整理這種外刊筆記真的太累了，除了導(dǎo)讀和正文，有顏色的部分基本都是一個字一個字自己敲的。而且b站的編輯系統(tǒng)太雞肋，我在b站還需要重新把顏色一個個附著上去。啊啊啊真的希望小伙伴們可以點點贊，我也有動力接著整理下去，太耗時間了。

今日導(dǎo)讀：趙錢孫李、周吳鄭王……作為世界四大文明古國之一，我國的姓氏文化源遠流長。據(jù)有關(guān)文獻記載，在歷史的長河中，中國總共出現(xiàn)過兩萬多個姓氏。光看這個數(shù)字，你可能覺得中國人的姓還挺豐富，但和歐美一些國家動輒數(shù)十、甚至數(shù)百萬的姓氏一比，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，中國姓氏的數(shù)量實在是太少了。不僅如此，隨著時間的推進，如今，中國的姓氏只剩下 6000 多個，而這一數(shù)字目前仍在不斷下降中。究竟是什么原因?qū)е铝酥袊帐系木蜕?？Eein 老師今天帶來的文章就從多個角度分析了這個問題?！颈菊n程首次發(fā)布于 2021 年 2 月 3 日】

帶著問題聽講解：短語 at play 在文中是什么意思？為什么中國人的姓氏比美國的少？為了防止中國姓氏的進一步減少，專家們采取了什么方法？

正文：（Jan.08 · 2023）Why 1.2 billion people share the same 100 surnames in China

If you stop a random person on the street in China, there's a pretty good chance their surname would be either Wang, Li, Zhang, Liu or Chen.

That's because those are the five most common surnames in China — shared by 30% of the population. And the vast majority of the population share just 100 of those surnames. To put that in perspective, the United States reported 6.3 million surnames in its 2010 census.

There are a few reasons for this: China is less racially diverse than countries such as the US, where a wealth of minority groups increase surname diversity. It also has to do with language; you can't just add a random stroke to a Chinese character and create a new surname.

But there's also another factor at play: technology.

With China roaring into the digital age, nearly everything has moved online — from making appointments to buying train tickets.

The main problem is that not all Chinese characters have been coded into computer systems. That meant a world of trouble if you happened to have a rare character in your name. As of 2017, up to 60 million Chinese citizens faced this predicament, according to Xinhua.

People with rare characters in their names, which aren't compatible with existing computer systems, can get left behind — pushing many to change their names for the sake of convenience, even if it means abandoning centuries of heritage and language.

To try to address this, experts have increased the database from 32, 000 characters to 70, 000 characters, according to the government. They're still working to expand it to include more than 90, 000 characters, said Chen Jiawei, an associate professor at Beijing Normal University.

解析：

Why 1.2 billion people share the same 100 surnames（姓氏=last name，sur-在上,first name是名）?in China

為什么 12 億中國人共用 100 個姓？

If you stop a random（任意的；隨機的【the research looked at a random sample of 100 families該研究隨機抽取了100個家庭樣本進行研究】）?person on the street?in China, there's a pretty good（adv.很 adj.大（數(shù)量，面積，范圍等））chance their surname would be either Wang, Li, Zhang, Liu or Chen.

如果你在中國街頭隨便攔住一個人，那么他們很有可能姓王、李、張、劉或者陳。

That's because those are the five most common surnames in China — shared by 30% of the population. And the?vast majority（adj.巨大的 n.大多數(shù)）?of the population share just 100 of those surnames. To put that in perspective（相較而言perspective n.角度，觀點【托福常用轉(zhuǎn)折語total sales for this year reached 10million dollars,and to put this in perspective sales for last year was only 5 million dollars.今年的總銷售額達到了1000萬美元，而相比之下，去年的總銷售額只有500萬美元】）, the United States reported 6.3 million surnames in its 2010 census（n.官方的調(diào)查，統(tǒng)計）.

這是因為它們是中國最常見的五個姓氏——有 30% 的中國人都以此為姓。而絕大多數(shù)中國人使用的姓氏也只有 100 個。相較之下，美國在其 2010 年的人口普查中，統(tǒng)計出了 630 萬個姓氏。

There are a few reasons for this: China is less racially diverse（adv.種族上 racial discrimination種族歧視【詞義辨析：race 指的是“人種”，一般以體貌特征進行區(qū)分；而 nationality 指的則是“民族”，按照文化、習俗進行區(qū)分?！?/span>，adj.差異的【different 更側(cè)重于兩者之間的對比；various 則強調(diào)事物的種類繁多；而 diverse 的語氣最強，通常用來描述性質(zhì)完全不同的、差異顯著的各類人和物。例句：Emily is completely different from her sister.例句：We had various problems on our journey.搭配短語：people from diverse cultures】）?than countries such as the US, where a wealth of（很多的，豐富的=a lot of，【a wealth of information/choices大量的信息，豐富的選擇】）?minority groups（少數(shù)群體，minority n.少數(shù)派，majority n.多數(shù)派）?increase surname diversity（多樣性）. It also has to do with（有關(guān)。【His mental problems have largely to do with his family.他的心理問題和他的家庭有很大的關(guān)系】無關(guān)：have noting to do with）?language; you can't just add a random stroke（中風；一筆一劃【用寥寥數(shù)筆就畫出了馬的輪廓A few strokes form the basic shape of the horse.】）?to a Chinese （character文字）?and create a new surname.

