Tall towers and buildings have fascinated mankind from the beginning of civilization, their construction being initially for defense and subsequently for ecclesiastical purposes. The growth in modern tall building construction, however, which began in the 1880s, has been largely for commercial and residential purposes.

人類從文明社會(huì)的開始就向往著高樓大廈，最初建造的高大建筑是為了自身安全，隨后發(fā)展到教會(huì)建筑。現(xiàn)代高層建筑的發(fā)展始于19世紀(jì)80年代，主要是用于商業(yè)和住宅。

Tall commercial buildings are primarily a response to the demand by business activities to be as close to each other, and to the city center, as possible, thereby putting intense pressure on the available land space. Also, because they form distinctive landmarks, tall commercial buildings are frequently developed in city centers as prestige symbols for corporate organizations. Further, the business and tourist community, with its increasing mobility, has fuelled a need for more, frequently high-rise, city center hotel accommodations.

由于商業(yè)活動(dòng)的距離要盡可能小，并且都盡可能地位于城市中心，因此使城市中心可以利用的土地面積嚴(yán)重短缺，這是興建高層建筑的主要原因。此外，高層商業(yè)建筑還成為具有特色的地標(biāo)，它們作為企業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)聲望的象征豎立在城市的中心。此外，隨著商業(yè)和旅游業(yè)活動(dòng)的增加，需要在城市中心地區(qū)建造更多的高層賓館以提供住宿。

The rapid growth of the urban population and the consequent pressure on limited space have considerably influenced city residential development. The high cost of land, the desire to avoid a continuous urban sprawl, and the need to preserve important agricultural production have all contributed to drive residential buildings upward.?In some cities, for example, Hong Kong and Rio de Janeiro, local topographical restrictions make tall buildings the only feasible solution for housing needs.

迅速增長的城市人口和隨之減少的有限的可以利用的土地已經(jīng)在相當(dāng)大的程度上影響了城市住宅的發(fā)展。土地價(jià)格的昂貴，不希望城市產(chǎn)生過度的擴(kuò)展，必須保護(hù)重要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)等，所有這些要求都促使住宅建筑向高層發(fā)展。在一些城市中，例如香港和里約熱內(nèi)盧，由于土地面積緊缺，高層建筑是解決住房需求的唯一途徑。

Ideally, in the early stages of planning a building, the entire design team, including the architect, structural engineer, and services engineer, should collaborate to agree on a form of structure to satisfy?their respective requirements of function, safety and serviceability, and servicing.?A compromise between conflicting demands will be?almost inevitable. In all but the very tallest structures, however, the structural arrangement will be subservient to the architectural requirements of space arrangement and aesthetics.

在最初的建筑設(shè)計(jì)階段，理想的做法是包括建筑、結(jié)構(gòu)和維護(hù)工程師的整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)組協(xié)同工作，確定一個(gè)能滿足各專業(yè)功能要求的、安全的、維護(hù)保養(yǎng)方便的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。在兩種不同的意見中，一般采用折中的辦法。除了非常高的高層結(jié)構(gòu)，高層建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)布置常常服從于建筑平面布置和美感的要求。

The two primary types of vertical load-resisting elements of tall buildings are columns and walls, the latter acting either independently as shear walls or in assemblies as shear wall cores. The building function will lead naturally to the provision of walls to divide and enclose space, and; of cores to contain and convey services such as elevators. Columns will be provided, in otherwise unsupported regions, to transmit gravity loads and, in some types of structure, horizontal loads also.

高層建筑有兩種基本構(gòu)件起承擔(dān)豎向荷載的作用，這就是柱和墻，后者在獨(dú)立起作用時(shí)為剪力墻，匯集成一體起作用時(shí)為剪力墻筒體。建筑的功能需要很自然地要求采用墻對(duì)空間進(jìn)行分隔和封閉，以及形成筒體并安裝電梯等類服務(wù)性設(shè)施。柱通常用于在沒有其他支撐的區(qū)域內(nèi)傳遞重力荷載，在有些結(jié)構(gòu)類型中也傳遞水平荷載。

The inevitable primary function of the structural elements is to resist the gravity loading from the weight of the building and its contents. Since the loading on different floors tends to be similar, the weight of the floor system per unit floor area is approximately constant, regardless of the building height. Because the gravity load on the columns increases down the height of a building, the weight of columns per unit area increases approximately linearly with the building height.

