前　言

　　以下信息來(lái)自ethiopianwolf.org網(wǎng)站中的 the wolves 模塊，主要介紹了埃塞俄比亞狼的外貌習(xí)性、生存現(xiàn)狀、面臨的威脅和保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀等。插圖源自網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

附離編譯局 2023年8月

THE WOLVES | 什么是埃塞俄比亞狼

These unusual wolves are highly social and live in family packs, but hunt solitarily for Afroalpine rodents. They have long legs and muzzles, pointy ears, and a distinctive red coat with black and white marks.

　　這些不尋常的狼是高度群居動(dòng)物，他們生活在家庭群體中，但獨(dú)自捕食非洲高山的嚙齒動(dòng)物。它們有長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的腿和口鼻，尖尖的耳朵，獨(dú)特的紅白色皮毛和黑色尾巴。

FACT FILE | 科普簡(jiǎn)介

All you need to know about Ethiopian wolves at a glance

所有你需要知道的關(guān)于埃塞俄比亞狼的概略

THREADS | 面臨威脅

Ethiopia currently has the fastest growing human population in Africa. In the Ethiopian highlands these rapid changes create complex challenges for the wolves and other fascinating endemic species.?

Due to its montane specialization the Ethiopian wolf was always rare, but today’s threats are all man-induced. Habitat loss and dog-related disease are the most pressing.

　　埃塞俄比亞目前是非洲人口增長(zhǎng)最快的國(guó)家。在埃塞俄比亞高原，這些快速的變化給狼和其他迷人的特有物種帶來(lái)了復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)。

　　由于其在山區(qū)的特殊分布，埃塞俄比亞狼一直很罕見(jiàn)，但目前的威脅都是由人類引起的。棲息地喪失和犬類疾病是最主要的威脅。

Habitat loss　棲息地喪失

The highlands of Ethiopia remain an attractive place for people to move to, due to high annual rainfalls and rich fertile soils, although the enormous pressure from expanding populations has pushed communities to the limits of sustainable agriculture and pastoralism (barley and potatoes are grown as high as 4,000m in some areas). The range currently occupied by Ethiopian wolves is a fraction of the habitat potentially suitable for the species, measured as the land above the tree-line, of which 60% has been converted to agriculture, or the climatically suitable area for the species at present.

　　由于年降雨量大，土壤肥沃，埃塞俄比亞的高地是一個(gè)吸引人們移居的地方，盡管人口增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)的巨大壓力已經(jīng)將可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)的發(fā)展推向了極限（在一些地區(qū)，大麥和土豆的種植高度高達(dá)4000米）。埃塞俄比亞狼目前占據(jù)的范圍是適合該物種的棲息地范圍的一小部分，拿樹(shù)木線以上的土地來(lái)分析，其中60%已開(kāi)墾為農(nóng)用地，或用于種植適合當(dāng)?shù)貧夂虻淖魑铩?/span>

Diseases　疾病

All wild canids are susceptible to pathogens transmitted from domestic dogs, which are numerous in the Ethiopian mountains and act as reservoirs for infectious disease. Rabies is the most pathogenic and is almost invariably fatal.

　　所有野生犬科動(dòng)物都容易感染由家犬傳播的病原體，家狗在埃塞俄比亞山區(qū)數(shù)量眾多，是傳染病的傳播源。其中狂犬病是致病性最強(qiáng)的，幾乎總是致命。

Rabies has been implicated in dramatic die-offs among African wild dogs, Blanford’s foxes, bat-eared foxes, and Ethiopian wolves.

　　非洲野狗、阿富汗狐、大耳狐和埃塞俄比亞狼的大量死亡均與狂犬病有關(guān)。

Ethiopian wolf populations effectively are islands in a sea of dogs, and because of their closeness, rabies and canine distemper viruses are sometimes transmitted into the wolf population (Laurenson et al., 1998).

　　埃塞俄比亞狼群實(shí)際上是“狗的海洋”中的“島嶼”，由于它們的親密關(guān)系，狂犬病和犬瘟熱病毒不時(shí)會(huì)傳播到狼群中（Laurenson?et al，1998）。

Long-term monitoring has revealed a series of wolf population crashes and recoveries in the Bale Mountains over the last 30 years. Recovery from epizootics indicate certain resilience, and is backed up by the re-active vaccination of wolf packs, but also highlights the significant threat that consecutive outbreaks would pose.

