考研英語2001年第一篇閱讀理解重點(diǎn)單詞總結(jié)
2001年
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related development in science affecting the process of communication.
Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
專業(yè)化可以被視為對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)日益積累的問題的一種回應(yīng)。通過將主題分解成更小的單位,一個(gè)人可以繼續(xù)處理這些信息,并將其作為進(jìn)一步研究的基礎(chǔ)。但專業(yè)化只是影響交流過程的一系列科學(xué)相關(guān)發(fā)展之一。 另一個(gè)原因是科學(xué)活動(dòng)的日益專業(yè)化。
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur”?does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century,with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in the terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人士和業(yè)余人士之間沒有明確的區(qū)別:任何規(guī)則都有例外。然而,“業(yè)余”一詞確實(shí)帶有一種含義,即有關(guān)的人沒有完全融入科學(xué)界,特別是可能沒有完全分享它的價(jià)值觀。19世紀(jì)專業(yè)的發(fā)展,以及隨之而來的要求更長、更復(fù)雜的訓(xùn)練,意味著業(yè)余愛好者參與科學(xué)面臨更大的問題。這一趨勢(shì)自然在那些基于數(shù)學(xué)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室培訓(xùn)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域最為明顯,可以在聯(lián)合王國的地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展方面加以說明。
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but,in the twentieth century,local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by nation journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or to come together nationally in a different way.
對(duì)上個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)學(xué)出版物的比較表明,人們不僅越來越強(qiáng)調(diào)研究的首要地位,而且對(duì)什么可接受的研究論文的定義也在發(fā)生變化。因此,在19世紀(jì),當(dāng)?shù)氐牡刭|(zhì)研究本身就代表了有價(jià)值的研究;但是,在二十世紀(jì),當(dāng)?shù)氐难芯恐挥屑{入并反思更廣泛的地質(zhì)圖景,才越來越被專業(yè)人員所接受。而另一方面,業(yè)余愛好者們則繼續(xù)以舊的方式進(jìn)行當(dāng)?shù)氐难芯???傮w結(jié)果是讓業(yè)余愛好者的專業(yè)地質(zhì)期刊更難進(jìn)入,這一結(jié)果被裁判的廣泛引入所加強(qiáng),首先在19世紀(jì)的國家期刊,然后在20世紀(jì)的幾家當(dāng)?shù)氐刭|(zhì)期刊。作為這一發(fā)展的一個(gè)邏輯結(jié)果,獨(dú)立的期刊現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn),主要針對(duì)專業(yè)或業(yè)余讀者。一個(gè)相當(dāng)相似的分化過程已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了專業(yè)的地質(zhì)學(xué)家在全國范圍內(nèi)聚集在一起
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century,its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.In science generally, however,the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
雖然專業(yè)化和專業(yè)化的過程在19世紀(jì)的英國地質(zhì)學(xué)中就已經(jīng)很好地進(jìn)行了,但其全部后果因此被推遲到20世紀(jì)。然而,在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,十九世紀(jì)是科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)變化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。
response [n]答復(fù);反應(yīng) ? ? ?
復(fù)數(shù):responses
accumulation [n]堆積(物);積累
復(fù)數(shù):accumulations
動(dòng)詞:accumulate
scientific [adj]科學(xué)(上)的;細(xì)致嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?/p>
