中 世 紀 英 國 城 堡 里 的 休 閑 生 活

Thanks to their favoured position in life and the labour of the peasants on their estates, nobles in an English medieval castle had plenty of leisure hours which could be frittered away by eating, drinking, dancing, playing games like chess, or reading romantic stories of daring-do. Other ways to pass the time and impress one's peers were hunting in the local forest or deer park, falconry, jousting, needlework, composing poetry, playing music, and watching professional acrobats, jugglers, and jesters.

? ? ? ? ? 由于生活中有利的地位與莊園里農(nóng)民的勞作，中世紀英國城堡里的貴族們有大量的閑暇時間，可以通過吃喝玩樂、跳舞、下棋等游戲，或閱讀浪漫的大膽故事來消磨。其他打發(fā)時間和打動同行的活動還有：在當?shù)厣只蚵乖丰鳙C、獵鷹、比武、做針線活、作詩、演奏音樂，以及觀看專業(yè)的雜技、雜耍和小丑。

狩? ? ?獵

Many larger castles would have had their own stables, so horse riding was a possible form of leisure but riding for a purpose was perhaps even more popular. Hunting was the greatest example, and it was not only a leisure pursuit but had the practical rewards of improving horsemanship and dexterity with weapons, as well as livening up the castle dinner menu, too. A professional huntsman and his beaters and dog handlers stalked the animals in the local forest or protected deer park using leashed dogs. When ready a horn was blown to signal the off, and then the nobles - both men and women - rode with a pack of hunting dogs to chase down animals such as deer, boars, wolves, foxes, and hares. The breed of dogs commonly used were the hound (brachet), greyhound (levrier), and bloodhound (lymer). For the more formidable boar, the breed used was the alaunt, which was similar to the modern German shepherd.

? ? ? ? ? 許多規(guī)模較大的城堡都有自己的馬廄，所以騎馬在當時或許是一種休閑娛樂的方式，但為某種目的而騎馬可能更受歡迎。狩獵是最典型的例子，它不僅是一種休閑方式，而且有實際的回報，可以提高騎術和使用武器的靈活性，同時也可以使城堡的晚餐菜單更加豐富。專業(yè)的獵手會與和他的打手及牽狗人在當?shù)氐纳只蚴鼙Ｗo的鹿園里用牽著的狗跟蹤動物。當獵手們準備就緒時，會吹響號角以示出發(fā)，然后貴族們——包括男人和女人——騎著馬、牽著一群獵狗去追趕鹿、野豬、狼、狐貍和野兔等動物。常用的狗的品種是獵犬（brachet）、灰狗（levrier）和獵血犬（lymer）。對于更可怕的野豬，使用的犬種是Alaunt，它類似于現(xiàn)代的德國牧羊犬。

The whole hunting party included retainers and grooms, and so there was the possibility of a picnic mid-hunt. Once an animal was cornered a noble was given the opportunity to make the kill using a lance or bow and arrow. Even if a lord did not have his own hunting grounds, he could always pay for the privilege elsewhere as many large estate owners offered the right to hunt on their grounds for an appropriate fee. Forests were a hugely valuable resource in medieval times, and they had their own officers and inspectors to make sure they were not damaged by local farmers. Deer parks, ranging anywhere from 400 to 4000 square metres, were enclosed by earthworks, fences, and an encircling ditch. Infringements such as grazing livestock or felling timber on a castle's lands without permission led to prosecution in courts dedicated to forestry matters. Anyone who was caught poaching met with severe punishments such as fines, imprisonment, or even blinding. Finally, a fine hunting park next to one's castle was a powerful social statement in the competitive environment of aristocratic one-upmanship. Size, number of animals, and scenic additions such as ponds, as well as the granting of gift licenses to hunt in them, were all ways for a castle owner to impress friends and visitors alike.

