產(chǎn)權(quán)的融資將持續(xù)到20世紀(jì)90年代及以后。
o 5. PREP If something extends beyond a particular thing, it affects or includes other things. 超出
? His interests extended beyond the fine arts to international politics and philosophy.
他的興趣不僅限于美術(shù)，還包括國際政治和哲學(xué)。
o 6. PREP You use beyond to introduce an exception to what you are saying. 除了
? He appears to have almost no personal staff, beyond a secretary who can't make coffee.
他看來似乎沒有任何雇員，除了一個連咖啡都不會煮的秘書。
o 7. PREP If something goes beyond a particular point or stage, it progresses or increases so that it passes that point or stage. 超過
? Their five-year relationship was strained beyond breaking point.
他們長達(dá)5年的關(guān)系緊張得超過了極限。
o 8. PREP If something is, for example, beyond understanding or beyond belief, it is so extreme in some way that it cannot be understood or believed. 超出 (理解或信任的范圍)
? What Jock had done was beyond my comprehension.
喬克的所作所為讓我摸不著頭腦。
o 9. PREP If you say that something is beyond someone, or beyond their control, you mean that they cannot deal with it. 超出 (能力所及)
? The situation was beyond her control.
局勢非她所能控制。
o 10. beyond your wildest dreams → dream
tool·maker?n.?/?tu?lme?k?(r)/
a person or company that makes tools, especially ones used in industry （尤指工業(yè)用）工具制造者，工具制造廠
· homegrown /?h???mgr??n/
o ADJ Homegrown fruit and vegetables have been grown in your garden, rather than on a farm, or in your country rather than abroad. (蔬菜、水果) 家種的; 本國產(chǎn)的
? Martinelli reminds visitors often that he uses 100 percent homegrown fruit from California's Bajaro Valley. 馬蒂內(nèi)利經(jīng)常提醒游客，他使用100%加州巴加羅山谷產(chǎn)的家種水果。
· irreplaceable /??r??ple?s?b?l/
o ADJ Irreplaceable things are so special that they cannot be replaced if they are lost or destroyed. 不可替代的
? ...a rare and irreplaceable jewel.
...一種罕見的不可替代的珠寶。
ag·gres·sive?adj.?/??ɡres?v/
angry, and behaving in a threatening way; ready to attack 好斗的；挑釁的；侵略的；富于攻擊性的
?He gets aggressive when he's drunk. 他喝醉了就喜歡尋釁滋事。
?a dangerous aggressive dog 一條危險的惡犬
2. acting with force and determination in order to succeed 氣勢洶洶的；聲勢浩大的；志在必得的
?an aggressive advertising campaign 一場聲勢浩大的廣告宣傳活動
?A good salesperson has to be aggressive in today's competitive market. 在當(dāng)今競爭激烈的市場上，一個好的銷售員應(yīng)該有進(jìn)取精神。
DERIVATIVES 派生詞
ag·gres·sive·ly?adv.
?‘What do you want?’ he demanded aggressively. “你要怎么樣？”他挑釁地問道。
?aggressively marketed products 極力推銷的產(chǎn)品
2.?ag·gres·sive·ness?n.?[ U]
ADJ If someone or something is or stops short of a place, they have not quite reached it. If they are or fall short of an amount, they have not quite achieved it. 未達(dá)到的
? He stopped a hundred yards short of the building.
他停在離那座建筑還有100碼遠(yuǎn)的地方。
· step up
o PHRASAL VERB If you step up something, you increase it or increase its intensity. 增加
? He urged donors to step up their efforts to send aid to Somalia.