副詞:scientifically
比較級(jí):more scientific
最高級(jí):most scientific
split [vt] 分裂;分開;<俚>(迅速)離開;分擔(dān)
[n] 劃分;分歧;裂縫;劈叉
[vi] <俚>走開;揭發(fā);被撞碎;<美>[證券](股票)增加發(fā)行
過去分詞:split
現(xiàn)在分詞:splitting
過去式:split
復(fù)數(shù):splits
第三人稱單數(shù):splits
split up 瓜分;劈成;(使)分成若干小部分;(使)斷絕關(guān)系
unit [n] 單位,單元;班組,小隊(duì);病區(qū);設(shè)備,部件
復(fù)數(shù):units
continue [v]持續(xù);繼續(xù),再開始;移動(dòng);延伸;留任;維持現(xiàn)狀;接著說
過去分詞:continued
現(xiàn)在分詞:continuing
過去式:continued
第三人稱單數(shù):continues
handle [n] 拉手;把手;有柄的;方法
v. 應(yīng)付;處理;使用;駕駛;拿;買,賣
過去分詞:handled
現(xiàn)在分詞:handling
過去式:handled
復(fù)數(shù):handles
第三人稱單數(shù):handles
information n. 消息;數(shù)據(jù);問訊處
形容詞:informational
basis n. 基礎(chǔ);基準(zhǔn),根據(jù);方式;原因
復(fù)數(shù):bases
further adv. (空間距離)較/更遠(yuǎn)地;(時(shí)間上)更(早或晚);更極端地;(發(fā)展中)進(jìn)一步地;在更大程度上;而且
adj. 更多的;附加的 v. 促進(jìn);增進(jìn)
過去分詞:furthered
現(xiàn)在分詞:furthering
過去式:furthered
第三人稱單數(shù):furthers
a series of 一系列;一連串
relate v. 涉及;聯(lián)系;敘述;認(rèn)同
過去分詞:related
現(xiàn)在分詞:relating
過去式:related
第三人稱單數(shù):relates
affect v. 影響;使感動(dòng);(疾?。└腥?;假裝
過去分詞:affected
現(xiàn)在分詞:affecting
過去式:affected
第三人稱單數(shù):affects
process n. 過程;變化過程;做事方法
v. 加工;處理;沖??;審核;列隊(duì)行進(jìn)
過去分詞:processed
現(xiàn)在分詞:processing
過去式:processed
復(fù)數(shù):processes
第三人稱單數(shù):processes
communication n. 表達(dá),交際;通信(系統(tǒng));消息
復(fù)數(shù):communications
distinction n. 差別;分別;卓越;特殊獎(jiǎng)勵(lì);特質(zhì);榮譽(yù)
復(fù)數(shù):distinctions
drawn ?adj. 疲憊的;憔悴的;互無勝負(fù)的;拔出鞘的
v. 繪畫( draw的過去分詞);拖;拉;拔出
amateurs n. 業(yè)余愛好者( amateur的名詞復(fù)數(shù) );外行,生手
exception n. 例外;除外
復(fù)數(shù):exceptions
rule n. 規(guī)則,條例;行事準(zhǔn)則;常規(guī);統(tǒng)治;尺
v. 控制,統(tǒng)治,支配;裁定;畫(直線)
過去分詞:ruled
現(xiàn)在分詞:ruling
過去式:ruled
復(fù)數(shù):rules
第三人稱單數(shù):rules
Nevertheless adv. 然而;盡管如此;不過
connotation n. 含義;隱含意義
復(fù)數(shù):connotations
concern n. 擔(dān)心;令人擔(dān)心的事;關(guān)心(的事);分內(nèi)之事;公司
v. 影響;涉及;使擔(dān)憂;關(guān)心;對(duì)…感興趣;認(rèn)為…重要
過去分詞:concerned
現(xiàn)在分詞:concerning
過去式:concerned
復(fù)數(shù):concerns
第三人稱單數(shù):concerns
fully adv. 完全地;充分地;徹底地;整整
integrate v. 合并;成為一體;加入;融入群體
過去分詞:integrated
現(xiàn)在分詞:integrating
過去式:integrated
第三人稱單數(shù):integrates
community n. 社會(huì)(團(tuán)體);共有;(生物)群落
復(fù)數(shù):communities
value n. 價(jià)值(觀);重要性,用途;劃算程度;數(shù)值
v. 重視,珍視;給…估價(jià)
過去分詞:valued
現(xiàn)在分詞:valuing
過去式:valued
復(fù)數(shù):values
第三人稱單數(shù):values
century n. 世紀(jì);一百年
復(fù)數(shù):centuries
consequent adj. 隨之發(fā)生的;必然的,合乎邏輯的;繼起的;[地]順向的;[數(shù)]后項(xiàng)
n. 結(jié)果
requirement n. 要求,必要條件;需要的東西
復(fù)數(shù):requirements
complex adj. 復(fù)雜的;復(fù)合的
n. 綜合建筑群;相關(guān)聯(lián)的一組事物;復(fù)合體;情結(jié);憂慮
比較級(jí):more complex
最高級(jí):most complex
復(fù)數(shù):complexes
implied adj. 暗指的,含蓄的
v. 暗示,暗指( imply的過去式和過去分詞 );必然包含;說明,表明
