【中英對(duì)照】

We have to face a reality nobody would have imagined, not even the best sci-fi movie, the diversity of the planetary system that we have detected.

So the reality is way more diverse than anything we had in mind.

We have this lava planet, this frozen planet, this super Earth, mini Nepture.This is the reality of the diversity of the planetary formation.

我們必須面對(duì)這樣一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)：即使最好的科幻電影，也無(wú)法展現(xiàn)行星系統(tǒng)的多樣性。

現(xiàn)實(shí)總是遠(yuǎn)超我們的想象。

熔巖星球、冰雪星球、巨型地球、微縮版海王星……真實(shí)的行星形態(tài)各異，復(fù)雜多樣。

In the 90s for the first time we demonstrated, using a new technique, that there are planet orbiting other stars. We found a planet orbiting a star called 51 Pegasi.

That planet was about the mass of Jupiter, similar to our own planet Jupiter, but had a very short orbit, was essentially very close to the star and then extremely hot.

This is what we call the Hot Jupiter and it was the beginning of a long series of discoveries, and what we call right now, the exoplanet revolution.

上世紀(jì)90年代，我們利用一種全新的技術(shù)，首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了一顆繞著其他恒星公轉(zhuǎn)的行星。那是一顆圍繞恒星「51 Pegasi」運(yùn)行的系外行星。

這顆行星的質(zhì)量與木星相近，雖然它跟木星很相似，但它的公轉(zhuǎn)軌道很短，離恒星很近，所以這顆行星非常熾熱。

也就是說(shuō)，它屬于所謂的「熱木星」。以這顆行星為起點(diǎn)，我們迎來(lái)了一系列的新發(fā)現(xiàn)，就是現(xiàn)在我們所說(shuō)的「系外行星革命」。

My name is Didier Queloz, I'm a professor of physics at Cambridge University and ETH Zurich.?

My main activity is to study planets orbiting other stars, try to understand how they look like, and eventually trying to find out whether there may be some planet with life as well.

我是迪迪埃·奎洛茲，我在劍橋大學(xué)和蘇黎世聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院擔(dān)任物理學(xué)教授。

我的主要課題是：研究環(huán)繞其他恒星運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的行星，探究這些行星的構(gòu)成，然后試著在這些行星上找尋可能存在的生命。

Science is everywhere in the society, and we should take any opportunity to bring science into life of everybody.

When you have people interested by video games. If there is a little bit of a chance that through this video games, through this exercise of the gaming and then I can sneak in and with a couple of minutes of interaction through the video games, I can maybe suggest some idea which is scientifically relevant, bring a little bit more knowledge into the society.

科學(xué)在當(dāng)今社會(huì)中無(wú)處不在，所以我們需要抓住一切機(jī)會(huì)，讓每個(gè)人都能了解科學(xué)。

電子游戲受到很多人的關(guān)注，我也希望能夠通過(guò)游戲作為媒介，用幾分鐘的時(shí)間，借由此引入一些科學(xué)概念，并向玩家揭示一些科學(xué)知識(shí)，為整個(gè)社會(huì)的科普工作做一點(diǎn)微小的貢獻(xiàn)。

Something which is great when you deal with what's called planetary science, is you can essentially expect everything.

We have learned in the past 30 years that the diversity of the planet are way more, and way larger than the one we experience on the solar system.

深入了解所謂的行星科學(xué)之后，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，它最有趣的地方在于，宇宙中有無(wú)限可能。

過(guò)去30年來(lái)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，宇宙里行星的多樣性，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了太陽(yáng)系中的行星們。

And assuming that there are so many planets and so many stars in the universe, it's very likely that there exist plenty of planets like they created for the game.

Jarilo-VI is the first planet you meet in Honkai: Star Rail. Covered by harsh hurricanes and snow, the planet has been covered by snow for hundreds of years. Snow almost killed the civilization there. And people on the planet somehow managed to maintain only one city with the help of a special energy.

When you talk about planet that is frosted and we know, that in the past of the earth we may have encountered this very special situation where the Earth was like a snowball.

