b [b] c [t?]/[k] cc [tt?]/[kk] ci [t?] cci [tt?] ch [k] d [d] f [f] g [d?]/[g] gg [dd?]/[gg] gi [d?] ggi [dd?] gh [g] gl [?]/[gl] gli [?]/[gli] gn [?] h l [l] m [m] n [n] p [p] qu [kw] r [r] s [s]/[z] sc [?]/[sk] sch [sk] sci [?] t [t] v [v] z [ts]/[dz] Notes: c = [t?] before i or e, and [k] elsewhere. g = [d?] before i or e, and [g] elsewhere. s = [z] between vowels, and when next to a voiced consonant, e.g. sguardo, and [s] elsewhere. sc = [?] before i or e, and [sk] before a, o or u. A double consonant is longer version of a single consonant and shortens the preceding vowel.