Economic Geography 2023年第1-2期

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——更多動態(tài)，請持續(xù)關注gzh：理想主義的百年孤獨

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Creative Clusters and Creative Multipliers: Evidence from UK Cities

創(chuàng)意集群和創(chuàng)意乘數(shù):來自英國城市的證據(jù)

Diana Gutierrez-Posada,?Tasos Kitsos,?Max Nathan?&?Massimiliano Nuccio

Economic geographers have paid much attention to the cultural and creative industries, both for their propensity to cluster in urban settings, and their potential to drive urban economic development. However, evidence on the latter is surprisingly sparse. In this article, we explore the long-term, causal impacts of the cultural and creative industries on surrounding urban economies. Adapting Moretti’s local multipliers framework, we build a new twenty-year panel of UK cities, using historical instruments to identify causal effects of creative activity on noncreative firms and employment. We find that each creative job generates at least 1.9 nontradable jobs between 1998 and 2018. Prior to 2007, these effects seem more rooted in creative services employees’ local spending than visitors to creative amenities. Given the low numbers of creative jobs in most cities, the overall impact of the creative multiplier is small. On average, the creative sector is responsible for over 16 percent of nontradable job growth in our sample, though impacts will be larger in bigger clusters. We do not find the same effects for workplaces, and we find no causal evidence for spillovers from creative activity to other tradable sectors. In turn, this implies that creative city policies will have partial, uneven local economic impacts. Given extensive urban clusters of creative activity in many countries, our results hold value beyond the UK setting.

經(jīng)濟地理學家一直非常關注文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)，一方面是因為文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)在城市環(huán)境中的集聚性，另一方面是因為文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)在推動城市經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方面的潛力。然而，令人驚訝的是，后者的證據(jù)很少。在本文中，我們探討了文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)對周邊城市經(jīng)濟的長期、因果影響。采用莫雷蒂的本地乘數(shù)框架，我們建立了一個新的20年的英國城市小組，使用歷史工具來確定創(chuàng)造性活動對非創(chuàng)造性公司和就業(yè)的因果影響。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在1998年至2018年期間，每個創(chuàng)造性工作至少創(chuàng)造1.9個非貿(mào)易工作崗位。在2007年之前，這些影響似乎更多地根植于創(chuàng)意服務員工在當?shù)氐南M，而不是參觀創(chuàng)意設施的游客。鑒于大多數(shù)城市創(chuàng)造性工作的數(shù)量很少，創(chuàng)造性乘數(shù)的整體影響很小。平均而言，在我們的樣本中，創(chuàng)意部門貢獻了超過16%的非貿(mào)易性就業(yè)增長，盡管在更大的集群中，影響會更大。我們沒有在工作場所發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的影響，也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造性活動對其他貿(mào)易部門產(chǎn)生溢出效應的因果證據(jù)。反過來，這意味著創(chuàng)意城市政策將對地方經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生局部的、不均衡的影響。鑒于許多國家都有大量的創(chuàng)意活動，我們的研究結果在英國之外也有價值。

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Environmental Upgrading and Downgrading in Global Value Chains: A Framework for Analysis

全球價值鏈中的環(huán)境升級與降級:一個分析框架

Aarti Krishnan,?Valentina De Marchi?&?Stefano Ponte

A key concern of the global value chain (GVC) and global production network (GPN) literature relates to whether and how actors, especially in the Global South, upgrade by generating and capturing more value. To date, such research has predominantly focused on the economic and social aspects of upgrading. In this article, we leverage selected insights from economic geography to advance our understanding of the environmental dimensions of upgrading and downgrading in GVCs and GPNs. We develop an analytical framework that distinguishes the?processes?of environmental upgrading, in terms of value creation and appropriation, from the resultant?outcomes?(biophysical manifestations, impacts on market access, and reputation). Furthermore, the framework is considered from the upgrading perspectives of multiple actors instead of focusing only on lead firms and other powerful actors. We illustrate how to apply this framework through a case study of the Kenya–UK horticulture value chains. We show that despite the uptake of environmental upgrading practices, as required by UK supermarkets and transmitted by Kenyan export firms with the facilitation of government agencies, Kenyan farmers have mostly experienced environmental downgrading, with some negative effects also affecting farmers and other resource users beyond the value chain.