　　長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)測(cè)顯示，在過(guò)去的30年里，貝爾山脈的狼數(shù)量出現(xiàn)了一系列的波動(dòng)。狼群數(shù)量能夠從動(dòng)物流行病中恢復(fù)表明狼群可以獲得免疫能力的支持，從而具有一定的復(fù)原能力，但也說(shuō)明連續(xù)暴發(fā)的流行病將造成重大威脅。

Exploitation / persecution　剝削/迫害

Some opportunistic use occurs, for instance, as saddle pads in North Wollo, but this is now uncommon. Same instances wolf killing for fur trade occurred in the Simien Mountains over the past five years.

　　歷史上曾經(jīng)存在對(duì)埃塞俄比亞狼的迫害，例如，在北沃格，狼皮被用作馬鞍墊，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不常見(jiàn)了。在過(guò)去的五年里，同樣的為了毛皮交易而殺害狼的事件也發(fā)生在塞米恩山脈。

In the past sport hunters occasionally killed wolves, but hunting is currently permitted. During periods of political instability in the past, when guns were more available, killings of Ethiopian wolf were not that uncommon.

　　在過(guò)去的狩獵運(yùn)動(dòng)中，獵人偶爾會(huì)殺死狼，但現(xiàn)在狩獵是不允許的。在過(guò)去的政治不穩(wěn)定時(shí)期，當(dāng)槍支更容易獲得時(shí)，殺死埃塞俄比亞狼并不罕見(jiàn)。

Presently it is the conflict due to livestock predation which leads in some areas to negative attitudes toward Ethiopian wolves, and sporadically to retaliatory killings. In the Bale Mountains livestock losses to wolves are dismissed by herders as unimportant -when compared to losses to spotted hyaenas?or jackals-, but in the northern highlands wolves have a reputation as predators of sheep and goats.

　　目前，在一些地區(qū)，由于捕食牲畜而引起的沖突導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)埃塞俄比亞狼持消極態(tài)度，偶爾還會(huì)發(fā)生報(bào)復(fù)性殺戮。在貝爾山脈，與被斑鬣狗[Crocuta crocuta]或豺狼奪去的牲畜相比，被狼奪去的牲畜對(duì)牧民來(lái)說(shuō)無(wú)足輕重，但在北部高地，狼以捕食綿羊和山羊而聞名。

Road kills　車輛碾壓

Many roads have been built over the last few years across wolf range and habitat corridors.As traffic increases steadily, also does the risk of wolves being killed by vehicles.

　　在過(guò)去的幾年里，在狼的棲息地和棲息地走廊上修建了許多道路。隨著交通設(shè)施規(guī)模的穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)，狼被車輛軋死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也在增加。

Incompatible land uses　不適宜的土地用途

High altitude grasslands are crucial pastureland for the local people’s livestock, and heathlands provide much needed firewood. In many places uncontrolled use is degrading the Afroalpine ecosystem, and affect the wolves indirectly via negative effects on their prey.

　　高海拔草原是當(dāng)?shù)鼐用耧曫B(yǎng)的牲畜的重要牧場(chǎng)，歐石楠灌叢[石楠荒原地貌]提供了急需的柴火。在許多地方，不受控制的土地利用正在破壞非洲高山生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，并通過(guò)對(duì)獵物的負(fù)面影響間接地影響到狼。

It is uncertain whether less productive areas can sustain the level of grazing observed in prime wolf habitat in the Bale Mountains, where increasing livestock populations may be already exerting an unsustainable pressure.

　　目前尚不確定在生態(tài)環(huán)境較為脆弱的地區(qū)是否能夠承受在貝爾山脈主要狼棲息地觀察到的放牧水平，在那里，牲畜數(shù)量水平可能已經(jīng)增加到超越了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的極限。

Inbreeding & hybridisation　近期繁殖和雜交

There is no evidence of inbreeding depression or reduced fitness. The small number of breeding packs in the smaller populations however does raise concerns.