結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件必然具有的首要功能是抵抗由建筑物自重和它所承擔(dān)的重量所形成的重力荷載。由于各樓層重力荷載大致相似，所以，各層樓板的單位面積重量近似為一個(gè)常量與建筑物的高度無關(guān)。因?yàn)樽饔糜谥闹亓奢d沿建筑物的高度越向下越大，所以柱在單位面積上增加的荷載與建筑物的高度近似為線性關(guān)系。

The highly probable second function of the vertical structural elements is to resist also the parasitic load caused by wind and possibly earthquakes, whose magnitudes will be obtained from National Building Codes or wind tunnel studies. The bending moments on the building caused by these lateral forces increase with at least the square of the height, and their effects will become progressively more important as the building height increases.

豎向結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件最可能具有的第二功能是抵抗由風(fēng)和地震引起的附加荷載，這些荷載值的大小可以從國家建筑規(guī)范或者風(fēng)洞研究中獲得。在建筑物上由這些水平荷載引起的彎矩至少是高度的平方，因此，它們的影響將隨建筑物高度的增加變得更加重要。

Once the functional layout of the structure has been decided, the?design process generally follows a well-defined iterative procedure.?Preliminary calculations for member sizes are usually based on gravity loading augmented by an arbitrary increment to account for wind forces. The cross-sectional areas of the vertical members will be based on the accumulated loadings from their associated tributary areas, with reductions to account for the probability that not all floors will be subjected simultaneously to their maximum live loading. The initial sizes of beams and slabs are normally based on moments and shears obtained from some simple method of gravity load analysis, or from codified mid- and end-span values.

當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)形式按功能要求確定后，設(shè)計(jì)步驟通常按照常規(guī)的重復(fù)過程進(jìn)行。構(gòu)件尺寸的初步計(jì)算一般是在重力荷載的基礎(chǔ)上再加上一個(gè)考慮風(fēng)荷載的增量。豎向構(gòu)件的截面確定是在與其有關(guān)的所屬面積上的累積荷載的基礎(chǔ)上按荷載產(chǎn)生的概率進(jìn)行折減，這是因?yàn)椴⒎撬袠敲娑纪瑫r(shí)承受最大活荷載的作用。梁和板的最初尺寸通常是通過簡化的重力荷載分析方法，或者通過從規(guī)范中查出中跨和邊跨的數(shù)值，求得的彎矩和剪力來確定的。

A check is then made on the maximum horizontal deflection, and the forces in the major structural members, using some rapid approximate analysis technique. If the deflection is excessive, or some of the members are inadequate, adjustments are made to the member sizes or the structural arrangement. If certain members attract excessive loads, the engineer may reduce their stiffness to redistribute the load to less heavily stressed components. The procedure of preliminary analysis, checking, and adjustment is repeated until a satisfactory solution is obtained.

然后，采用快速近似的分析技術(shù)，檢驗(yàn)主要結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的最大水平位移和受力情況。如果位移過大或某些構(gòu)件不合適，應(yīng)調(diào)整構(gòu)件尺寸或結(jié)構(gòu)布置。如果某些構(gòu)件負(fù)擔(dān)的荷載過大，可以降低這些構(gòu)件的剛度，使荷載重新分配到承受應(yīng)力較低的構(gòu)件上。重復(fù)進(jìn)行上述初步分析、檢驗(yàn)、調(diào)整的過程直至得出滿意的結(jié)果。

Invariably, alterations to the initial layout of the building will be required as the client's and architect's ideas of the building evolve.?This will call for structural modifications, or perhaps a radical rearrangement, which necessitates a complete review of the structural design. The various preliminary stages may therefore have to be repeated a number of times before a final solution is reached.

初步方案完成后，業(yè)主和建筑師通常會(huì)提出修改意見。這就需要對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，有時(shí)可能需要完全重新設(shè)計(jì)，這需要對(duì)整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行審查。以上各初步設(shè)計(jì)步驟在取得最終的結(jié)果之前總是要重復(fù)很多次。

Speed of erection is a vital factor in obtaining a return on the investment involved in such large-scale projects. Most tall buildings are constructed in congested city sites, with difficult access; therefore careful planning and organization of the construction sequence become?essential. The story-to-story uniformity of most multistory buildings encourages construction through repetitive operations and prefabrication techniques. Progress in the ability to build tall has gone hand in hand with the development of more efficient equipment and improved methods of construction.

在這種大規(guī)模的工程項(xiàng)目中，施工速度是影響投資收益率的重要因素。大多數(shù)高層建筑都是建造在擁擠的市區(qū)內(nèi)。交通困難，因此施工進(jìn)度的詳細(xì)計(jì)劃和組織是非常重要的。大多數(shù)多層建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)相同的層可通過重復(fù)操作和工廠預(yù)制技術(shù)來提高施工速度。高層建筑施工的先進(jìn)性還取決于研制更有效的設(shè)備和改進(jìn)施工方法。