全球價值鏈(GVC)和全球生產(chǎn)網(wǎng)絡(GPN)文獻關注的一個關鍵問題是參與者，特別是全球南方的參與者，是否以及如何通過創(chuàng)造和獲取更多的價值來升級。迄今為止，這種研究主要集中在升級的經(jīng)濟和社會方面。在本文中，我們利用經(jīng)濟地理學的一些見解，推進我們對全球價值鏈和GPNs升級和降級的環(huán)境維度的理解。我們開發(fā)了一個分析框架，在價值創(chuàng)造和挪用方面，將環(huán)境升級的過程與由此產(chǎn)生的結果(生物物理表現(xiàn)、對市場準入的影響和聲譽)區(qū)分開來。此外，該框架從多個行為主體的升級角度進行考慮，而不是只關注領先企業(yè)和其他強大的行為主體。我們通過肯尼亞-英國園藝價值鏈的案例研究說明了如何應用這一框架。我們的研究表明，盡管按照英國超市的要求，肯尼亞出口公司在政府機構的協(xié)助下，采取了環(huán)境升級的做法，但肯尼亞農(nóng)民大多經(jīng)歷了環(huán)境降級，一些負面影響也影響了價值鏈以外的農(nóng)民和其他資源使用者。

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Exploring Regional Innovation Policies and Regional Industrial Transformation from a Coevolutionary Perspective: The Case of Ma?opolska, Poland

基于協(xié)同進化視角探索區(qū)域創(chuàng)新政策與區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)轉型——以波蘭Ma?opolska為例

Marta Gancarczyk,?Marta Najda-Janoszka,?Jacek Gancarczyk?&?Robert Hassink

This article aims to explain the role of regional innovation policies in regional industrial transformation (RIT) from a coevolutionary perspective. The empirical basis is the case study of Ma?opolska, a Polish region undergoing an industrial transformation in parallel with the launch and development of its innovation policies after the EU accession in 2004. To accomplish its purpose, our research extends the common coevolutionary theoretical framework with interaction mechanisms (IMs), that is, the outcome-oriented processes underlying policy-industry mutual influences, and thus explaining their coevolution. IMs allow us to better understand the reciprocal roles of policy and industry, and the major paths in industrial development and policy approach. The role of innovation policy in the Ma?opolska RIT can be described as predominantly accommodating and complementing industrial change with some level of proactive promotion of new industrial opportunities. Moreover, we observe reciprocal relationships with regional industry, rather than the unidirectional influence of this policy. This dynamic interaction enabled the evolution of policy to balance the exploitative and explorative approaches to industrial development.

本文旨在從協(xié)同演化的視角解釋區(qū)域創(chuàng)新政策在區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)轉型中的作用。本文的實證基礎是對波蘭Ma?opolska地區(qū)的案例研究，該地區(qū)在2004年加入歐盟后，隨著創(chuàng)新政策的推出和發(fā)展，經(jīng)歷了一場產(chǎn)業(yè)轉型。為了實現(xiàn)這一目的，本文將政策—產(chǎn)業(yè)相互影響的結果導向過程擴展為共同進化的理論框架，并以此解釋政策—產(chǎn)業(yè)相互影響的共同進化過程。IMs使我們能夠更好地理解政策和產(chǎn)業(yè)的相互作用，以及產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展和政策方法中的主要路徑。在Ma?opolska RIT中，創(chuàng)新政策的作用可以被描述為主要適應和補充工業(yè)變化，并在一定程度上積極促進新的工業(yè)機會。此外，我們觀察到的是與區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)的互惠關系，而不是該政策的單向影響。這種動態(tài)的相互作用使政策的演變能夠平衡工業(yè)發(fā)展的剝削和探索方法。