這其中的差別由幾個原因造成：和美國這樣的國家相比，中國的種族多元化程度比較低。在美國，大量的少數(shù)族裔人群增加了姓氏的多樣性。此外，這個差別也和語言有關(guān)：你不能隨便在漢字上加上一筆，然后創(chuàng)建一個新的姓氏。

But there's also another factor at play（起作用，play作用，影響。the play of market forces 市場的調(diào)節(jié)作用【影響汽油價格的因素有好幾個Several issues are at play in determining the price of gasoline.】at play =come into play 【一個人過去的工作經(jīng)歷影響著他目前的情況Her early work experience came into play in her new situation.】）: technology.

但是，還有另外一個因素也在影響著（中國姓氏的數(shù)量）：科技。

With China roaring（吼叫，呼嘯而過【一輛警車呼嘯而過A police car roared past.】）?into the digital age, nearly everything has moved online — from making?appointments（預(yù)約） to buying train tickets.

隨著中國迅速進入數(shù)字時代，幾乎所有事情都變成了線上辦理——從進行預(yù)約到購買火車票。

The main problem is that not all Chinese characters have been coded into（編碼）computer systems. That meant a world of（大量，許多，后面只能加不可數(shù)名詞=a wealth of【呼吸一點新鮮空氣對我們大有好處A bit of fresh air will do us a world of good.】）?trouble if you happened to（happen to 碰巧【當我去逛街時碰巧碰到了前男友I happened to see my ex when I went shopping.】）?have a rare character in your name***. As of（美式英語，從何時開始，用現(xiàn)在或者將來時；從何時為止，過去時【從現(xiàn)在起不再有加班費了As of now, there will be no more paid overtime.】） 2017, up to?60 million Chinese citizens faced this predicament（正式，困境，窘境，尷尬的事情【英文釋義：a difficult or unpleasant situation

搭配短語：經(jīng)濟困境economic predicament】）, according to Xinhua.

主要的問題是，并不是所有的漢字都被編入了計算機系統(tǒng)中。這意味著，如果你的名字中碰巧有一個生僻字，那就麻煩了。據(jù)新華社報道，截至 2017 年，多達 6000 萬中國公民面臨這一困境。

People with rare characters in their names, which aren't compatible（adj.兼容的，be not compatible不合適不兼容【996的工作結(jié)構(gòu)是無法兼顧家庭的This career structure is not compatible with having a family.形容人：我們并不合適It's a pity we're not compatible.】）?with existing（實際上有的）computer systems, can get left behind?— pushing many to change their names for the sake of（為了，后面加名詞【為了健康他在退休后移居到海濱城市He moved to the seaside for the sake of his health after retirement.】）?convenience, even if（即使）?it means abandoning centuries of heritage（遺產(chǎn)，傳統(tǒng)，literary heritage文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)）?and language.

對于那些名字中有生僻字的人來說，因為這些字和現(xiàn)有的計算機系統(tǒng)不兼容，所以他們被時代拋下了。為了方便起見，許多人被迫改變了他們的名字，即使這意味著放棄幾個世紀以來的家族傳統(tǒng)和語言文字。

To try to address（設(shè)法解決【solve 更強調(diào)“（已經(jīng)）解決了（某個問題）”，而 address 則強調(diào)正在解決的過程中。相關(guān)官員舉行一個會議去解決市民關(guān)心的問題The officials held a meeting to address the residents' concerns.】）?this, experts have increased the database?from 32,000 characters to 70,000 characters, according to the government. They're still working to expand it to include more than 90,000 characters, said Chen Jiawei, an associate（副職） professor（副教授，an associate research fellow 副研究員）?at Beijing?Normal（正式的，正規(guī)的，規(guī)范的；正常的）?University（北京師范大學(xué)【“師范大學(xué)”這個說法最早來自法語，normal 來自法語中的 normale，表示“規(guī)范”。師范學(xué)校是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生成為教師的地方，它的目的正是建立教學(xué)的標準和規(guī)范。】）.

政府表示，為了解決這個問題，專家們已經(jīng)將數(shù)據(jù)庫中的漢字從 32000 個增加到了 70000 個。而根據(jù)北京師范大學(xué)副教授陳佳偉（音）的說法，專家們還在努力將其擴充到超過 90000 個漢字。