　　沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明近親繁殖會(huì)導(dǎo)致近親繁殖衰退[指近親繁殖導(dǎo)致的生物體適應(yīng)性降低和生殖能力下降的現(xiàn)象]。然而，在較小的種群中繁殖的數(shù)量較少確實(shí)引起了人們的關(guān)注。

A handful of hybrid wolves were recorded in the?Web Valley?of the Bale Mountains in the 1980-90s, the result of crosses between female wolves and male domestic dogs. The hybrids had shorter muzzles, heavier-built bodies and different coat patterns.

　　上世紀(jì)80年代至90年代，在貝爾山脈的韋布谷發(fā)現(xiàn)了少數(shù)雜交狼，它們是母狼和雄性家犬雜交的結(jié)果。雜交幼犬的口鼻較短，身體較重，皮毛圖案也不同。

Introgression of dog genes into the Ethiopian wolf gene pool was be detected using mitochondrial DNA, but there are no indication of negative effects due to out-breeding depression or a reduction in fitness. There is no evidence of hybridisation taking place outside the Web Valley.

　　利用線粒體DNA已經(jīng)檢測(cè)到了狗的基因滲入埃塞俄比亞狼基因庫(kù)，但沒(méi)有跡象表明雜交抑制而會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明在韋布谷以外的地方有雜交現(xiàn)象。

taxonomy, distribution & status |?分類、分布和狀態(tài)

Taxonomy & genetics　分類學(xué)與遺傳學(xué)

A wolf in fox clothing. It might look like a red fox or jackal, but the Ethiopian wolf is a recent descendant of a grey-wolf like ancestor that immigrated to Africa from Eurasia

　　披著狐貍外衣的狼：它可能看起來(lái)像紅狐或豺狼，但埃塞俄比亞狼是一種從歐亞大陸移民到非洲的類似灰狼的祖先的后代。

Originally classified in a separate genus?Simenia?(Gray, 1868; Allen, 1939), the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) is one of four?Canis?species in Africa, readily distinguishable from jackals (C. aureus,?C. mesomelas, and?C. adustus) by its larger size, relatively longer legs, distinctive reddish coat and white markings (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1994).

　　埃塞俄比亞狼（Canis simensis）是非洲四種犬科動(dòng)物之一，最初被分類為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的屬Simenia（Gray, 1868;Allen, 1939），很容易與豺狼[ref：jackals]（C. aureus, C. mesomelas和C. adusstus）區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)，因?yàn)樗w型較大，腿相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)，擁有獨(dú)特的紅白色皮毛（Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1994）。

Although it is often called Simien fox or red fox, DNA phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Ethiopian wolf is more closely related to the grey wolf (C. lupus) and the coyote (C. latrans) than to any African canid (Clutton-Brock et al., 1976).

　　雖然它通常被稱為塞米恩狐[ref：Simien fox]或紅狐[ref：red fox]，但DNA系統(tǒng)生發(fā)分析顯示，埃塞俄比亞狼與灰狼（C. lupus）和郊狼（C. latrans）的關(guān)系比與任何非洲犬科動(dòng)物的關(guān)系都更密切（Clutton-Brock et al.， 1976）。

Most likely, the Ethiopian wolf evolved from a grey wolf-like ancestor that crossed to northern Africa from Eurasia as recently as 100,000 years ago (Gottelli et al., 1994), when Afroalpine habitats in Ethiopia covered vast extensions. There are fossils of wolf-like canids from the late Pleistocene in Eurasia (Kurten, 1968), but unfortunately no fossil records exist for?C. simensis.

　　最有可能的是，埃塞俄比亞狼是由10萬(wàn)年前從歐亞大陸穿越到北非的類似灰狼的祖先進(jìn)化而來(lái)的（Gottelli?et al,?1994），當(dāng)時(shí)埃塞俄比亞的非洲高山棲息地覆蓋了大片地區(qū)。在歐亞大陸發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)更新世晚期類狼犬科動(dòng)物的化石（Kurten, 1968），但遺憾的是沒(méi)有西門(mén)豺[埃塞俄比亞狼]的化石記錄。

Its low genetic variability, relative to other canid species, suggests that small population sizes characterized its recent evolution. Most recent genetic analyses do not support the thesis two subspecies:?C. s. simensis?north-west of the Rift Valley and?C. s. citernii?south-east of the Rift Valley (Coetzee 1977; Gottelli et al., 1994; Gottelli et al., 2004).