? ? ? ? ? 整個狩獵隊包括家臣和馬夫，因此有可能在狩獵中進行野餐。一旦動物被圍住，貴族就有機會使用長矛或弓箭進行射殺。即使一個領主沒有自己的狩獵場，他也可以在其他地方花錢購買這種特權(quán)，因為許多大莊園主只要支付適當?shù)馁M用就可以在他們的場地上狩獵。在中世紀，森林是一種極為寶貴的資源，它們有自己的官員和檢查員，以確保不被當?shù)剞r(nóng)民破壞。鹿苑的面積從400到4000平方米不等，由土堆、柵欄和環(huán)繞的溝渠圍起來。未經(jīng)許可在城堡的土地上放牧或砍伐木材等違法行為，會被專門處理林業(yè)問題的法院起訴。任何被抓到偷獵的人都會受到嚴厲的懲罰，如罰款、監(jiān)禁，甚至是致盲。最后，在貴族的競爭環(huán)境中，在自己的城堡旁邊有一個精美的狩獵公園是社會聲望的一種展現(xiàn)。規(guī)模、動物數(shù)量和池塘等風景區(qū)的增加，以及授予狩獵許可證，都是城堡主人打動朋友和游客的方式。

獵 鷹 活 動

The use of birds to kill other birds is an ancient practice and, in the medieval period, falconry was especially popular across Europe. Just about any self-respecting lord had his own falcons, and his favourite bird very often shared the lord's bedroom at night and was rarely off his master's wrist during the day. Without firearms, a falcon was the only way to catch birds which flew beyond the range of an archer, although for the medieval nobility, the whole sport had a mystique and mythology about it beyond the expedience of bagging a few fowl for the table. Indeed, women also practised falconry, as can be seen on many seals depicting a noblewoman holding her favourite hawk. Such was the importance of falconry that there were books written on how to excel at it, most famously The Art of Falconry (De Arte Venandi cum Avibus) compiled by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (r. 1220-1250 CE). Popular birds of choice were the gerfalcon, peregrine, goshawk, and sparrowhawk, amongst others. The birds were expensive to train and keep, so the more a lord had in his castle mews, the better he could impress his friends. Both waterfowl and forest birds were targeted, especially cranes and ducks.

? ? ? ? ? 使用鳥類來殺死其他鳥類是一種古老的做法，在中世紀時期，獵鷹在整個歐洲特別流行。幾乎所有有自尊心的領主都有自己的獵鷹，而且他們最喜歡的鳥在晚上經(jīng)常與領主的臥室共用，白天也很少離開主人的手腕。在沒有火器的情況下，獵鷹是捕捉弓箭手射程之外的鳥類的唯一方法，盡管對于中世紀的貴族來說，整個運動除了為餐桌捕獲幾只雞之外，還有一種神秘感與神話色彩。事實上，婦女也從事獵鷹活動，從許多描繪貴族婦女手持她們最喜愛的鷹的印章上可以看出。獵鷹術如此重要，以至于有人寫了關于如何精通它的書，最著名的是神圣羅馬帝國皇帝腓特烈二世（公元1220-1250年）編撰的《獵鷹術》（De Arte Venandi cum Avibus）。受歡迎的鳥類有獵鷹、游隼、蒼鷹和雀鷹，等等。這些鳥的訓練和飼養(yǎng)費用很高，所以一個領主在他的城堡里擁有的鳥越多，他就越能給朋友留下好印象。水禽和森林鳥類都是捕獵目標，特別是鶴和鴨子。

比? ? ?賽

Like hunting, tournaments gave knights the chance to hone their skills with horses and weapons in a relatively safe and controlled environment, although there could be injuries and fatalities despite the precautions. The competitions took two formats, either a mêlée, which was a mock cavalry battle where knights had to capture each other for a ransom or the joust where a single rider armed with a lance charged at an opponent who was similarly armed. To minimise the risk of injury, weapons were adapted such as the fitting of a three-pointed head to the lance in order to reduce the impact and swords were blunted (rebated). Such weapons became known as 'arms of courtesy' or à plaisance. The popular Round Table tournaments involved knights dressing up as characters from the legends of King Arthur who then jousted and feasted in costume. Watched by an audience which included the local aristocratic ladies, motivation to perform and display chivalry was high. There were also prizes such as a gold crown, jewels, or a prized hawk so that many knights made a living doing a tour of tournament events across Europe.