他敦促捐贈者再接再厲，將救援物資送往索馬里。
bottle·neck?n.?/?b?tlnek/
a narrow or busy section of road where the traffic often gets slower and stops 瓶頸路段（常引起交通阻塞）
2. anything that delays development or progress, particularly in business or industry （尤指工商業(yè)發(fā)展的）瓶頸，阻礙，障礙
on ?hold
· (1) delayed until a later time or date 推遲；中斷
o??She?put?her career?on hold?to have a baby. 她中斷了事業(yè)以便生孩子。
o??The project is on hold until more money is available. 這項工程暫停，等到有更多的錢時再進(jìn)行。
· (2) if a person on the telephone is put?on hold?, they have to wait until the person that they want to talk to is free （電話接通時）等某人接電話
· disruption /d?s?r?p??n/
o N-VAR When there is disruption of an event, system, or process, it is prevented from continuing or operating in a normal way. 妨礙; 擾亂
? The plan was designed to ensure disruption to business was kept to a minimum.
該計劃旨在確保對業(yè)務(wù)的妨礙保持在最低限度。
dra·mat·ic?adj.?/dr??m?t?k/
( of a change, an event, etc. 變化、事情等 ) sudden, very great and often surprising 突然的；巨大的；令人吃驚的
?a?dramatic increase/fall/change/improvement?暴漲；暴跌；巨變；巨大的改進(jìn)
?dramatic results/developments/news?出人意料的結(jié)果；突飛猛進(jìn)的發(fā)展；令人吃驚的消息
?The announcement had a?dramatic effect?on house prices. 這項公告對房屋價格產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。
2. exciting and impressive 激動人心的；引人注目的；給人印象深刻的
?a dramatic victory 激動人心的勝利
?They watched dramatic pictures of the police raid on TV. 他們在電視上看到了警察突擊搜捕的激動人心的畫面。
——note at exciting
3. [ usually before noun] connected with the theatre or plays 戲劇的；有關(guān)戲劇的；戲劇學(xué)的
?a local dramatic society 地方戲劇協(xié)會
4. exaggerated in order to create a special effect and attract people's attention 戲劇性的；戲劇般的；夸張做作的
?He flung out his arms in a?dramatic gesture?. 他夸張地張開雙臂。
?Don't be so dramatic! 別那么夸張做作！
DERIVATIVES 派生詞
dra·mat·ic·al·ly?/?kli/ /?kli/?adv
?Prices have fallen dramatically. 價格突然暴跌。
?Events could have developed in a dramatically different way. 事情本來可以發(fā)展成另一種樣子。
?‘At last!’ she cried dramatically. “終于成功了！”她激動地叫起來。
al·ter·na·tive?/??l?t??n?t?v/
a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities 可供選擇的事物
?You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives. 你的工資可以按周以現(xiàn)金支取，或按月以支票支取。二者可選其一。
?We had?no alternative but to?fire Gibson. 我們別無他法，只有辭退吉布森。
?There is a vegetarian alternative on the menu every day. 每天的菜單上另有素食餐點。
——note at option
V-T If something is projected, it is planned or expected. 計劃; 預(yù)計
? 13% of Americans are over 65; this number is projected to reach 22% by the year 2030.
13%的美國人在65歲以上；這個數(shù)字預(yù)計到2030年會達(dá)到22%。
? The government had been projecting a 5% consumer price increase for the entire year.
政府一直在預(yù)計全年5%的消費價格增長。
· stockpile /?st?k?pa?l/
o 1. V-T If people stockpile things such as food or weapons, they store large quantities of them for future use. 大量儲備
? People are stockpiling food for the coming winter.
人們正在為即將到來的冬天大量儲備食物。
o 2. N-COUNT A stockpile of things is a large quantity of them that have been stored for future use. 儲備物資
? The two leaders also approved treaties to cut stockpiles of chemical weapons.
兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人也都贊同削減化學(xué)武器儲備的條約。
· procure /pr??kj??/
o V-T If you procure something, especially something that is difficult to get, you obtain it. 獲得 (尤指難以獲得的東西)
? It remained very difficult to procure food, fuel, and other daily necessities.