　　與其他犬科動(dòng)物相比，埃塞俄比亞狼的遺傳多樣性較低，表明其目前進(jìn)化的特點(diǎn)是小種群規(guī)模。最近的遺傳分析不支持兩個(gè)亞種的理論：東非大裂谷西北的C. s. simensis和東非大裂谷東南的C. s. citernii（Coetzee 1977;Gottelli et al.， 1994;Gottelli et al.， 2004）。

Distribution　分布

Small populations perch in small mountain enclaves, like islands in an ocean of agriculture and people

　　以小種群形式棲息在小的山區(qū)飛地，就像農(nóng)田和居住區(qū)海洋中的島嶼。

The Ethiopian wolf is confined to high mountains on either side of Ethiopia’s Great Rift Valley, at altitudes? between 3,000 and 4,500m (Gottelli & Sillero-Zubiri, 1992). They are restricted to land above the agriculture frontier, which in places encroaches up to ?4,000m (Yalden?et al., 1980; Marino, 2003).

　　埃塞俄比亞狼的分布被限制在埃塞俄比亞大裂谷兩側(cè)的高山上，海拔在3000到4500米之間（Gottelli & Sillero-Zubiri, 1992）。它們被限制在農(nóng)業(yè)邊界以上的土地上，某些地方的農(nóng)用地超過(guò)了海拔4000米（Yalden?et al., 1980; Marino, 2003)）。

There are six extant populations: ?Simien Mountains,?North Wollo?and?South Wollo highlands,?Guassa-Menz,?Arsi Mountains?and?Bale Mountains; two recent extinct (Gosh Meda and Mt Guna) and one several decades ago (Mt Choke).? These populations are by definition isolated from each others, as they are separated by distances larger than the potential dispersal of individual wolves (a conservative 20km from previous observations).

　　6個(gè)種群：塞米恩山脈種群、北沃羅和南沃羅高地種群、瓜薩-門(mén)茲種群、阿爾西山脈和貝爾山脈種群；兩個(gè)最近滅絕的歌詩(shī)美達(dá)[音譯，ref：Gosh Meda]種群和古納山種群和一個(gè)幾十年前滅絕的種群（mount Choke）。根據(jù)種群定義，它們彼此隔絕，因?yàn)樗鼈冎g的距離大于單個(gè)狼的潛在分散距離（通過(guò)過(guò)往的觀察，保守距離為20公里）。

Status　生存狀態(tài)

With less than 500 adults surviving, Ethiopian wolves are the rarest canid in the world and the most endangered African carnivore

　　現(xiàn)有的成年埃塞俄比亞狼不到500只[2022.2版IUCN:157只]，它們是世界上最稀有的犬科動(dòng)物，也是最瀕危的非洲食肉動(dòng)物。

The Ethiopian wolf has always been rare and, already in 1938 it was listed as requiring protection (Harper, 1945). Under Ethiopia’s Wildlife Conservation Regulations of 1974, it has full official protection -killing a wolf carries a sentence of up to two years in prison. In 1990, the species was classified by the IUCN Red List as?Endangered?(Ginsberg & Macdonald, 1990).? In 1991-1992 a combination of rabies and shooting, triggered by political unrest, devastated the population of the Bale Mountains, the largest and best-known. As a result the Ethiopian wolf was re-classified as?Critically Endangered?in 1994 (Sillero-Zubiri & Marino, 2008). Ten years later, when numbers finally recovered, it was down-listed to?Endangered?(IUCN criteria: < 250 mature individuals in the population; continuing decline in population size; < 250 mature individuals in each subpopulation) (Marino?et al., 2006; Sillero-Zubiri & Marino, 2008).

