【簡譯】阿茲特克太陽石

2022-09-06 21:05 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

The Aztec Sun Stone (or Calendar Stone) depicts the five consecutive worlds of the sun from Aztec mythology. The stone is not, therefore, in any sense a functioning calendar, but rather it is an elaborately carved solar disk, which for the Aztecs and other Mesoamerican cultures represented rulership. At the top of the stone is a date glyph (13 reed) which represents both the beginning of the present sun, the 5th and final one according to mythology, and the actual date 1427 CE, thereby legitimizing the rule of Itzcoatl (who took power in that year) and creating a bond between the divine and mankind.

? ? ? ? ? 阿茲特克太陽石（或日歷石）描繪了阿茲特克神話中的五個(gè)連續(xù)的太陽世界。因此，這塊石頭在任何意義上都不是一個(gè)有效的日歷，而是一個(gè)精心雕刻的太陽盤，這對(duì)阿茲特克人和其他中美洲文化來說，它代表著無上的統(tǒng)治權(quán)。在石頭的頂部有一個(gè)日期字樣（13個(gè)蘆葦），它既代表了現(xiàn)在太陽的開始，根據(jù)神話，這是第五個(gè)也是最后一個(gè)太陽，也代表了公元1427年的實(shí)際日期，從而使伊茨考特爾的統(tǒng)治合法化（他在這一年掌權(quán)），并在神和人類之間建立了聯(lián)系。

The stone was discovered in December 1790 CE in the central plaza of Mexico City and now resides in the National Museum of Anthropology in that city. The richly carved basalt stone was once a part of the architectural complex of the Temple Mayor and measures 3.58 metres in diameter, is 98 centimetres thick, and weighs 25 tons. The stone would originally have been laid flat on the ground and possibly anointed with blood sacrifices. When it was discovered, the stone was lying flat and upside down, perhaps in an attempt to prevent the final cataclysm - the fall of the 5th and final sun - as the Aztec world fell apart following the attack from the Old World.

? ? ? ? ? 這塊石頭于公元1790年12月在墨西哥城的中央廣場(chǎng)被人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)存于該城市的國家人類學(xué)博物館。這塊雕刻精美的玄武巖石頭曾經(jīng)是馬約爾神廟建筑群的一部分，直徑3.58米，厚98厘米，重25噸。這塊石頭原本是平放在地上的，可能還被血祭過。當(dāng)它被發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)，這塊石頭是平躺著的，也許是為了防止最后的大災(zāi)難——第五個(gè)也是最后一個(gè)太陽的隕落。因?yàn)榘⑵澨乜耸澜缭趤碜耘f世界的攻擊后分崩離析了。

At the centre of the stone is a representation of either the sun god Tonatiuh (the Day Sun) or Yohualtonatiuh (the Night Sun) or the primordial earth monster Tlaltecuhtli, in the latter case representing the final destruction of the world when the 5th sun fell to earth. The tongue is perhaps also a sacrificial knife and, sticking out, it suggests a thirst for blood and sacrifice. Around the central face at four points are the other four suns which successively replaced each other after the gods Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca struggled for control of the cosmos until the era of the 5th sun was reached. The suns are known by the day name on which their final destruction occurred. Beginning from the top right there is the first sun Nahui Ocelotl (4 - Jaguar), top left is the second sun Nahui Ehécatl (4 - Wind), bottom left the third sun Nahui Quiáhuitl (4 - Rain) and bottom right is the fourth sun Nahui Atl (4 - Water).

? ? ? ? ? 在石頭的中心是太陽神Tonatiuh（白天的太陽）或Yohualtonatiuh（夜晚的太陽）或原始地球怪物Tlaltecuhtli的代表。在后者情景下，當(dāng)?shù)谖鍌€(gè)太陽落入地球時(shí)，代表世界的最終毀滅。舌頭也許也是一把祭祀用的刀，它伸出來，暗示著對(duì)血和犧牲的渴求。圍繞著中央臉部的四個(gè)點(diǎn)是其他四個(gè)太陽，在奎托卡特爾和特茲卡特里波卡神爭奪宇宙的控制權(quán)后，這四個(gè)太陽相繼取代了對(duì)方，直到第五個(gè)太陽的時(shí)代到來。這些太陽以其最終毀滅的日期名稱而聞名。從右上方開始是第一個(gè)太陽Nahui Ocelotl（4-美洲豹），左上方是第二個(gè)太陽Nahui Ehécatl（4-風(fēng)），左下方是第三個(gè)太陽Nahui Quiáhuitl（4-雨），右下方是第四個(gè)太陽Nahui Atl（4-水）。

On either side of the central face are two jaguar heads or paws, each clutching a heart, representing the terrestrial realm. The band running immediately around the suns is segmented into the 20 Aztec day-names (hence the Calendar Stone name). Then there is a decorative ring surrounded by another ring depicting symbols which represent turquoise and jade, symbols of the equinoxes and solstices, and the colours of the heavens. The two heads at the bottom centre represent fire serpents, and their bodies run around the perimeter of the stone with each ending in a tail. The four cardinal and the inter-cardinal directions are also indicated with larger and lesser points respectively.

? ? ? ? ? 在中央面的兩側(cè)有兩個(gè)美洲豹的頭或爪子，每個(gè)都攥著一顆心，代表陸地領(lǐng)域。緊挨著太陽的帶子被分割成20個(gè)阿茲特克日名（因此被稱為日歷石）。然后是一個(gè)裝飾環(huán)，周圍有另一個(gè)環(huán)，描繪了代表綠松石和玉石的符號(hào)，象征著分和至，以及天體的顏色。底部中央的兩個(gè)頭代表火蛇，它們的身體圍繞著石頭的周邊，每一個(gè)都以尾巴為終點(diǎn)。四個(gè)紅心方向和紅心間方向也分別用較大和較小的點(diǎn)表示。