宇宙里有無(wú)數(shù)形態(tài)各異的天體，游戲中所創(chuàng)造的行星很可能真實(shí)存在宇宙中。

雅利洛-Ⅵ是《崩壞：星穹鐵道》中出現(xiàn)的第一顆行星，這顆行星時(shí)刻遭受著暴風(fēng)雪的洗禮。幾百年來(lái)一直被厚重的積雪所覆蓋，冰雪幾乎扼殺了這顆行星上的文明，只有一座城市依靠某種特殊的能源幸存了下來(lái)。

提到冰雪星球，我們很容易聯(lián)想到，地球在漫長(zhǎng)的演變過(guò)程中，也經(jīng)歷過(guò)類似的極端氣候，被冰雪完全覆蓋，變成一顆「雪球」。

When you're dealing with a frozen planet, there's a lot of possibilities.

First you have to realise that the gas, if you cool it down enough, like carbon dioxide, will become icy and frost.?

So it's easy to consider a planet that will be seen as the gaseous planet, I mean cooling down enough and and looking very, very icy.?

Now it depends also on the amount of water you have on the planet. Whether you have a big oceans and whether you want to create a kind of ice crust from this water or you don't have water at all, but you build up the kind of icy structure for all the tiny gas, that is transforming to solid because it's very cold.

So what matter here is the temperature. You have to cool down the temperature, so you should not get too close to the star. If you're too close to the star, it doesn't work.

討論及此，其實(shí)需要考慮多種可能性。

首先我們要知道，二氧化碳等氣體冷卻到一定程度時(shí)，就會(huì)結(jié)冰結(jié)霜。

我們不妨把這樣一個(gè)星球看作是「氣態(tài)星球」。由于溫度極低，整個(gè)行星看上去就像一個(gè)冰雪星球。

當(dāng)然這也取決于行星上水的含量，有的星球上有大片的海洋，這些水可能凝結(jié)成冰殼；有的星球上一點(diǎn)水都沒(méi)有；但星球表面的氣體微粒也會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化成冰的結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)楫?dāng)溫度足夠低時(shí)，氣體就會(huì)凝華。

所以，溫度是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。行星的溫度足夠低，也意味著它更遠(yuǎn)離恒星。離恒星太近的話，是肯定不會(huì)有冰雪星球的。

But you also have to be careful about the structure of the atmosphere of the planet. I take an example like Venus. Venus is full of carbon dioxide and that warmed the planet. It's the greenhouse effect.

除此之外，行星的大氣層結(jié)構(gòu)也很重要。我們以金星為例，金星上充滿了二氧化碳，產(chǎn)生了溫室效應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致金星表面的溫度很高。

Well, if you remove this and you can bring gas that is cooling the planet as well. And that happened on Earth and the Earth had way more carbon dioxide in the past, because of the rise of life and a lot of production of oxygen. That was one of the big effects called the Great Oxygenation event.

The whole atmosphere of Earth has been transformed. And at that time the temperature equilibrium was dramatically changed, and the Earth became what we call a snowball.

So it was exactly the kind of icy planet you will encounter in the game. And that was a result of a dramatic change of the nature of the atmosphere of that planet.

當(dāng)然，此外也有一些能使行星降溫的氣體。地球就是這種情況。過(guò)去，地球上的二氧化碳要比現(xiàn)在多得多。后來(lái)，隨著生命的發(fā)展以及氧氣含量的增加，地球上發(fā)生了名為「大氧化事件」的現(xiàn)象。

大氣層的整體結(jié)構(gòu)被徹底改變，地球的熱平衡發(fā)生了劇烈變化，地球變成了我們剛才所說(shuō)的「雪球」。

正如我們游戲中所遇到的（雅利洛-Ⅵ），這正是行星大氣層結(jié)構(gòu)劇烈變化所造成的。

So you see, there's so much possibilities you can play with. It depends really on the chemistry of the planet and the structure of the planet, and then of course, of the amount of energy which is radiating on the planet by the star.

So what has happened in the last 30 years is we have been exposed to a diversity of planetary system that no one would have imagined.