　　埃塞俄比亞狼一直很稀有，早在1938年就被列為需要保護(hù)的物種（Harper,1945）。根據(jù)埃塞俄比亞1974年的野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)條例，它受到全面的官方保護(hù)——?dú)⑺酪恢晃鏖T(mén)豺?qū)⒈慌刑幾罡邇赡甑谋O(jiān)禁。1990年，該物種被IUCN瀕危物種紅色名錄列為瀕危物種（Ginsberg & Macdonald,1990）。1991年至1992年，政治動(dòng)蕩引發(fā)的狂犬病和槍支的廣泛使用摧毀了最大最著名的貝爾山區(qū)的狼群。因此，1994年埃塞俄比亞狼被列為極度瀕危物種（Sillero-Zubiri & Marino,2008）。十年后，當(dāng)數(shù)量最終得以恢復(fù)時(shí)，它被降級(jí)為瀕危物種（IUCN標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：種群中成年個(gè)體<250；種群規(guī)模持續(xù)下降；每個(gè)亞種群中成年個(gè)體<250）(Marino等人，2006;Sillero-Zubiri & Marino,2008)。

Until recently two national parks protected the wolves’ Afroalpine habitat,?Simien Mountains?and?Bale Mountains, but with the extension and creation of new protected areas, the range of wolf range under some form of protection increased from 40% in 2000 to 87% in 2011

　　直到目前，有兩個(gè)國(guó)家公園保護(hù)著狼的非洲高山棲息地，西米恩山脈和貝爾山脈，但隨著新的保護(hù)區(qū)的擴(kuò)展和創(chuàng)建，狼在保護(hù)下的活動(dòng)范圍從2000年的占棲息地的40%增加到2011年的87%。

ecology & behaviour |?生態(tài)與行為

Morphology　形態(tài)特點(diǎn)

A medium sized carnivore, with unique adaptations to life in Afroalpine habitats and an exclusive small mammal diet

　　中等大小的食肉動(dòng)物，對(duì)非洲高山棲息地有獨(dú)特的適應(yīng)能力，只吃小型哺乳動(dòng)物。

The legs of an Ethiopian wolf are strikingly long and slender, seemingly suitable for coursing in open country. The muzzle is long, and the small, well-spaced teeth suggest morphological adaptation to feeding on rodents. The ears are pointed and broad, their dorsal surface red fringed with long white hairs growing inward from the edge.

　　埃塞俄比亞狼的腿出奇地長(zhǎng)，適合在開(kāi)闊的田野里奔跑。它的口鼻很長(zhǎng)，小而整齊的牙齒表明它在形態(tài)上適應(yīng)了以嚙齒動(dòng)物為食。耳朵尖而寬，耳背毛色為紅色，長(zhǎng)的白毛從耳朵邊緣向內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)。

The adult pelage is soft and short, of a distinctive bright tawny rufous colour with a dense whitish to pale ginger underfur.? The throat, chest, a band around the ventral part of the neck, the underparts and inside of limbs are white, with the outline between the red coat and the white markings sharp and well defined.? The tail is a thick black brush with the proximal third white underneath.

　　成年個(gè)體的皮毛軟且短，具有獨(dú)特的明亮的黃褐色皮毛和濃密的白色到淺黃色皮毛。喉部、胸部、頸部、腹側(cè)、腹部和四肢內(nèi)側(cè)為白色皮毛，紅色皮毛和白色皮毛之間的輪廓清晰。尾巴如同濃密的黑色毛刷，近三分之一部分是白色的。

Male Ethiopian wolves are significantly larger than females (average 16 kg compared with 13 kg).

　　公埃塞俄比亞狼明顯比母狼大（公16公斤，母13公斤）。

Foraging ecology　生態(tài)習(xí)性

Ethiopian wolves forage alone, and closely map the above-the-ground activity of rodents

　　埃塞俄比亞狼獨(dú)自覓食，并密切關(guān)注嚙齒動(dòng)物在地面上的活動(dòng)。

Ethiopian wolves live in close-knit territorial packs but they forage and feed alone on small prey. Wolves are most active during the day with peaks of foraging activity synchronized with the activity of rodents above the ground (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1995a and b). Occasionally small packs chase and kill young antelopes, lambs, and hares.? Wolves will also take carrion, but dogs and jackals tend to monopolize carcasses (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995a).