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Splitting Up or Dancing Together? Local Institutional Structure and the Performance of Urban Areas

分手還是一起跳舞?地方制度結構與城市地區(qū)績效

Marco Di Cataldo,?Licia Ferranna,?Margherita Gerolimetto?&?Stefano Magrini

This article analyzes institutional changes in local governance structures as determinants of wage premium and innovation capacity of urban areas. By combining individual and metropolitan area data for the US, we study the role of institutional?fragmentation, related to the number of local governments operating in an area, and institutional?coordination, stemming from the creation of authorities fostering the collaboration of local governments. Our findings suggest that more fragmented institutional landmarks do not benefit the wage competitiveness and innovativeness of urban areas. If anything, they harm them. Conversely, stronger coordination among local governments boosts the productivity of functional regions by increasing their wage premium and improving their capacity to innovate. Coordination agreements between different counties or municipalities are especially relevant in the case of urban areas modifying their functional borders over time. These findings provide key insights into the economic effects of reforming the governance structure of metropolitan areas.

本文分析了地方治理結構的制度性變化作為工資溢價和城鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)新能力的決定因素。通過結合美國的個人和大都市地區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)，我們研究了制度碎片化的作用，這與在一個地區(qū)運作的地方政府的數(shù)量有關，以及制度協(xié)調，這源于促進地方政府合作的當局的創(chuàng)建。我們的研究結果表明，更碎片化的制度地標不利于城市地區(qū)的工資競爭力和創(chuàng)新能力。如果有的話，他們會傷害他們。反之，地方政府間協(xié)調能力的增強會通過提高職能區(qū)域的工資溢價和創(chuàng)新能力來促進職能區(qū)域生產(chǎn)率的提高。不同縣或市之間的協(xié)調協(xié)議對于城市地區(qū)隨著時間的推移而修改其功能邊界的情況特別重要。這些研究結果為研究都市圈治理結構改革的經(jīng)濟效應提供了重要的啟示。

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The Role of Relatedness and Unrelatedness for the Geography of Technological Breakthroughs in Europe

聯(lián)系和不聯(lián)系在歐洲技術突破的地理位置上的作用

Ron Boschma,?Ernest Miguelez,?Rosina Moreno?&?Diego B. Ocampo-Corrales

This article proposes a framework to study how the existing knowledge portfolio of regional economies affects the emergence and occurrence of breakthrough technologies. The study discusses the relevance of cognitive distance between the technology of a breakthrough invention and the existing technological base in their geographic vicinity. Theoretically, it introduces the idea that both relatedness and unrelatedness between the technologies in breakthrough inventions and the regional portfolio of technologies can positively influence the appearance of these breakthroughs, but especially relatedness. Empirically, it investigates a sample of 277 NUTS2 regions in Europe in the period 1981 to 2010 and reveals that, by far, most combinations breakthrough inventions make are between related technologies: almost no breakthrough patent combines unrelated technologies only. Regressions show that the occurrence of breakthrough patents in a technology in a region is positively affected by the local stock of technologies that are related to such technology, but such an effect for the local stock of unrelated technologies is not found. However, the region’s ability to enter new breakthrough inventions in a technology relies on the combination of knowledge that is both related and unrelated to such technology.

本文提出了一個研究區(qū)域經(jīng)濟體現(xiàn)有知識組合如何影響突破性技術出現(xiàn)和發(fā)生的框架。研究探討了突破性發(fā)明的技術與地理鄰近地區(qū)現(xiàn)有技術基礎之間認知距離的相關性。從理論上講，引入突破性發(fā)明中的技術與區(qū)域技術組合之間的相關性和非相關性都能對突破性發(fā)明的出現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生積極影響，尤其是關聯(lián)性。本文通過對歐洲1981—2010年277個NUTS2區(qū)域的實證研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，迄今為止，突破性發(fā)明的組合大多是相關技術之間的組合，幾乎沒有突破性專利只是將不相關的技術組合在一起?；貧w發(fā)現(xiàn)，區(qū)域內(nèi)某項技術的突破性專利發(fā)生受到與該技術相關的本地技術存量的正向影響，但對非相關技術存量的影響不顯著。然而，該地區(qū)在一項技術中進入新的突破性發(fā)明的能力依賴于與該技術相關和無關的知識的組合。