? ? ? ? ? 像狩獵一樣，比賽讓騎士們有機會在一個相對安全和可控的環(huán)境中磨練他們的馬匹和武器技能，盡管有預防措施，但還是會有受傷和死亡的情況。比賽有兩種形式，一種是混戰(zhàn)，即模擬騎兵戰(zhàn)，騎士們必須抓住對方以獲得贖金；另一種是比武，即由一名手持長矛的騎手向擁有同樣武器的對手沖鋒。為了將受傷的風險降到最低，對武器進行了改造，如在長矛上安裝了一個三點式的槍頭，以減少沖擊力，劍也被鈍化了（rebated）。這類武器被稱為 "禮節(jié)性武器 "或à plaisance。流行的圓桌比賽涉及騎士們裝扮成亞瑟王傳說中的人物，然后在服裝上進行比試和宴請。在包括當?shù)刭F族婦女在內(nèi)的觀眾的注視下，表演和展示騎士精神的積極性很高。還有一些獎品，如金冠、珠寶或珍貴的鷹，因此許多騎士以在歐洲各地進行巡回賽事為生。

Even if a local tournament was not perhaps a regular event, one could at least practice for them. A common device to hone one's lancing skills was the quintain - a rotating arm with a shield at one end and a weight at the other. A knight had to hit the shield and keep riding on to avoid being hit in the back by the weight as it swung around. Another device was a suspended ring which the knight had to catch and remove with the tip of his lance.

? ? ? ? ? 比賽不可能是定期舉行的，但至少可以為其進行練習。磨練長矛技巧的一個常見裝置是quintain——一個一端有盾牌、另一端有重物的旋轉(zhuǎn)臂。騎士必須擊中盾牌并繼續(xù)騎行，以避免被旋轉(zhuǎn)中的重物擊中背部。另一個裝置是一個懸掛的環(huán)，騎士必須用他的長矛尖抓住并取下。

文 學 作 品

As part of the code of medieval chivalry, gentlemen were expected not only to be familiar with poetry but also capable of composing and performing it. Books, really sheaves of illuminated manuscripts, were available on all manner of subjects besides poetry, though. There were handbooks for self-improvement such as good etiquette at table and chivalry in general, none more famous than the c. 1265 CE Book of the Order of Chivalry by Raymond Lull of Majorca. There were treatises on such quintessential aristocratic pursuits as hunting and falconry, as mentioned above.

? ? ? ? ? ?作為中世紀騎士精神的一部分，紳士們不僅要熟悉詩歌，還要有能力創(chuàng)作和表演詩歌。不過，除了詩歌之外，還有各種形式的書籍，實際上是成堆的手稿。有一些針對自我完善的手冊，如餐桌上的良好禮儀和一般的騎士精神，其中最有名的莫過于馬約卡島的雷蒙德·盧爾（Raymond Lull，又譯為拉蒙·柳利）在公元1265年寫的《騎士精神》。如上所述，還有關于狩獵和獵鷹等典型的貴族追求的論述。

Then there were the stories which had survived from antiquity such as the Trojan War or adventures of Alexander the Great where characters and events were given a distinctly knightly, chivalric slant appropriate to the medieval mind. Perhaps the first work of this genre was Benoit de Saint-Maure's The Romance of Troy (c. 1160 CE). The legend of King Arthur was further popularised by such authors as the 12th-century CE Englishman Geoffrey of Monmouth and Frenchman Chrétien de Troyes. The tale of Saint George's tussle with a dragon was popularised by the c. 1260 CE The Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine. There even sprang up romances and romanticised biographies of famous medieval knights like Richard I of England (r. 1189-1199 CE) and Sir William Marshal (c. 1146-1219 CE).

? ? ? ? ? 還有一些從古代流傳下來的故事，如特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭或亞歷山大大帝的冒險，其中的人物和事件被賦予了明顯的騎士精神，適合中世紀的思想。也許這種類型的第一部作品是伯努瓦·德·圣莫爾的《特洛伊的浪漫》（約公元1160年）。亞瑟王的傳說被公元12世紀的英國人Geoffrey of Monmouth（蒙茅斯的杰弗里）和法國人Chrétien de Troyes（克雷蒂安·德·特魯瓦）等作者進一步推廣。圣喬治與龍搏斗的故事被公元1260年左右的Jacobus de Voragine（雅各布·德·佛拉金）的《黃金傳說》推廣。甚至還出現(xiàn)了中世紀著名騎士的浪漫故事和浪漫傳記，如英格蘭的理查德一世（R. 1189-1199 CE）和威廉·馬歇爾爵士（約1146-1219 CE）。

Although aristocratic women might do a little embroidery and spinning to fill the hours, they had often been educated and so could read, write, and perform poetry. Castle architecture reflected these leisure pursuits by incorporating into their inner-facing walls windows with their own seats in order to provide a place with good lighting. Noble ladies might also be sponsors of poets, some forming celebrated literary circles.