　　埃塞俄比亞狼生活在緊密結(jié)合的領(lǐng)土群落中，但它們獨(dú)自覓食和捕食小型獵物。在白天最為活躍，其覓食活動(dòng)高峰與地面上嚙齒類動(dòng)物的活動(dòng)同步（Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995;Sillero-Zubiri et al.,1995a和b）。偶爾會(huì)有小狼群追逐并殺死幼小的羚羊、羊羔和野兔。埃塞俄比亞狼也會(huì)吃腐肉，但狗和胡狼要傾向于壟斷尸體(Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995)。

In the Bale Mountains they feed almost exclusively upon diurnal small mammals -mainly giant molerats (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), a Bale endemic, and grass rats?Arvicanthis blicki?, and Lophuromys melanonyx (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1995a). Elsewhere, the giant molerat is replaced in the diet by the smaller common molerat,?T. splendens?(Ashenafi et al., 2005), but in some areas wolves depend entirely on small rats, particularly?Otomys typus?and?Arvicanthis abyssinicus?(Marino et al., 2010).?

　　在貝爾山脈，它們幾乎只以白天活動(dòng)的小型哺乳動(dòng)物為食——主要是貝爾特有的巨型鼴鼠（Tachyoryctes macrocephalus），以及草鼠（Arvicanthis blicki）和Lophuromys melanonyx[一種鼠]（Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995;Sillero-Zubiri et al.,1995）。在其他地方，大鼠被較小的普通鼠T. splendens所取代（Ashenafi et al.,?2005），但在某些地區(qū)，狼完全依賴小鼠，特別是Otomys typus和Arvicanthis abyssinicus （Marino et al.,?2010）。

Social organization　社會(huì)架構(gòu)

Wolf family packs are cohesive and hierarchical - all individuals help defend a communal territory

　　西門(mén)豺的家族是有凝聚力和等級(jí)的——所有的個(gè)體都幫助保衛(wèi)共同的領(lǐng)土。

Ethiopian wolves live in discrete and cohesive social family packs that communally share and defend an exclusive territory. They congregate for greetings and border patrols at dawn, noon and evenings, and rest together at night in the open. Hierarchies within packs well established with frequent displays of dominance and subordination.

　　埃塞俄比亞狼生活在離散而有凝聚力的社會(huì)家庭群體中，共同分享和捍衛(wèi)一個(gè)專屬的領(lǐng)土。他們?cè)诶杳鳌⒅形绾屯砩暇奂谝黄饐?wèn)候彼此和巡邏邊境，晚上一起在露天休息。群體中的等級(jí)制度明確且完善，經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)出支配和從屬關(guān)系。

Dispersal is tightly constrained by the scarcity of suitable unoccupied habitat. Groups are formed by delayed dispersal of young males?and a few females which, apart from those in the dominant position, are largely reproductively suppressed (Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995b; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996). Breeding females typically are replaced after death by a resident daughter.

　　由于缺乏合適的無(wú)人居住的棲息地，它們的擴(kuò)散受到了嚴(yán)格的限制。群體由因離散時(shí)間延遲[ref：delayed dispersal of young males]而形成年輕雄性和少數(shù)的雌性組成，除了其中處于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位的，這些雌性在很大程度上受到繁殖抑制（Sillero-Zubiri & Gottelli, 1995;silero - zubiri et al.,?1996）。有繁殖能力的雌性在死后通常會(huì)被一個(gè)常駐的女兒所取代。

In optimal habitats family groups can contain up to 20 wolves older than one year, but most commonly around six, ?with an average communal territory of 6km2. Larger packs defend larger territories, and packs would expand whenever the opportunity arises. Typically a mosaic of stable territories is formed that occupies all available.

　　在理想的棲息地，一個(gè)家庭最多可以有20只一歲以上的狼，但最常見(jiàn)的是6只左右，平均公共領(lǐng)地為6平方公里。更大的族群會(huì)占據(jù)更大的領(lǐng)土，只要有機(jī)會(huì)，族群就會(huì)擴(kuò)張。典型的情況是，占據(jù)所有可用的領(lǐng)土，形成一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的區(qū)塊。

When packs conduct border patrols, they scent-mark regularly and engage in aggressive interactions if they meet a neighbouring pack. These are highly vocal, ending with the smaller group fleeing (Sillero-Zubiri, 1994; Sillero-Zubiri & Macdonald, 1998).

