passage4

注解：標(biāo)題為紅色，翻譯為藍(lán)色，分析為綠色。

????????In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw(下巴,下巴口腔)—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

????????That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation(founding generation創(chuàng)國的那一代人，開國元?jiǎng)?. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy(嬰兒期,初期). More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.

????????More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

????????For one thing, the South could not afford to part with(part with丟棄) its slaves. Owning slaves was “l(fā)ike having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

????????And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

????????Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.

一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

本文是議論文。文章主要論述了美國一些開國元?jiǎng)讓?duì)待廢奴問題的態(tài)度和做法，并分析了其原因。

第一段是關(guān)于華盛頓補(bǔ)牙的一個(gè)例子，通過總統(tǒng)的軼事引出本文的主要內(nèi)容。

第二段指出一些開國元?jiǎng)纂m然憎恨奴隸制度，但很少為廢奴而斗爭。

隨后的四個(gè)段落分析了這些開國元?jiǎng)自谒麄內(nèi)纹趦?nèi)沒有廢除奴隸制的原因。

36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to.

[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.

[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.

[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.

[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.

36．提到喬治·華盛頓的牙齒手術(shù)是為了 。

[A] 說明過去原始的醫(yī)療行為

[B] 證明他那個(gè)時(shí)代奴隸制的殘忍

[C] 強(qiáng)調(diào)奴隸制在美國歷史上的作用

[D] 揭露他生活中不為人知的方面

37. We may infer from the second paragraph that.

[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.

[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.

[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.

[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.

37．從第二段我們可以推知 。

[A] DNA 技術(shù)已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用到歷史研究上

[B] 早期的美國面臨著微妙的處境

[C] 歷史學(xué)家故意編造了杰斐遜的一些生活故事

[D] 在整個(gè)美國歷史上政治妥協(xié)隨處可見

38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?

[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.

[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.

[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.

[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.

38．關(guān)于托馬斯·杰斐遜我們知道什么？

[A]他的政治觀點(diǎn)改變了他對(duì)奴隸制的態(tài)度

[B]父親的身份使他釋放了兒童奴隸

[C]他對(duì)奴隸制抱有復(fù)雜的態(tài)度

[D]他與一名奴隸的曖昧關(guān)系玷污了其名聲

39. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.

[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.

[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.

[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.

39．根據(jù)文章，下面哪一項(xiàng)正確？

[A] 一些開國元?jiǎng)讉冊(cè)谡紊系靡嬗谂`制。

[B] 過去的奴隸沒有選舉權(quán)。

[C] 奴隸主常常擁有大筆存款。

[D] 奴隸制被視為一種奇特的制度。

40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .

[A] moral considerations.

[B] military experience.

[C] financial conditions.

[D] political stand.

40．華盛頓釋放奴隸的決定源于他的 。

[A]道德考慮

[B]軍事經(jīng)歷

[C]經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況

[D]政治立場(chǎng)

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯

1. bedrock n. 基巖；底蘊(yùn)；最小量

2. carve v. 切割；雕刻；造成

3. clause n. 分句；條款

4. extract v. 拔出，提煉出；推斷出

5. from the bottom up 從頭，完全徹底地

6. part with sth 放棄，交出

7. spur v. 用馬刺刺馬；激勵(lì)，鞭策；促進(jìn)，加速

三、閱讀答案：D B C A B

四、全文翻譯：?

????????1784 年，也就是喬治·華盛頓成為美國總統(tǒng)的前五年，52 歲的他牙齒幾乎掉光了。于是他雇了一名牙醫(yī)往自己口腔里植入了九顆牙，這些牙是從他的奴隸之口中拔出來的。

????????這與大多數(shù)人所記得的歷史書中華盛頓砍倒櫻桃樹的形象截然不同。但是最近，很多歷史學(xué)家開始關(guān)注奴隸制在開國元?jiǎng)讉兊纳钪兴缪莸慕巧Ｋ麄兊呐d趣部分源自 1998 年的 DNA 證據(jù)，它幾乎肯定地證明了托馬斯·杰斐遜曾與其奴隸薩利·赫明斯育有至少一個(gè)孩子。然而學(xué)者只在過去三十年間才自下而上研究歷史。幾位歷史學(xué)家的著作揭示了這些國家早期領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的道德妥協(xié)以及新生國家的脆弱性。更意味深長的是，他們認(rèn)為許多開國元?jiǎng)酌髦`制錯(cuò)誤，卻很少有人試圖推翻它。

????????歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為，最重要的原因是開國元?jiǎng)讉兪艿疆?dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)文化的局限。盡管華盛頓和杰斐遜私下里都表達(dá)了對(duì)奴隸制的反感，但是他們也知道奴隸制是他們努力創(chuàng)建的國家的政治與經(jīng)濟(jì)基石的一部分。一方面，南方不能沒有奴隸?！恫煌昝赖纳系郏簡讨巍とA盛頓，他的奴隸和他創(chuàng)造的美利堅(jiān)》一書的作者溫瑟柯稱：擁有奴隸就如同“擁有一筆巨額存款”。如果沒有對(duì)這種“奇特的制度”的保護(hù)性條款(其中一項(xiàng)規(guī)定黑奴按 3/5 人口計(jì)算以保證國會(huì)代表權(quán))，南方各州是不會(huì)簽署憲法的。

????????這些政治家們的政治前途也取決于奴隸制。3/5 規(guī)定增加了選舉人團(tuán)制度中南方州的選票數(shù)，使杰弗遜在 1800 年大選以微弱的優(yōu)勢(shì)獲勝。他在任總統(tǒng)期間通過 1803 年的“路易斯安那購地”擴(kuò)大了奴隸制，這片新國土被劃分成 13 個(gè)州，其中三個(gè)實(shí)行奴隸制。

????????但是，杰弗遜給了赫明斯的孩子自由——雖然沒有給她本人和其他近 150 名奴隸自由。目睹了解放戰(zhàn)爭中黑人士兵的勇敢后，華盛頓開始相信人人生而平等，他不顧親戚的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，在遺囑中賦予他的奴隸自由。而僅僅在那之前十年的弗吉尼亞州，這種行為的實(shí)施還要得到立法機(jī)關(guān)的批準(zhǔn)。