? ? ? ? ? 雖然貴族婦女可能會做一點刺繡和紡紗來打發(fā)時間，但她們往往受過教育，因此可以閱讀、寫作和表演詩歌。城堡建筑反映了這些休閑的追求，在其面向內(nèi)墻的窗戶中加入了自己的座位，以提供一個有良好照明的場所。貴族夫人也可能是詩人的贊助人，還形成了著名的文學圈（學術沙龍）。

棋 盤 游 戲 和 庭 院 游 戲

If the weather was not conducive to a game of bowls on the castle lawn, then indoor games might be the order of the day. Backgammon, dice, and chess were all popular games in the medieval period with both men and women. These games might involve a bit of betting to make them more interesting. Gambling does not seem to have suffered from any negative reputation, and even clergymen are recorded as indulging in it. Chess, introduced to Europe from India via Arabia c. 1000 CE, was known as 'the royal game' because of its huge popularity. There were two varieties - one very similar to the modern game and another, simplified version which involved dice. Knights even played chess when on campaign to while away the more tedious moments of long sieges, as depicted in medieval manuscript illustrations.

? ? ? ? ? 如果天氣不利于在城堡的草坪上進行球類游戲，那么室內(nèi)游戲可能是一天中最重要的事情。西洋雙陸棋、骰子和國際象棋都是中世紀時期男女都喜歡的游戲。這些游戲可能會涉及一些賭博，以使其更加有趣。賭博似乎并沒有受到任何負面的影響，甚至神職人員也有沉迷于此的記錄。國際象棋在公元1000年左右從印度經(jīng)阿拉伯傳入歐洲，因其大受歡迎而被稱為 "皇家游戲"。有兩個版本——一個與現(xiàn)代游戲非常相似，另一個是涉及骰子的簡化版本。騎士們甚至在戰(zhàn)爭中也玩國際象棋，以消磨長期圍困的乏味時光，這在中世紀的手稿插圖中有所描述。

Parlour games included hot cockles, where one person must kneel while blindfolded and guess the identity of the person striking him. Another game was hoodman blind where one person must catch another member of the group but have his head covered by a hood.

? ? ? ? ? 庭院游戲包括 " hot cockles "，即一個人必須蒙著眼睛跪在地上，猜出打他的人的身份。另一個游戲是 "蒙眼人"，一個人必須抓住另一個成員，但他的頭要用頭巾遮住。

Children had toys to play with when they were not studying under the local chaplain or one of his clerks. These included dolls, balls, spinning tops, and toy weapons such as bows and arrows. Archery, in particular, was a popular pastime for aristocratic boys. One can also imagine that wooden swords were used as playthings to ready a boy for his later fencing classes, a popular sport with aristocratic men.

? ? ? ? ? 當孩子們不在當?shù)啬翈熁蚣依锼偷霓k事員手下學習時，他們有玩具可以玩。這些玩具包括娃娃、球、陀螺和玩具武器，如弓和箭。尤其是射箭，這是貴族男孩的一種流行的消遣方式。我們還可以想象，木劍被用作玩物，為男孩以后的擊劍課程做準備，這是一項受貴族男子歡迎的運動。

音 樂 、舞 蹈 與 節(jié) 慶 活 動

Eating was, of course, often an entertainment in itself, and in a castle, the main meal was an early lunch which might run to ten courses. After the meal, guests might dance, one type being the carole, where everyone held hands, danced in a circle, and sang. Guests were often amused by professional entertainers such as jugglers, and harpists, especially during a dinner. Troubadours (aka trouvères, travelling artists) and minstrels (in the employ of a castle) were particularly popular as they sang and played the lute, recorder, shawm (an early version of the oboe), vielle (an early violin), and percussion instruments such as drums and bells. They performed chanson de gestes and chansons d'amour, epic poems in Old French which told familiar stories of knightly daring deeds and impossible romances respectively. Other types of songs included laments, spinning songs, and political satires (sirventes). As noted above, many gentlemen took a turn at singing a song or performing a poem to music at a castle dinner party. A jester (ioculator) might tell jokes while making amusing sound effects with a bladder-slapstick or actors (ystriones) might perform serious dramatic scenes.

