passage2

注解：標(biāo)題為紅色，翻譯為藍(lán)色，分析為綠色。

????????????It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations(((與政治、宗教等組織的)聯(lián)系，從屬關(guān)系，文章中是指代文章作者所屬機(jī)構(gòu)相關(guān)信息)) from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline(下降，拒絕(文章取這個意思)) it. Copyright rested with(rest?with取決于，在于)? the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

????????????No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome(帥氣的，大量的(這里取這個意思)) profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor(努力,盡力（等于 endeavour)).

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1.handsome（男子）英俊的，帥氣的；（女子）端莊健美的；寬敞而美觀的，宏偉的；慷慨的，氣量大的；（金額）可觀的，優(yōu)厚的；（禮品、獎品）貴重的，值錢的；（勝利）重大的。為什么handsome即可指帥氣，又可以指端莊，又可以指大量的呢，還可以指重大成功的重大呢？因?yàn)閔andsome=hand手里+some一些=手里有一些資本=手里有一些資本,比如顏值也是一種資本，金錢也是一種資本，勝利的成就也是一種資本。

2.?But it goes further than that.字面意思就是它會比這走得更遠(yuǎn)，顯然這里的“走”，它是有指代的，具體什么指代，你得看下文。一般來說，都是表示意義會走得更遠(yuǎn)，所以這里翻譯：它的意義會比這走得更遠(yuǎn)。

3.endeavour努力，盡力 記憶法：endeavour=end終結(jié)+ea(easy)容易+vour(tour)旅行=終結(jié)了人生容易的旅行，現(xiàn)在的路不再那么容易了，所以需要努力和盡力的時刻到了=努力，盡力

】

? ?????????The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business(bussiness如果上文在說某個公司，那么這里就是公司的意思。如果上文在說某個領(lǐng)域，那么這里就是產(chǎn)業(yè)的意思).?. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

????????????This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing(許可；批準(zhǔn)license) agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives(archive文檔), where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories(repository 貯藏室,這里指知識的貯藏室或者說知識庫). Other models exist that are hybrids(hybrid雜交,混血)? of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

本文是一篇說明文。

文章主要說明了學(xué)術(shù)期刊出版發(fā)生的變化，一種新型出版業(yè)——網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版的出現(xiàn)及其對傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)的影響。

第一段介紹了傳統(tǒng)學(xué)術(shù)期刊出版的流程和特點(diǎn)。

第二段說明網(wǎng)絡(luò)對出版的重要影響，出現(xiàn)了免費(fèi)使用科研成果的趨勢。這不僅影響傳統(tǒng)出版業(yè)的利潤，而且標(biāo)志著科學(xué)方面的重大變化。

第三段用數(shù)據(jù)表明學(xué)術(shù)出版業(yè)是一個利潤巨大的行業(yè)。

第四段說明網(wǎng)絡(luò)改變了刊物出版的傳統(tǒng)形式，介紹了出版業(yè)現(xiàn)今一些全新的出版形式。

末句總結(jié)全文，呼應(yīng)文首，指出學(xué)術(shù)期刊出版已經(jīng)發(fā)生改變。

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses.

[A] the background information of journal editing

[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports

[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers

[D] the traditional process of journal publication

26．作者在第一段論述的是 。

[A] 期刊編輯的背景知識

[B] 實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告的出版流程

[C] 作者與期刊出版商的關(guān)系

[D] 傳統(tǒng)的期刊出版過程

27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

[A] It criticizes government-funded research.

[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.

[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.

27.下面那一項(xiàng)是有關(guān)經(jīng)合組織報(bào)告的正確說法？

[A] 它批評了政府資助的研究項(xiàng)目。

[B] 它標(biāo)志著一種有效的出版方式的開始。

[C] 它讓獲利的期刊出版商悻然不快。

[D] 它使科研受益匪淺。

28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that.

[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results

[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers

[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge

[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research

28．根據(jù)文章，網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版的重要意義在于 。

[A] 它提供了使用科研資源的便捷方式

[B] 它給科研人員帶來了巨大的利潤

[C] 它強(qiáng)調(diào)了科學(xué)知識的關(guān)鍵作用

[D] 它促進(jìn)了科研的公共投資

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to.