當(dāng)時仍然很難獲得食品、燃料和其他日用必需品。
as·sem·bly?n.?/??sembli/
[ U] the process of putting together the parts of sth such as a vehicle or piece of furniture 裝配；組裝；總成
?Putting the bookcase together should be a simple assembly job. 組裝書櫥應(yīng)該是個簡單的裝配活。
?a car assembly plant 汽車裝配廠
limi·ta·tion?n.?/?l?m??te??n/
[ C] ~ (on sth)a rule, fact or condition that limits sth 起限制作用的規(guī)則（或事實、條件）
SYN?ref="javascript:;">curb?restraint
?to impose limitations on imports 對進(jìn)口加以限制
?Disability is a physical limitation on your life. 殘疾在身體方面限制了你的生活。
——see also?statute of limitations
· choke /t???k/
V-T/V-I When you choke or when something chokes you, you cannot breathe properly or get enough air into your lungs. 使窒息; 窒息
? A small child could choke on the doll's hair.
小孩子可能會因玩具娃娃的頭發(fā)而窒息。
? Dense smoke swirled and billowed, its rank fumes choking her.
濃密的煙霧盤旋翻騰，刺鼻的煙味使她窒息。
? The girl choked to death after breathing in smoke.
那位女孩吸入煙霧后窒息而亡。
o 2. V-T To choke someone means to squeeze their neck until they are dead. (卡住喉嚨) 使停止呼吸
? The men pushed him into the entrance of a nearby building, where they choked him with his tie.
那些男人把他推進(jìn)了附近一座大樓的入口處，然后在那里用他的領(lǐng)帶將他勒死了。
o 3. V-T If a place is choked with things or people, it is full of them and they prevent movement in it. 使阻塞
? The village's roads are choked with traffic.
那個村莊的道路被車輛阻塞住了。
o 4. N-COUNT The choke in a car, truck, or other vehicle is a device that reduces the amount of air going into the engine and makes it easier to start. 阻氣門
? It is like driving your car with the choke out all the time.
就像一直松著阻氣門在開車一樣。
· drain /dre?n/
o 1. V-T/V-I If you drain a liquid from a place or object, you remove the liquid by causing it to flow somewhere else. If a liquid drains somewhere, it flows there. 使流走; 流走
? Miners built the tunnel to drain water out of the mines.
礦工們開掘了隧道以將水排出礦井。
? Now the focus is on draining the water.
現(xiàn)在的焦點是排水。
o 2. V-T/V-I If you drain a place or object, you dry it by causing water to flow out of it. If a place or object drains, water flows out of it until it is dry. 排干; 流干
? The authorities have mobilized vast numbers of people to drain flooded land and build or repair dikes.
當(dāng)局動員了大批民眾為遭受洪災(zāi)的地區(qū)排澇并修建或修復(fù)堤壩。
o 3. V-T/V-I If you drain food or if food drains, you remove the liquid that it has been in, especially after it has been cooked or soaked in water. 使瀝干; 瀝干
? Drain the pasta well, arrange on four plates and pour over the sauce.
把意大利面條瀝干水，擺放在4個盤子里，倒上調(diào)味品。
o 4. V-T/V-I If the colour or the blood drains or is drained from someone's face, they become very pale. You can also say that someone's face drains or is drained of colour. 使 (色澤) 消退; (色澤) 消退
? Harry felt the colour drain from his face.
亨利感到臉上沒有了血色。
o 5. V-T If something drains you, it leaves you feeling physically and emotionally exhausted. 使心力交瘁
? My emotional turmoil had drained me.
困惑焦灼的情緒使我心力交瘁。
o 6. ADJ 使心力交瘁的
? I began to suffer from headaches, which left me feeling completely drained.
我開始感到頭痛，它使我感到精疲力竭。
o 7. V-T If you say that a country's or a company's resources or finances are drained, you mean that they are used or spent completely. 耗盡 (資源、資金)
? The state's finances have been drained by drought and civil disorder.