　　當(dāng)狼群在邊境巡邏時(shí)，它們會(huì)定期做氣味標(biāo)記，如果遇到鄰近的狼群，它們會(huì)發(fā)起攻擊。這些都是非常直接的，并以較小的群體逃離結(jié)束（Sillero-Zubiri, 1994;Sillero-Zubiri & Macdonald, 1998）。

Reproduction　繁殖

Typically only the alfa female in each pack breeds, mating is locally synchronized and extra-pack copulations not uncommon?

　　通常情況下，每個(gè)族群中只有頭狼繁殖，在同一地區(qū)的各族群的交配是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，而且跨族群交配并不罕見(jiàn)。

The receptive period of females to mating is locally synchronized. In the Bale Mountains typically to less than two weeks, sometime between August and November (Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1998). Courtship primarily involves the dominant male accompanying the dominant female constantly.? The female discourages attempts from all but the pack's dominant male, but she is receptive to any visiting male from neighbouring packs (Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996).

　　雌性的發(fā)情期是局部同步的。在貝爾山脈，通常不到兩周，在8月和11月之間的某個(gè)時(shí)間（Sillero-Zubiri et al.,?1998）。求偶主要表現(xiàn)為占統(tǒng)治地位的雄性不斷地陪伴著占統(tǒng)治地位的雌性。除了族群中的雄性首領(lǐng)之外，雌性會(huì)拒絕所有其他雄性個(gè)體的求愛(ài)，但她會(huì)接受任何來(lái)自鄰近族群的來(lái)訪雄性（Sillero-Zubiri et al.,?1996）。

Breeding females typically are replaced after death by a resident daughter, resulting in a high potential for inbreeding, to some extent circumvented by extra-pack copulations and multiple-paternity (Gottelli et al., 1994; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996; Randall et al., 2007).

　　有繁殖能力的雌性通常在死后被一個(gè)常駐的女兒所取代，這導(dǎo)致近親繁殖的可能性很高，在某種程度上，這種可能性被群外交配和多父性所規(guī)避（Gottelli et al., 1994; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996; Randall et al., 2007）。

Gestation lasts from 60-62 days and the dominant female of each pack may give birth once a year between October and December (Sillero-Zubiri et al., 1996). During the breeding season the pups and nursing females use a den. Up to seven pups may emerge from the den after three weeks.

　　妊娠期為60-62天，優(yōu)勢(shì)雌性可能在每年的10月至12月生育一次（Sillero-Zubiri et al.,?1996）。在繁殖季節(jié)，幼崽和哺乳的母狼居住在洞穴里。三周后，可能有多達(dá)七只幼崽從洞穴中出來(lái)。

All pack members guard the den, chase potential predators, and regurgitate or carry rodent prey to feed the pups.? Subordinate females may assist the dominant female in suckling the pups (Sillero-Zubiri, 1994; Sillero-Zubiri et al., 2004).

　　所有狼群成員共同守衛(wèi)洞穴，追逐潛在的捕食者，反芻或攜帶回嚙齒動(dòng)物作為食物來(lái)喂養(yǎng)幼崽。從屬雌性可能會(huì)協(xié)助優(yōu)勢(shì)雌性哺乳幼崽（Sillero-Zubiri, 1994;Sillero-Zubiri et al.,?2004）。

By week 10, the pups subsist almost entirely on solid foods supplied by helpers, and they stop receiving food from adults when they are around one year old. Full adult appearance is attained at two years and both sexes become sexually mature during their second year.

　　到第10周之前，幼崽們幾乎完全依靠其他狼提供的食物生存，大約一歲時(shí)就不再?gòu)某赡昀悄抢铽@得食物。兩歲時(shí)達(dá)到完全成年的樣子，雌雄個(gè)體都在第二年性成熟。

afroalpine ecosystem?| 非洲高山生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

Many unique plants and animals evolved in the isolation of the Ethiopian massif, also a place of great historical and cultural significance. The charismatic Ethiopian wolf is a powerful flagship for Afroalpine conservation.