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Overtime: The Cultural Political Economy of Illicit Labor in the Electronics Industry

加班:電子工業(yè)非法勞工的文化政治經(jīng)濟學

Carlo Inverardi-Ferri

This article investigates the relationship between overtime and corporate codes of conduct in the global electronics industry through a cultural political economy perspective. First, drawing on examples from China, it considers how the changing political economy of global production has contributed to the emergence of illicit overtime in the electronics industry. The article examines the endemic use of excessive working hours at the first-tier supplier level and explains it as a systemic method to sustain competitive accumulation in a sector characterized by tight production cycles. Second, the article analyzes the economic imaginary that supports the use of overtime and the accompanying mechanisms that institutionalize it as a material practice. It shows that the Responsible Business Alliance Code of Conduct plays a crucial role in reproducing illicit conditions. Conclusions explore the potential of reorienting geographic understandings of illicit practices within the mainstream economy.

本文通過文化政治經(jīng)濟學的視角，研究了全球電子行業(yè)加班與企業(yè)行為準則之間的關系。首先，考慮了全球生產(chǎn)中不斷變化的政治經(jīng)濟是如何促成電子行業(yè)非法加班的出現(xiàn)的。本文研究了在一級供應商層面上普遍使用的過度工作時間，并將其解釋為在一個生產(chǎn)周期緊張的行業(yè)中維持競爭性積累的系統(tǒng)性方法。其次，本文分析了支持加班使用的經(jīng)濟想象，以及將其制度化為物質實踐的伴隨機制。這表明，負責任的商業(yè)聯(lián)盟行為準則在復制非法條件方面發(fā)揮著至關重要的作用。結論:探索在主流經(jīng)濟中重新定位對非法行為的地理理解的潛力。

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Injected Urbanism? Exploring India’s Urbanizing Periphery

注入都市生活?探索印度的城市化邊緣

Robbin Jan van Duijne,?Jan Nijman?&?Chetan Choithani

Engaging with different literatures in economic geography, postcolonial urbanism, and planetary urbanization, this article seeks to develop a theoretical understanding of remote urban formations taking shape in India’s countryside. The analysis draws on extensive primary data collected at two study sites in Bihar and West Bengal, which rendered an uncommonly rich data set for such remote areas. We observe emergent urban formations that result from densification, expansion, and amalgamation of built-up environments and a massive shift of employment out of the agricultural sector. At the same time, alternative local economic opportunities are scarce, giving way to significant increases in circular labor migration. We introduce the concept of injected urbanism to denote a form of urbanization that is exogenously generated through remittances, in the absence of significant local agglomeration processes. The infusion of remittances drives local economic restructuring and the emergence of a consumption economy. Injected urbanism spurs local development, but its dependence on economic activity elsewhere raises important questions about its sustainability.

本文結合經(jīng)濟地理學、后殖民城市化和行星城市化等領域的不同文獻，試圖從理論上理解印度農(nóng)村地區(qū)正在形成的偏遠城市形態(tài)。該分析利用了在比哈爾邦和西孟加拉邦兩個研究地點收集的大量原始數(shù)據(jù)，為這些偏遠地區(qū)提供了異常豐富的數(shù)據(jù)集。我們觀察到，由于建筑環(huán)境的密集、擴張和合并，以及就業(yè)從農(nóng)業(yè)部門大規(guī)模轉移，城市形成了新興的形態(tài)。與此同時，其他地方經(jīng)濟機會稀缺，讓位于循環(huán)勞動力遷移的顯著增加。我們引入了注入式城市化的概念，以表示在沒有顯著本地集聚過程的情況下，通過僑匯外生產(chǎn)生的一種城市化形式。僑匯的流入推動了當?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟結構調整和消費經(jīng)濟的出現(xiàn)。注入型城市主義刺激了當?shù)氐陌l(fā)展，但它對其他地方經(jīng)濟活動的依賴提出了關于其可持續(xù)性的重要問題。