國家財政已經(jīng)被旱災(zāi)和內(nèi)亂消耗殆盡了。
o 8. N-COUNT A drain is a pipe that carries water or sewage away from a place, or an opening in a surface that leads to the pipe. 排水管; 下水道; 排水溝
? Tony built his own house and laid his own drains.
托尼蓋了自己的房子,鋪設(shè)了自己的排水管道。
o 9. N-SING If you say that something is a drain on an organization's finances or resources, you mean that it costs the organization a large amount of money, and you do not think that it is worth it. (資源、資金的) 外流; 消耗
? ...an ultramodern printing plant, which has been a big drain on resources.
…一個消耗大量資源的超級現(xiàn)代化印刷廠。
o 10. PHRASE If you say that something is going down the drain, you mean that it is being destroyed or wasted. 被破壞掉; 被浪費掉
? They were aware that their public image was rapidly going down the drain.
他們意識到自己的公眾形象正被迅速地破壞掉。
· switch /sw?t?/
o 1. N-COUNT A switch is a small control for an electrical device which you use to turn the device on or off. 開關(guān)
? Leona put some detergent into the dishwasher, shut the door, and pressed the switch.
利昂娜在洗碗機(jī)里放了些清潔劑，關(guān)上門，然后按下開關(guān)。
o 2. N-PLURAL On a railway track, the switches are the levers and rails at a place where two tracks join or separate. The switches enable a train to move from one track to another. 轉(zhuǎn)轍器
o 3. V-T/V-I If you switch to something different, for example to a different system, task, or subject of conversation, you change to it from what you were doing or saying before. 轉(zhuǎn)向
? Estonia is switching to a market economy.
愛沙尼亞正在向市場經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變。
? The law would encourage companies to switch from coal to cleaner fuels.
法律會鼓勵各公司從用煤轉(zhuǎn)向使用更清潔的燃料。
o 4. N-COUNT Switch is also a noun. 轉(zhuǎn)變
? The spokesman implicitly condemned the United States policy switch.
這位發(fā)言人含蓄地譴責(zé)了美國政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變。
o 5. PHRASAL VERB Switch over means the same as . 轉(zhuǎn)變
? Within a few years the whole country will switch over to digital television.
幾年內(nèi)全國將會換上數(shù)字電視。
o 6. V-T/V-I If you switch your attention from one thing to another or if your attention switches, you stop paying attention to the first thing and start paying attention to the second. 轉(zhuǎn)移 (注意力)
? My mother's interest had switched to my health.
我母親的興趣已轉(zhuǎn)移到我的健康上來了。
o 7. V-T If you switch two things, you replace one with the other. 調(diào)換
? In half an hour, they'd switched the tags on every cable.
半個小時內(nèi)，他們換了每根電纜的標(biāo)簽。
head·hunt·er?n.?/?hedh?nt?(r)/
a person whose job is to find people with the necessary skills to work for a particular company and to persuade them to join this company 獵頭者（專門負(fù)責(zé)延攬人才）
2. a member of a people that collects the heads of the people they kill 獵頭部落成員（收集所殺者的人頭）
in the face of ?sth
· (1) despite problems, difficulties, etc. 即使面對（問題、困難等）
o??She showed great courage in the face of danger. 面對危險她表現(xiàn)出了巨大的勇氣。
· (2) as a result of sth 由于；因為
o??He was unable to deny the charges in the face of new evidence. 面對新的證據(jù)，他無法否認(rèn)被控告的罪。
mount·ing?/?ma?nt??/
[ only before noun] increasing, often in a manner that causes or expresses anxiety 上升的；增長的
?mounting excitement/concern/tension?越來越興奮╱關(guān)注╱緊張
?There is mounting evidence of serious effects on people's health. 有越來越多的證據(jù)表明對人的健康有嚴(yán)重影響。