　　許多獨(dú)特的植物和動(dòng)物在與外隔絕的埃塞俄比亞地區(qū)生存演變，這是一個(gè)具有重大歷史和文化意義的地方。極具魅力的埃塞俄比亞狼是非洲高山保護(hù)的重要部分。

Ethiopian wolves are protected within two national parks managed by the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority: the?Simien Mountains National Park?in the Amhara National Regional State, created in 1969 and inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978, and the?Bale Mountains National Park?(BMNP)?in Oromia National Regional State,?created in 1970.

　　埃塞俄比亞的狼被埃塞俄比亞野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)局管理的兩個(gè)國(guó)家公園所保護(hù)：阿姆哈拉州的塞米恩山脈國(guó)家公園，創(chuàng)建于1969年，1978年被列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄；以及奧羅米亞州的貝爾山脈國(guó)家公園（BMNP），創(chuàng)建于1970年。

More recently, with the extension and creation of new protected areas and community-based conservation initiatives, the amount of suitable wolf habitat protected increased from 40% in 2000 to 87% in 2011.?

　　最近，隨著新的保護(hù)區(qū)的擴(kuò)展和建立以及基于社區(qū)的保護(hù)舉措，受保護(hù)的狼棲息地的數(shù)量從2000年的40%增加到2011年的87%。

Bale Mountains National Park??

貝爾山國(guó)家公園

From the largest remaining montane forest, to the largest high-altitude plateau in Africa, this national park has much to offer to tourists that love wild spaces, trekking and wildlife watching. Tourism in Bale is on the increase, contributing to community associations of guides, horse lenders and porters, and local businesses.

從現(xiàn)存最大的山地森林，到非洲最大的高海拔高原，這個(gè)國(guó)家公園為熱愛(ài)野外、徒步旅行和觀賞野生動(dòng)物的游客提供了很多服務(wù)。貝爾的旅游業(yè)正在增長(zhǎng)，為當(dāng)?shù)貙?dǎo)游業(yè)、馬匹租借和運(yùn)輸業(yè)以及當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)做出了貢獻(xiàn)。

?

Simien Mountains National Park??

塞米恩山脈國(guó)家公園

This park contains the most amazing views and scarpments within the highlands of Ethiopia. Visitor numbers are steadly increasing, mainly attracted by endemic wildlife such as the endangered walia ibex,?Ethiopian wolf and gelada.

這個(gè)公園擁有埃塞俄比亞高地上最令人驚嘆的景色和峭壁。游客數(shù)量穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)，主要是被當(dāng)?shù)靥赜械囊吧鷦?dòng)物吸引，如瀕危的瓦利亞野山羊[Capra walie]、埃塞俄比亞狼和狒狒。

Menz-Guassa Community Conservation Area

門(mén)茲-瓜薩保護(hù)區(qū)

Located in the Central Highlands, Guassa-Menz is a community-based initiative already attracting many visitors and providing locals with a tangible income and an incentive to conserve this Afroalpine area. Great place to observe Ethiopian wolves and gelada.

門(mén)茲-瓜薩位于中部高地，是一個(gè)以基于社區(qū)的保護(hù)區(qū)，已經(jīng)吸引了許多游客，為當(dāng)?shù)厝颂峁┝藢?shí)際的收入，并激勵(lì)他們保護(hù)這片非洲高山地區(qū)。觀察埃塞俄比亞狼和狒狒的好地方。

Abuna Yoseph?Community Conservation Area

阿布那約瑟夫保護(hù)區(qū)

Community-based tourism in this mountain range near Lalibela provides tourists with the opportunity to combine the historic route with mountain trekking and sightings of endemic wildlife including Ethiopian wolves and gelada.

拉利貝拉山脈附近的旅游區(qū)為游客提供了將文化歷史參觀與山地徒步旅行結(jié)合起來(lái)的機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)也可以看到特有的野生動(dòng)物，包括埃塞俄比亞狼和狒狒。