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，關(guān)于行星的形態(tài)，有非常多的可能性。它取決于行星的化學(xué)構(gòu)成、行星的結(jié)構(gòu)，也取決于恒星輻射到行星上的能量。

過(guò)去30年來(lái)，我們探測(cè)到了無(wú)數(shù)不同的行星系統(tǒng)，它們的多樣性超乎所有人的想象。

When you have a rocky planet, depending where the planet is sitting on the its orbit, you have a different scenario on the surface of the planet.

Take the earth, bring it closer to the sun. You're going to end up with one face of the Earth, extremely hot, so hot that you would melt the continent.

So you end up with what we call a lava planet.

Now another case you can imagine, you take the earth and you make it much bigger, much bigger than the Earth, not one earth mass, maybe 5, 10 times the mass of the Earth. And you have a lot of carbon as well. So you have all this carbon on the planet, and then you have this higher mass, higher mass means pressure. The more mass you have, more pressure you have on the planet. When you combine the carbon on the pressure, you create diamond.

This is exactly how you create diamond on Earth. So this kind of a very massive planet you could imagine, this should be full of diamond.

假設(shè)有一顆巖石行星，它所處軌道的位置則會(huì)決定行星表面的不同情況。

以地球?yàn)槔?，如果地球比現(xiàn)在更靠近太陽(yáng)，那地球面向太陽(yáng)的那一面會(huì)變得非常熾熱，熾熱到大陸開(kāi)始被融化。這時(shí)地球就變成了我們所說(shuō)的熔巖星球。

我們還可以想象另一種情況，假如地球變大，大到超出現(xiàn)在很多倍，比如是當(dāng)前地球質(zhì)量的5倍到10倍，而且地球上還有很多碳。當(dāng)你具備了大量的碳，以及更大的行星質(zhì)量，更大的質(zhì)量會(huì)產(chǎn)生更大的壓力。質(zhì)量越大，地球表面的壓力就越大，碳在高壓下會(huì)變成鉆石。

地球上的鉆石就是這么來(lái)的。由此，我們可以想象，地球就會(huì)變成一顆到處都是鉆石的巨大星球。

Astronomy is a is a wonderful topic for research because we are studying a specific element which is the universe. And for us astrophysicists, the universe is our lab. And that's a wonderful lab because it's a lab that has so much possibilities, way more than any lab you can imagine on Earth.

For example, you can see through the time depending how far you look at.

You look back in time.?

You can look at objects which are just impossible to reproduce, like a black hole, which is an infinite point where everything is attracted.

You can look at objects that are extremely hot at the temperature that you will never, never think about.

You can look at energy event which is unique like a supernova again and again and again.

So you are looking at what's called the extreme boundary of the physics, the coolest, the biggest, the smallest, anything you can get into the universe.

And that's wonderful.

天文學(xué)是一門很奇妙的學(xué)科。因?yàn)槲覀冄芯康恼n題比較特別——宇宙。

在我們天體物理學(xué)者看來(lái)，宇宙就是我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。而且它是一座完美的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，因?yàn)樗嬖跓o(wú)限的可能性，比地球上任何一座實(shí)驗(yàn)室都要豐富得多。

舉個(gè)例子，只要你看得足夠遠(yuǎn)，你的視線就可以穿越時(shí)間。

你可以回溯到過(guò)去的時(shí)間，觀察到一些不可能再現(xiàn)的物體，比如黑洞。黑洞是一個(gè)質(zhì)量無(wú)窮大的點(diǎn)，所有東西都會(huì)被它吸進(jìn)去。

你還可以觀察到極其熾熱的物體，它們的溫度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出你的想象。

你還可以一次又一次地觀察到非常壯觀的能量事件，比如超新星爆發(fā)。

可以說(shuō)，我們?cè)谟^察的正是所謂物理學(xué)的極限邊界：最冷的，最大的，最小的——宇宙中存在的所有最極端的東西。

Possibly one of the biggest questions of the humankind is: is there any life outside the solar system?

Fermi paradox was half a joke when Enrico Fermi said, well, if there is plenty of life in the universe, so why don't we see it?