[A] cover the cost of its publication

[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it

[C] allow other online journals to use it freely

[D] complete the peer-review before submission

29．在開放存取出版模式中，論文作者被要求 。

[A] 承擔(dān)出版成本

[B] 訂閱發(fā)表論文的期刊

[C] 允許其它在線期刊免費(fèi)使用他的論文

[D] 在遞交論文之前完成同行專家評議

30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?

[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.

[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.

30．下面哪一項(xiàng)最恰當(dāng)?shù)馗爬吮疚牡闹髦即笠猓?/span>

[A] 網(wǎng)絡(luò)對出版商正在構(gòu)成威脅。

[B] 新的出版模式正在出現(xiàn)。

[C] 論文作者樂意接受出版新渠道。

[D] 在線服務(wù)使出版更容易。

二、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯

1. straightforward a. 直截了當(dāng)?shù)?；坦率的；簡單?/span>

2. submit v. 服從；提出

3. affiliation n. 隸屬關(guān)系，隸屬機(jī)構(gòu)

4. rest with sb. 是……的責(zé)任或份內(nèi)的事

5. subscribe v. 簽名；捐款；訂購

6. handsome a. 漂亮的，英俊的；美觀的；數(shù)量大的

7. heavy/ light reading 讀起來費(fèi)力/ 輕松的閱讀材料

8. hybrid n. 雜種；混血兒

9. archive n. 檔案文件

三、閱讀答案：D C A A B

四、全文翻譯：?

????????這曾經(jīng)是簡單、直接的一件事。一個實(shí)驗(yàn)室中的研究組將他們的研究結(jié)果呈遞給一份專業(yè)刊物。此刊物的編輯隱去論文作者的名字和所屬機(jī)構(gòu)，然后送交同行專家評議，并根據(jù)得到的評價決定是否刊登這篇論文。論文的版權(quán)歸刊物出版商，其他尋找相關(guān)知識的研究者只有通過訂閱此刊物才能獲取該研究結(jié)果。

????????但這種行為將成為歷史了。許多基金會質(zhì)問為何商業(yè)刊物可以通過限制科研成果的使用從政府資助的研究項(xiàng)目中獲利，這種壓力和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展使免費(fèi)使用科研成果變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織最近發(fā)表報(bào)告評論了此舉的深遠(yuǎn)影響。這篇由澳大利亞維多利亞大學(xué)的約翰?豪斯和經(jīng)合組織的格萊漢姆?維克利共同撰寫的報(bào)告讓那些獲取了巨大利潤的出版商讀起來心情沉重。但它的意義并不僅至于此，它還表明目前科學(xué)研究中一個關(guān)鍵要素發(fā)生了改變。

????????知識的價值和公共科研投資的回報(bào)在某種程度上取決于廣泛的傳播和方便的獲取。這是一個大產(chǎn)業(yè)。據(jù)估算，美國科研核心刊物的市場價值大約在 70 億到 110 億美元之間。國際科技與醫(yī)學(xué)出版商協(xié)會稱，目前全球有超過 2000 家的出版公司從事此領(lǐng)域的出版，他們每年在近 16，000 種刊物中刊登超過 120萬篇文章。

????????這一切正在改變，根據(jù)經(jīng)合組織的報(bào)告，目前已有 75%的學(xué)術(shù)刊物可以在線閱讀。全新的出版模式正在形成。報(bào)告的作者提到了三種主要的模式。第一種是所謂的“一攬子捆綁銷售”，機(jī)構(gòu)訂戶通過許可協(xié)議付費(fèi)閱讀一系列電子期刊。第二種是開放存取式出版，主要依靠作者或其雇主支付論文出版費(fèi)用。第三種是開放式歸檔，要求諸如大學(xué)或者國際實(shí)驗(yàn)室支持的機(jī)構(gòu)知識庫。其他的模式是這三種的混合體，即，一些刊物前六個月只允許付費(fèi)訂閱者閱讀論文，然后才以免費(fèi)模式提供給所有想閱讀的人。這一切都將改變傳統(tǒng)的同行評議程序，至少對于論文出版是如此。