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The Techno-politics of Rental Housing Financialization: Real Estate Service Companies and Technocratic Expertise in Australia’s Build to Rent Market

租賃住房金融化的技術政治:房地產(chǎn)服務公司和澳大利亞建筑租賃市場的技術官僚專業(yè)知識

Megan Nethercote

This article argues private expertise is a driving force behind the global expansion of rental housing financialization and, particularly, the making of build to rent (BTR) assets and markets. It develops this argument by investigating Australia’s underexamined BTR market and global real estate service companies (RESCs) as ubiquitous yet unscrutinized intermediaries in this new financialization frontier. Its analysis heeds calls to attend to assetization, as the process of turning things into assets, deploying science and technology studies-inspired marketization approaches, which understand markets as sociotechnical assemblages, and their prior integration with critical political economy of financialization. This approach is enhanced by engaging with the techno-politics of market-making scholarship, which sensitizes assetization approaches to the politics of expertise. This conceptual move respecifies market devices (i.e., material and discursive assemblages of market making) as knowledge contingent (i.e., that require and assert expert knowledge) and provides conceptual terrain to explore the rule of private experts in assetization. Analysis of interviews, media, and industry reporting reveals how RESCs’ epistemic, discursive, and technical efforts format the emergent market, making BTR assets thinkable, visible, calculable, and transactable. This article repositions rental housing financialization as a techno-political project led in nontrivial ways by private experts who act as financializing champions and as intermediaries connecting global finance and local sites, through advisory, valuation, brokerage, and lobbying. This contributes to understandings of the expanding global geographies of rental housing financialization and project ecologies behind urban production. Underscoring the power of private expertise to reconfigure housing markets recasts concerns surrounding market reliance as urban housing crisis salves.

本文認為，私人專業(yè)知識是全球租賃住房金融化擴張的驅動力，特別是建設租賃(BTR)資產(chǎn)和市場的形成。它通過調查澳大利亞缺乏審查的BTR市場和全球房地產(chǎn)服務公司(RESCs)來發(fā)展這一論點，這些公司是這一新的金融化前沿無處不在但未經(jīng)審查的中介。它的分析呼吁關注資產(chǎn)化，因為這是一個將事物轉化為資產(chǎn)的過程，部署科學和技術研究啟發(fā)的市場化方法，將市場理解為社會技術集合，并將其與金融化的關鍵政治經(jīng)濟學事先整合。通過參與做市學術的技術政治，這種方法得到了加強，這使得資產(chǎn)化方法對專業(yè)知識政治更加敏感。這一概念性舉措將市場設備(即做市的物質和話語組合)重新指定為知識或有(即需要和主張專家知識)，并為探索私人專家在資產(chǎn)證券化中的規(guī)則提供了概念地形。對采訪、媒體和行業(yè)報告的分析揭示了RESCs的知識、論述和技術努力如何格式化新興市場，使BTR資產(chǎn)變得可想象、可見、可計算和可交易。本文將租賃住房金融化重新定位為一個技術-政治項目，由私人專家以重要的方式領導，他們作為金融化的倡導者，通過咨詢、估值、經(jīng)紀和游說，作為連接全球金融和當?shù)鼐W(wǎng)站的中介。這有助于理解租賃住房金融化和城市生產(chǎn)背后的項目生態(tài)的不斷擴大的全球地理范圍。隨著城市住房危機的緩解，私人專業(yè)知識在重新配置住房市場方面的力量重新引發(fā)了人們對市場依賴的擔憂。