And actually the question is very profound in its meaning. It implied that life has to develop and to be able to to travel between stars and galaxies.

Maybe we are not able to see it. So if there is no life travelling between galaxies, it means that maybe there is a possibility that when life developed the capability to do it, it just stopped.?

Just looking at the thermonuclear weapons we have on Earth right now. We have not the capability to travel between stars, but are we going to survive until we are reaching that stage? And that is what is behind really the Fermi Paradox.

宇宙便是如此奇妙萬(wàn)千，人類最關(guān)心的問(wèn)題可能是：太陽(yáng)系外有生命嗎？

費(fèi)米悖論來(lái)源于恩利克·費(fèi)米一句半開(kāi)玩笑的話。他說(shuō)：“如果宇宙中真的存在許多生命，為什么時(shí)至今日，我們依然沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)這些生命呢？”

其實(shí)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題具有非常深刻的內(nèi)涵。費(fèi)米悖論暗示生命需要經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)的進(jìn)化發(fā)展，才能夠在星系之間旅行。

也許，我們只是無(wú)法看見(jiàn)這些生命而已。但是，如果星系之間確實(shí)沒(méi)有生命在穿梭，那就意味著，生命止步在了發(fā)展出星際旅行能力之前。

比如我們，看看我們自己手上的熱核武器，我們還沒(méi)有能力在恒星之間穿行。人類能幸存到那個(gè)時(shí)候嗎？這才是隱藏在費(fèi)米悖論背后的真正含義。

Life may be common in terms of being started on other stars. But the development of life leading to a species that would be able to lift off from its planet may be extremely rare. And think about our stories: without this big asteroids falling on Earth, maybe this planet would be still populated by dinosaurs. And whether the dinosaur could have been evolving and go to the moon is not sure.

生命在宇宙中或許隨處可見(jiàn)，但是，能夠擺脫行星重力束縛的生命，可能極為少見(jiàn)。以我們的地球?yàn)槔?，如果小行星不曾撞擊地球，也許現(xiàn)在地球的主人還是恐龍。恐龍是否會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)化并登上月球？我們不得而知。

Maybe it's very rare, maybe we are the only life entity with the awareness of the knowledge of the universe in this Galaxy. So it's also something to think about and maybe to cherish our situation, our extreme situation, our responsibility on that matter.

So I think this Fermi Paradox is interesting in terms of philosophical sense because it asks the question of the meaning of our civilizations and the destiny of our civilizations.

At the same time, it demonstrates how beautiful is our destiny to be able to ask the question already.

人類的進(jìn)化可能非常罕見(jiàn)，我們或許是銀河系中唯一一個(gè)。了解有關(guān)宇宙的知識(shí)的族群，這一點(diǎn)值得讓我們深思，也讓我們要更加珍惜自己的文明。珍惜我們的特殊性，以及這個(gè)特殊性所肩負(fù)的責(zé)任。

所以我認(rèn)為，費(fèi)米悖論具有深刻的哲學(xué)意義，它啟發(fā)我們思考人類文明的意義，以及人類文明的命運(yùn)。

同時(shí)，人類得以提出這樣的問(wèn)題，也證明了文明的進(jìn)化本身，是多么偉大和壯麗。

So whether we will one day get the answer?

I don't know. I tend to be optimistic and to be a believer to the kindness of humankind.

But we still have to face serious challenges as a global entity because we have only one place to live.It's this planet, nowhere else.?

And we should really, as a global population, better learn how to address it together, to use it wisely if one day, we want to have any hope of our species to travel to other stars.

那么，我們能否最終找到費(fèi)米悖論的答案呢？

我也不確定。不過(guò)，我還是比較樂(lè)觀的，我愿意相信人性的善良。

當(dāng)然，我們?nèi)匀幻媾R嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)槲覀冎挥幸粋€(gè)家園。它的名字叫地球。

作為一個(gè)整體，我們應(yīng)該團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，共同思考這個(gè)問(wèn)題。這樣才能終有一天，讓我們?nèi)祟惖穆猛灸軌虻诌_(dá)群星。