? ? ? ? ? 當然，吃飯本身就是一種樂趣，在城堡里，正餐是午餐，可能有十道菜。飯后，客人們可能會跳舞，其中一種舞蹈是卡洛爾舞，每個人都手拉手，圍成一圈，邊跳舞邊唱歌?？腿藗兘?jīng)常被專業(yè)的藝人，如雜耍者和豎琴家所逗樂，特別是在晚餐期間。游吟詩人（又稱trouvères，旅行藝術家）和吟游詩人（受雇于城堡）特別受歡迎，他們邊唱邊演奏琵琶、木笛、shawm（早期的雙簧管）、vielle（早期的小提琴），以及鼓和鐘等打擊樂器。他們表演的是 "勇氣之歌"（chanson de gestes）和 "愛情之歌"（chansons d'amour），這是用古法語寫的史詩，分別講述人們熟悉的騎士的勇敢行為和虛幻的浪漫故事。其他類型的歌曲包括哀歌、紡紗歌和政治諷刺詩（sirventes）。如上所述，許多紳士在城堡的晚宴上輪流唱歌或表演詩歌的音樂。一個小丑（ioculator）可能一邊講笑話，一邊用膀胱拍擊棒制造有趣的聲音效果，或者演員（ystriones）可能表演嚴肅的戲劇場景。

Naturally, holidays and festivals offered the opportunity for even more lavish meals and festivities. Then, as now, there were many Christian festivals and feasts but Christmas was the highlight of the year. With a 14-day holiday from Christmas Eve to Twelfth Day (6th January) the norm, the castle was decorated with holly, ivy, and bay. A huge Yule log was put in the Great Hall's fireplace and kept alight for the duration of the holiday. Knights in service of the local lord were given fine robes or even jewels as gifts. At this time of year, groups of pantomime artists known as mummers wore masks and went around houses performing and playing dice, receiving food and drink from their hosts in return.

? ? ? ? ? 誠然，假日和節(jié)日為貴族們提供了更多娛樂的機會，讓人們可以吃到更多的奢華美食和慶祝活動。當時和現(xiàn)在一樣，有許多基督教節(jié)日和盛宴，但圣誕節(jié)是一年中的重要節(jié)日。從平安夜到第十二天（1月6日）的14天假期是常態(tài)，城堡被用冬青、常春藤和海灣裝飾起來。大廳的壁爐里放著一根巨大的圣誕圓木，并在假期期間保持燃燒。為當?shù)仡I主服務的騎士會得到精美的長袍，甚至還有珠寶。在每年的這個時候，一群被稱為雜耍演員的人戴著面具，到各家各戶表演和玩骰子，從主人那里得到食物和飲料作為回報。

Even the castle's staff and farmers had reason to celebrate, receiving their Christmas bonus in the form of food, drink, clothing, and firewood. The local tenants might also receive a Christmas dinner in the castle, albeit using food they had themselves provided for the occasion (they even brought their own dishes, napkins, and firewood). They could take away any leftovers and there was a game known simply as the “ancient Christmas game” where the lucky finder of a bean buried in one of the bread loaves could act as the king of the feast.

? ? ? ? ? 即使是城堡的工作人員和農(nóng)民也有理由慶祝，他們會收到食物、飲料、衣服和柴火等形式的圣誕獎金。當?shù)氐淖鈶粢部赡茉诔潜だ锸盏揭活D圣誕大餐，盡管使用的是他們自己提供的食物（他們甚至帶來了自己的餐具、餐巾和木柴）。他們可以帶走任何剩余的食物，還有一個簡單的游戲被稱為 "古代圣誕游戲"，在這個游戲中，發(fā)現(xiàn)埋在一個面包中的豆子的幸運者可以充當宴會的國王。

參考書目：

Cantor, L.M. and J. Hatherlya۬. "The Medieval Parks of England." Geography, Vol. 64, No. 2 (April 1979), pp. 71-85.

Coss, P. Heraldry, Pageantry and Social Display in Medieval England. Boydell Press, 2018.

Creighton, O.H. Castles and Landscapes. Equinox Publishing, 2004.

Gies, J. Life in a Medieval Castle. Harper Perennial, 2015.

Phillips, C. The Complete Illustrated History of Knights & The Golden Age of Chivalry. Southwater, 2017.

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Pound, N.J.G. The Medieval Castle in England and Wales. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1993-11-26), 2018.

作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學碩士學位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址：

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1232/leisure-in-an-english-medieval-castle/