GMAT閱讀沖750 Test 6 passage 2單詞、詞組預(yù)習(xí)，文章翻譯

The system of patent-granting, which confers temporary monopolies for the exploitation of new technologies, was originally established as an incentive to the pursuit of risky new ideas. Yet studies of the most?

(5) patent-conscious business of all—the semiconductor industry—suggest that firms do not necessarily become more innovative as they increase their patenting activity. Ziedonis and Hall, for example, found that investment in research and development (a reasonable?

(10) proxy for innovation) did not substantially increase between 1982 and 1992, the industry’s most feverish period of patenting. Instead, semiconductor firms simply squeezed more patents out of existing research and development expenditures.?

Moreover, Ziedonis and

(15) Hall found that as patenting activity at semiconductor firms increased in the 1980’s, the consensus among industry employees was that the average quality of their firms’ patents declined. Though patent quality is a difficult notion to measure, the number of times a

(20) patent is cited in the technical literature is a reasonable yardstick, and citations per semiconductor patent did decline during the 1980’s. This decline in quality may be related to changes in the way semiconductor firms managed their patenting process: rather than patenting

(25) to win exclusive rights to a valuable new technology, patents were filed more for strategic purposes, to be used as bargaining chips to ward off infringement suites or as a means to block competitors’ products.

為新技術(shù)開發(fā)提供短期壟斷的專利授予制度起初建立的目的是激勵(lì)追求具有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性的新想法。然而,最具專利意識的行業(yè)一一半導(dǎo)體行業(yè)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),公司增加專利活動并不一定會變得更具有創(chuàng)新能力。例如,車多尼斯和霍爾發(fā)現(xiàn)研發(fā)的投資(一種合理的創(chuàng)新指標(biāo))在1982年至1992年間沒有大幅增長,而該時(shí)期正是行業(yè)最熱衷于專利的時(shí)期。相反,半導(dǎo)體公司只能從現(xiàn)有的研發(fā)費(fèi)用中擠出錢來做專利。

而且,車多尼斯和霍爾發(fā)現(xiàn)20世紀(jì)80年代,當(dāng)專利活動在半導(dǎo)體公司里增多時(shí),員工一致認(rèn)為他們公司的平均專利質(zhì)量有所下降。雖然專利質(zhì)量難以評估,但一項(xiàng)專利在技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)中被引用的次數(shù)可作為準(zhǔn)繩。在20世紀(jì)80年代,每項(xiàng)半導(dǎo)體專利被引用的次數(shù)確實(shí)下降了。質(zhì)量的下降可能與半導(dǎo)體公司改變管理專利的方式有關(guān):申請專利不是為了贏取一項(xiàng)有價(jià)值的新技術(shù)的專有權(quán),而是出于戰(zhàn)略目的,作為避開侵權(quán)的談判籌碼,或作為阻礙對手產(chǎn)品的手段。