greater adj. 大的(great的比較級(jí))
participate v. 參與,參加
過去分詞:participated
現(xiàn)在分詞:participating
過去式:participated
第三人稱單數(shù):participates
trend n. 趨勢(shì),傾向;規(guī)范,風(fēng)尚
復(fù)數(shù):trends
naturally ?adv. 自然地;理所當(dāng)然地;合理地;天生地
obvious adj. 明顯的;當(dāng)然的;平淡無奇的;不必要的
名詞:obviousness
especially adv. 尤其;特別
mathematical adj. 數(shù)學(xué)的;精確的;絕對(duì)的;可能性極小的
副詞:mathematically
名詞:mathematics
laboratory n. 實(shí)驗(yàn)室;實(shí)驗(yàn)課;研究室;藥廠
復(fù)數(shù):laboratories
illustrated n. 有插畫的報(bào)章雜志
adj. 有插圖的
v. 給…加插圖( illustrate的過去式和過去分詞 );說明;表明;(用示例、圖畫等)說明
geology n. 地質(zhì)學(xué);(某地區(qū)的)地質(zhì)情況;地質(zhì)學(xué)的著作
形容詞:geological
副詞:geologically
comparison n. 比較,對(duì)照;比喻
復(fù)數(shù):comparisons
publication n. 出版;出版物;公布;發(fā)表
復(fù)數(shù):publications
reveal v. 揭示;展示
過去分詞:revealed
現(xiàn)在分詞:revealing
過去式:revealed
第三人稱單數(shù):reveals
primacy n. 首位,第一位;卓越;(英國教會(huì))大主教的職務(wù)
復(fù)數(shù):primacies
definition n. 定義,釋義;清晰(度)
復(fù)數(shù):definitions
constitute v. 組成,構(gòu)成;被視為;設(shè)立
過去分詞:constituted
現(xiàn)在分詞:constituting
過去式:constituted
第三人稱單數(shù):constitutes
acceptable adj. 可接受的
副詞:acceptably
名詞:acceptability
represent v. 代表;象征;維護(hù)…的利益;相當(dāng)于;描繪;正式提出
過去分詞:represented
現(xiàn)在分詞:representing
過去式:represented
第三人稱單數(shù):represents
incorporate vt. 組成公司;包含;使混合;使具體化
vi. 包含;吸收;合并;混合
過去分詞:incorporated
現(xiàn)在分詞:incorporating
名詞:incorporation
過去式:incorporated
第三人稱單數(shù):incorporates
reflect on 考慮,回想;給(帶來不好的)影響
pursue ?vt. 繼續(xù);追求;進(jìn)行;追捕
vi. 追,追趕;繼續(xù)進(jìn)行
過去分詞:pursued
現(xiàn)在分詞:pursuing
過去式:pursued
第三人稱單數(shù):pursues
overall adj. 全面的;總體的
adv. 全部;總體上
n. 外套;工裝服
復(fù)數(shù):overalls
entrance n. 入口;到達(dá);登臺(tái);進(jìn)入許可;入行資格;涉入
v. 使入迷,使陶醉
形容詞:entrancing
復(fù)數(shù):entrances
journal n. 日記,日志;期刊,雜志
復(fù)數(shù):journals
reinforce vt. 加固;強(qiáng)化,增強(qiáng);增援
vi. 求援;得到增援;給予更多的支持
過去分詞:reinforced
現(xiàn)在分詞:reinforcing
過去式:reinforced
第三人稱單數(shù):reinforces
widespread adj. 分布廣的,普遍的
比較級(jí):more widespread
最高級(jí):most widespread
separate v. (使)分開,分離;分割,劃分;相隔,隔開;分居;區(qū)分,分別
adj. 獨(dú)立的,分開的;不同的,不相關(guān)的
過去分詞:separated
現(xiàn)在分詞:separating
名詞:separateness
過去式:separated
第三人稱單數(shù):separates
toward prep. 對(duì)于;向;為了;接近
adj. 即將來到的;進(jìn)行中的
readership n. (報(bào)紙雜志擁有者的)讀者(數(shù));讀者;準(zhǔn)教授職位
復(fù)數(shù):readerships
similar adj. 類似的
比較級(jí):more similar
最高級(jí):most similar
remain v. 保持不變;繼續(xù)存在;仍需去做;停留;剩下
delay v. 推遲;耽誤;磨蹭;使遲到
n. 延期;耽誤
過去分詞:delayed
現(xiàn)在分詞:delaying
過去式:delayed
第三人稱單數(shù):delays
crucial adj. 至關(guān)重要的,關(guān)鍵性的
副詞:crucially
比較級(jí):more crucial
最高級(jí):most crucial
structure n. 構(gòu)造;建筑物;周密安排
v. 系統(tǒng)安排
過去分詞:structured
現(xiàn)在分詞:structuring
過去式:structured
復(fù)數(shù):structures
第三人稱單數(shù):structures
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